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Engineering Problem Solving with C++, 3e Chapter 4 Test Bank

1. Flowcharts and pseudocode can be used to describe an algorithm

A. True
B. False
2. A C++ while loop tests the controlling condition before the first iteration of the loop.
A. True
B. False
3. A C++ do while loop tests the controlling condition before the first iteration of the loop.
A. True
B. False
4. Show the program trace of the following program using the input stream 5 2 -1 10
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ int A, B, N;
A = 3;
B = 6;
cout << "Enter a sequence of values " ;
do
{ cin >> N;
A = A + N + B;
B ++;
} while (N < 10);
B *= 2;
cout << "(N,A,B) = " << "(" << N << ", " << A << ", " << B << ")" <<endl;
return 0;
}
(N,A,B) = (10, 49, 20)

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

Engineering Problem Solving with C++, 3e Chapter 4 Test Bank

5. Show the output for the following program:

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ int I, J;
for (I=1; I<4; ++I)
{ for (J=4; J>1; --J)
{ cout << J << ", " << I;
cout << endl;
}
}
return 0;
}
4, 1,
3, 1,
2, 1,
4, 2,
3, 2,
2, 2,
4, 3,
3, 3,
2, 3,
6. Show the output of the following program using the input data: 8 -3 20
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ int N, R, S;
cout << "Enter a list of integers terminated by 20.";
S=1;
R=0;
do
{
cin >> N;
R++;
S = S + N;
} while (N < 20);
cout << "S = " << S << “ R = “ << R;
return 0;
}
S = 26 R = 3

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

Engineering Problem Solving with C++, 3e Chapter 4 Test Bank

7. Write a short C++ program to read positive integers, until the value -1 is read and print the
sum of the values.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num, sum;
cout << "Enter a list of integers to sum terminated by -1\n";
cin >> num;
sum = 0;
while (num != -1)
{
sum += num;
cin >> num;
}
cout << "The sum is " << sum << endl;
return 0;
}
8. Which control statement which is best used when you know how many times to repeat the
execution of a group of statements?
A. the do-while statement
B. the for statement
C. the switch statement
D. the while statement

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

Engineering Problem Solving with C++, 3e Chapter 4 Test Bank

9. The control statement which is best used when you need to select from among many integer
choices is the . . .
A. the for statement
B. the while statement
C. the do/while statement
D. the switch statement
10. The control statement which is best used when you want to repeat a group of statements
based on a condition and the statements in the loop body must be executed at least once is the
...
A. the for statement
B. the while statement
C. the do/while statement
D. the switch statement
11. When more than one statement appears in a loop body . . .
A. the loop body must be enclosed in parentheses, ( )
B. the loop body must be enclosed in curly braces, { }
C. the compiler requires that the statements in the loop body be indented.
D. there is nothing required to specify that there is more than one statement to the compiler

Use the following program to answer the next two questions

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ int I, J;
for (I=2; I>=0; --I)
{ for (J=1; J<4; ++J)
cout << J << ", " << I << ", ";
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}
12. How many times is the statement cout << J << ", " << I << ", "; executed?
A. 0
B. 2
C. 3
D. 6
E. None of the above are correct.
13. How many times is the statement cout << endl: executed?
A. 0
B. 2
C. 3
D. 6
E. None of the above answers are correct.

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

Engineering Problem Solving with C++, 3e Chapter 4 Test Bank

14. The break statement is used to terminate the execution of a switch statement
A. True
B. False
15. A do-while loop repeats the loop body zero or more times.
A. True
B. False
16. One reason for an infinite loop in a while loop is that the loop body has no statement which
changes the value of a variable in the conditional boolean expression part of the while loop.
A. True
B. False
17. The while statement will execute the loop body if the condition evaluates to false or zero.
A. True
B. False

18. The continue statement causes the program to skip the rest of the loop body and to determine
if the loop body is to be executed again.
A. True
B. False

19. A while loop repeats the loop body zero or more times.
A. True
B. False

20. A for loop repeats the loop body zero or more times.
A. True
B. False

21. When multiple initialization and/or modification statements are required in a for statement,
which operator is used to separate the statements:
A. The comma
B. The semicolon
C. The colon
D. None of these – it is not possible to have more than one initialization statement.

22. The comma operator has the lowest precedence of any C++ operator.
A. True
B. False

23. Sentinel-controlled input loops require a priori knowledge of how many data are in the file.
A. True
B. False

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

Engineering Problem Solving with C++, 3e Chapter 4 Test Bank

24. Counter-controlled input loops require a priori knowledge of how many data are in the file.
A. True
B. False

25. eof-controlled input loops require a priori knowledge of how many data are in the file.
A. True
B. False

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

Other documents randomly have
different content
asked him what the wool was for and why he was spreading it out.
He glanced up solemnly and replied:
“It is for my bed. I live in that shed over there, and am preparing
my mattress for the winter.”
And he continued quietly and dexterously to scatter the wool
over the tomb.
The cemetery, which looks out over the sea and the beautiful
shores of Europe, is full of the graves of soldiers who died of wounds
received in the Crimean War, or of maladies caught in camp and in
the trenches. Among them lie the bodies of many devoted women
who worked to allay their sufferings.
Bent perpetually on escape from the uproar of Pera, in which at
night I was forced to dwell, I made more than one excursion to the
walls and the seven towers of Stamboul. There are three sets of
walls, the land, the sea, and the harbor walls. The Seven Towers,
Yedi Kuleh, are very near to the Sea of Marmora, and are now
unused and deserted, the home no longer of imprisoned
ambassadors, of sultans, and vizirs, but of winds from the islands
and from Asia, of grass, yellow wild-flowers, and the fallen leaves of
the autumn. When I went there I was alone save for one very old
man, the peaceful successor of the Janizaries who long ago
garrisoned this marvelous place of terror and crime. With him at my
heels I wandered among the trees of the deserted inclosure,
surrounded by gray and crenelated walls, above which the towers
rose up grimly toward the windy sky; I penetrated through narrow
corridors of stone; I crawled through gaps and clambered over
masses of rubble and fallen masonry; I visited tiny and sinister
chambers inclosed in the thickness of the walls; peered through
small openings; came out unexpectedly on terraces. And the old
man muttered and mumbled in my ears, monotonously and without
emotion, the history of crime connected with the place. Here some
one was starved to death; here another was strangled by night; in
this chamber a French ambassador was held captive; the blood of a
sultan dyed these stones red; at the foot of this bit of wall there was
a massacre; just there some great person was blinded. And, with the
voice in my ears, I looked and I saw white butterflies flitting, with
their frivolous purity, among the leaves of acacia-trees, and snails
crawling lethargically over rough gray stones. Near the Golden Gate,
where an earthquake has shaken down much of the wall, and the
Byzantine dove of carved stone still remains—ironically?—as an
emblem of peace, was a fig-tree giving green figs; Marmora shone
from afar; in the waterless moat that stretches at the feet of the
walls the grasses were waving, the ivy grew thick, here and there
big patches of vegetables gave token of the forethought and
industry of men. And beyond, stretching away as far as eye could
see, the cemeteries without the city disappeared into distances,
everywhere shadowed by those tremendous, almost terrible,
cypresses that watch over the dead in the land of the Turk.
Beauty and sadness, crime and terror, wonderful romance, and a
ghastly desolation, seemed brooding over this strange region beyond
the reach of the voices of the city. Even the ancient man was silent
at last. He had recited all the horrors his old memory contained, and
at my side he stood gazing with bleary eyes across the moat and the
massy cypresses, and with me, he turned to capture the shining of
Marmora.
On the farther verge of the moat three dogs, which had
somehow escaped the far-flung nets, wandered slowly seeking for
offal; some women hovered darkly among the graves; a thin,
piercing cry, that was not without a wild sweetness, rose to me from
somewhere below. I looked down, and there, among the rankly
growing grasses of the moat, I saw a young girl, very thin, her black
hair hanging, and bound with bright handkerchiefs, sketching
vaguely a danse du ventre. As I looked she became more precise in
her movements, and her cries grew more fierce and imperative.
From some hovel, hidden among the walls, other children streamed
out, with cries and contortions, to join her. For here among the ruins
the Turkish Gipsies have made their home. I threw down some coins
and turned away. And as I went, returning through the old places of
assassination, I was pursued by a whining of pipes and a thrumming
of distant guitars. The Gipsies of old Stamboul were trying to lure
me down from my fastness to make merry with them among the
tombs.

(Conclusion.)
 Half-tone plate engraved by H. C. Merrill
MOSQUE OF SANTA SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE
FROM THE PAINTING MADE FOR THE CENTURY BY JULES GUÉRIN
❏
LARGER IMAGE
 OXEN BREAKING HOMESTEAD LAND IN CANADA

IF CANADA WERE TO ANNEX THE

UNITED STATES
HOW RAE MALGREGOR UNDERTOOK GENERAL
HEARTWORK FOR A FAMILY OF TWO

HER TRADE DEPENDENCE AND HER POLITICAL

INDEPENDENCE

(“THE TRADE OF THE WORLD” PAPERS)

BY JAMES DAVENPORT WHELPLEY

Author of “The Commercial Strength of Great Britain,” “Germany’s Foreign Trade,” etc.
 WITH PHOTOGRAPHS

I N the year 1899 a Canadian election agent, who had long been
identified with the fortunes of the Liberal party, was a visitor in
Washington. He expressed a wish to meet the late President
McKinley, whose pleasing personality then pervaded the White
House. “Nothing easier,” said his American friend, and an
appointment was made forthwith. The President greeted the
Canadian visitor with that charming air of particular interest and
personal pleasure for which he was famed, and the conversation
quite naturally drifted into political channels. The Canadian was soon
put at ease, and in the course of the interview said: “This is a very
great occasion for me, Mr. President. I had looked forward to it as a
remote possibility, but one which would mark a red-letter day in my
life. I have felt that I wanted above all things during my visit here to
shake hands with a man in whom the American people had so much
trust that they placed fifty million dollars in his hands, and told him
to go ahead and spend it as he thought would best serve the
country in the controversy with Spain. It was a wonderful evidence
of trust and confidence, Mr. President; and I am proud to meet the
man who was deemed worthy of it by a great, intelligent, and
modern nation.”
The President’s face glowed with pleasure as the compliment
passed, and he made modest and fitting reply. The Canadian then
added: “But I want to say, Mr. President, that I consider it a most
terrible waste of money. What do you get for it? Porto Rico, the
Philippines, and a few other odds and ends, to say nothing of the
loss to the American nation of many lives, the disturbance to
business, and a thousand other evils that follow a war. I can tell you
of a much better plan for increasing the wealth, size, population, and
strength of this country. Give me two million dollars to spend in the
next Canadian election, and I will guarantee the peaceful annexation
of Canada to the United States. And look what you get!”
President McKinley was apparently much amused, and accepted
the statement in the spirit in which it was made; that is to say, the
suggestion was so far removed from the domain of the real as to
prevent it from being seriously discussed. If it is possible in these
days, however, for influences of various kinds emanating from the
United States to turn the scale in a Canadian election against freer
commercial relations between Canada and the United States, it is
not impossible that this practical Canadian politician spoke with
greater knowledge and greater seriousness than he received credit
for. It must be remembered that at that time there were avowed
“annexationists” in Canada, and a party in favor of closer commercial
relations with the United States was strongly intrenched in power
with the Canadian voters.
When the Canadian Parliament, representing as it does, in the
degree in which such bodies do represent, the Canadian people,
votes $35,000,000 as a contribution to England’s navy, the
consideration of Canada as a nation is forced upon the world. It is
not that Canada has need of the British navy any more than she
needs a chain of forts along her southern border. It is because of the
spirit of independence of natural laws of transportation, economics,
and all other things that flow along the line of least resistance,
shown by this act of fealty to an idea which might naturally have lost
its vividness in crossing three thousand miles of water. England
never did much to strengthen the tie between herself and Canada,
and even now does little but talk. This talk is inspired by an
awakening sense of the absolute necessity of oversea dominions to
maintain the greatness of “little England” in the face of rivals
becoming more formidable at an amazing rate. There is more human
nature in the revival of Canadian loyalty to England, England’s
greater appreciation of Canada, and a joint cold shoulder to the
United States, than there is statesmanship or economic wisdom. The
natural routes of trade and commerce in Canada lead to the south;
the character and social conditions of the people are North
American, not English. The temperate zone of the North American
continent, along the northern fringe of which lies Canada, is all one
country in its aspirations and material progress.
GRAIN-ELEVATORS IN PRINCE ALBERT, CANADA
 NEW GRAND TRUNK PACIFIC ELEVATOR AT FORT WILLIAM, ONTARIO

I remember sitting in a London club one day at the time of the

jubilee of the late Queen Victoria. Near me sat two Canadian army
officers who were with the contingent of troops sent to the
celebration in England. They were tall, raw-boned, leathery-skinned
youths of the type now known to Europe as American. Seated in the
club window, quietly and observantly watching the passing crowd,
one of them suddenly blurted out to the other, “Well, there’s one
thing I’ve learned on this trip, if nothing else.”
“What’s that?” inquired the other.
“Well I’ve learned that I am not an Englishman, as I’ve always
supposed myself to be. I’m a Canadian. We don’t know them, and
they don’t know us; and what is more, while we are interested
enough to try to know them, they just don’t care one way or
another. Our point of view is different; and I’m going back home
more of a Canadian than I ever was.”
When the Hon. William S. Fielding, formerly Canadian Minister of
Finance, introduced his now famous budget to the Canadian
Parliament several years ago, in which Canada virtually declared a
tariff war upon Germany, he said quite frankly that the important
feature of this action was not the apparent hostility to Germany, but
that such hostility might serve as a warning to the United States and
to England. In brief, it was notice to the mother country that Canada
was quite able and ready to act for what she might consider her best
interests in fiscal matters, regardless of the wishes, feelings, or
dictation of her august parent.
Canada has given to English goods preferential duties a third less
than those assessed against the goods of other countries; in times
of recent trouble she has given men and money; and now comes a
contribution to the expense of British armament amounting to nearly
five dollars per capita for every man, woman, and child in the
dominion. In return, England has talked of preferential customs
duties, but cannot give them; she has talked of changing the law
under which a Canadian citizen is not necessarily a citizen of
England, but has not done so; she has talked of an armed defense,
which is not needed and never will be, for, unlike Australia, the
Canadians are protected from all possible enemies by the mere facts
of geographical isolation and the presence to the south of a great
and powerful nation which would in her own interest, if for no other
reason (and there are others), permit no foreigner to alienate a
square yard of Canadian soil. England must have the products of
Canadian soil, and English emigrants would go to Canada in no
greater or lesser numbers if the political tie between the two
countries were sundered. As a matter of fact, English immigrants are
accorded the same treatment by Canada as those from other lands,
and are not as welcome, because of the kind that England has sent.
 The ties between five sevenths of the people of Canada and the
people of England are those of tradition, sentiment, and blood, while
the like ties of the other two sevenths are to France and the United
States. It may be true that such ties constitute a tangible force, but
that is a matter open to debate, and not to be settled until it comes
to a question of international disputes. The ties between Canada and
the United States are those compelling bonds of geographical and
economic likeness, reciprocity of needs and markets, natural routes
for trade and transportation, sympathetic financial exchanges,
individual investments one within the confines of the other, to say
nothing of the fact that more than a million Canadian-born—a
number equaling one seventh of the present population of Canada—
have found homes and profitable occupation in the United States,
within easy hailing distance of their native land; and in that land are
perhaps half a million or more people who were born in the United
States.
At the general election in 1912, nearly half of the Canadian
people voted in favor of closer trade relations with the United States.
A newly elected Democratic Congress in the United States has
signified its intention of not repealing the Canadian Reciprocity Act,
and there are Canadians who believe the day will come, and at no
very distant date, when Canada will yet enter the door thus left ajar,
and absorb to herself a share of the forces for expansion and growth
of industry which are urging her neighbor to the tremendous pace of
the present day.
 DISKING AND HARROWING BY STEAM IN CANADA
Contractors take outfits of this sort into the newer districts, and for a small charge “break”
the homesteaders’ virgin land.
 From a photograph by Notman, Montreal
ASBESTOS-MINE IN THEDFORD, CANADA

Notwithstanding the inability of England to give, and her

readiness to take, the people of Canada have heroically set
themselves to the task of directing their national growth along the
lines of strongest resistance. They will not succeed in the end; but
this conclusion does not detract from world-wide interest in the
struggle, or from the significance and interest of the results of this
Canadian policy, which, as stated, originates more in the qualities of
human nature than from the observance of economic laws and an
attempt to take advantage thereof. The logical course of events,
following the coöperation of human endeavor and natural laws,
would be the unification of the North American continent, politically,
industrially, commercially, and financially. That this will come sooner
or later is inevitable. In the meantime, to maintain a political
sympathy with an Old World and a more or less indifferent parent
community, to confine transportation, industry, and social existence
to lines laid east and west, and at the same time to maintain the
somewhat strained pose of an independent nation, is the task the
majority of the Canadian people have set for themselves.
This self-styled nation is making a brave show at an ambitious
task. A splendid national and independent spirit has arisen, and
natural resources are being developed and farmed to the utmost. It
has probably surprised the Canadians themselves to realize the
present power of their word in affairs of the British Empire, a result
not due so much to the weight of Canadian counsels as to the
development of international affairs in Europe, but none the less
gratifying to Canadian pride. For the first time in history the
Canadian Government now finds itself in a position where its
demands upon the mother country are not only listened to with
respectful consideration, but are granted without much ado. Had it
not been for Canadian insistence, backed up by the coöperation of
other British possessions, the protest of the British Government over
the action of Congress in the matter of the Panama Canal tolls would
not have been so insistent; notwithstanding the alarm felt in England
over the proposed reciprocity between Canada and the United
States, the British Government was forced to leave the matter
entirely in the hands of Canada, breathing a sigh of intense relief
when it was found that the event was at least postponed. In many
other cases where a few years ago all negotiations concerning
Canadian affairs would have been conducted as between the United
States and England, the latter country more recently has remained a
passive and subservient listener, standing ready to carry out the
wishes of Canada when the negotiations came to an end.
 From a photograph, copyright by Underwood & Underwood

VIEW ON THE NEW WELLAND SHIP CANAL, WHICH CONNECTS LAKE ONTARIO
WITH LAKE ERIE

Politically, therefore, Canada has finally won for herself the

position of a virtually independent nation, self-governed and self-
contained except for the form of obtaining the now ever-ready
acquiescence of the mother country in her final dealings with foreign
nations.
 This was made possible by the very reasons which will forever
bar Canada from a like industrial, commercial, financial, or social
independence. The geographical and economic dependence of
Canada upon the United States forced England to proceed carefully
in dealing with Canadian affairs, to prevent alienation and possible
final separation by the wish and necessities of the Canadian people.
This attitude is an acknowledgment in itself of the independence of
Canada from Great Britain and her tendencies in other directions.
However, to say that Canada never can achieve the full measure of
her material greatness as an independent nation takes nothing from
her present power or her splendid progress. In fact, the greater the
latter, the more evident will be the need to extend her southern
boundaries.
If the position were reversed from what it is to-day, and the
proposition were to be submitted to the Canadian people whether or
not they would annex the United States, the vote would be virtually
unanimous in favor of such annexation. The economic results would
be the same as if the United States annexed Canada; the people of
the whole continent would move forward at the same pace now
observed in the expanding industry and internal power of the United
States.
The reasons of Canada’s handicap lie in a lack of geographical
and economic balance. From a material point of view, the country is
not self-contained. An artificial barrier extends across its southern
boundary, forcing transportation to follow unnatural lines and rolling
back the tide of Canadian productive industry upon itself. Rivers,
lakes, and valleys flow north and south. Eastern and western Canada
are separated by twelve hundred miles, more or less, of almost
totally infertile country. The snow and ice of winter point to the
southern route as the natural outlet for traffic during certain seasons
of the year. The population is not sufficient to absorb the products of
huge mills, big enough to manufacture at a price which makes
possible competition with Europe and countries elsewhere. The
greatest and highest-priced marts of the world are across that
theoretical line drawn upon the map and existing only as an idea in
the minds of the people, a stimulus to local patriotism, and a
hindrance to development in most directions. Her people are barred
from the best in material prosperity, the best in the arts, in music,
and literature, because these things come only where human beings
congregate in sufficient numbers to make it possible to support
them; and the cities of Canada never can reach that point of
development where such will be possible so long as the pass to the
south is blocked by even an idea.
With the aid of foreign capital, seven eighths of which, by the
way, is Scottish, not English, Canada has built her railways, her mills,
and established her banks; with the aid of subsidies she has made
possible her manufactures and even her news agencies. Her per
capita national debt is the largest in the world, a token in this case
of amazing energy, courage, and enterprise, and not of fruitless wars
or unproductive extravagance. The units of Canadian population are
highly prosperous and intelligent, and possess a purchasing power
superior to nearly every other community in the world. The profit of
to-day, however, has come, first, from the rapidly increasing land
values, and, second, from the fatness of virgin lands. There will be
an end to this in its earliest and simplest forms. The profits upon the
land have been largely taken; and while the virgin land is still
yielding to the plow and numberless thousands of acres are still
untouched, the nuggets lying on the ground have been closely
gleaned, and more scientific, systematic, and expensive effort is
necessary to reap the harvest yet available.
Land values in the Canadian towns and cities have reached the
danger-point, and in some cases have exceeded it. There is an old
and long-established law that land is worth only what it will produce,
be it cash or produce for cash, and that in the end all values flow to
this level. The material development of Canada will proceed upon
sure lines, for it is based upon that measure of all values, the
products of the earth; but the rate of development cannot be hurried
beyond a certain point, and this, while satisfactory enough in itself,
will not be at the pace the enthusiasts would have us believe. The
same story has been written of the western United States, and as
the conditions are virtually the same, history will repeat itself.
Canada has this advantage, and that is the increasing population of
the world and its increasing need or absorptive power, which is far
greater to-day than in the decades when the western frontier of
America was being pushed toward the Pacific coast.
With all this, the record of Canadian accomplishments is an
amazing tale of wondrous energy and gigantic results. Put the
figures of Canadian population, immigration, enterprise, and
production side by side with those of the greater nations, and they
are not large in comparison; but take them by themselves, as they
stand, and they are pregnant with promise for the future of this land
which stretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific, is only estopped on
the south by an imaginary line drawn just where a greater prosperity
should begin, and limited at the north solely by the degree of cold
and the length of winter that may control human endeavor in its
strivings for material advance.
In some directions the science of government is more highly
developed in Canada than in any other country in the world. A
notable instance of this is in the administration and disposal of public
land. Notwithstanding the vast area to be given away to settlers,
there has been no prodigality or waste. The home-builder is the man
that is wanted, and he is the only one who can secure title to arable
land. The banking system is held to be superior to that of the United
States; tenure in administrative and judicial office is based largely
upon good behavior; immigration is restricted along protective lines;
and the customs are administered with the least possible
inconvenience to the importer or the traveler. In the endeavor to
overcome the natural tendency of trade to flow north and south, and
the limitations of her industrial present, Canada has been led into
the doubtful byways of subsidy; but as the years progress and the
country adjusts itself, there is a notable tendency to be more chary
in creating industries that must be kept alive by direct gift; and
those already enjoying these special privileges have been warned to
prepare for the day when public opinion will demand that they stand
or fall upon their own merits.
 The figures of Canadian progress tell a story of wonderful energy,
and in one particular they are especially interesting and significant.
The population of Canada has not increased as might be expected,
in view of her great industrial expansion. In fact, it has barely
doubled in forty years. In the last four decades the population of the
United States has grown about twenty-five per cent. in each
succeeding ten years, while that of Canada has increased by thirty,
eleven, twelve, and seventeen per cent. in the same periods. That is
to say, while the population of Canada was doubling itself, that of
the United States increased to two and a half times the number in
1871. In that same forty years, however, the productive and
absorptive energies of the Canadian unit have increased enormously,
until in these respects a point has been reached without parallel in
any other country.
While, as stated, the population has about doubled in forty years,
deposits in the post-office savings-banks have risen from $2,500,000
to $43,000,000; total bank deposits from $67,000,000 to
$1,000,000,000; the national revenue from $20,000,000 to
$118,000,000; expenditure for life-insurance from $1,800,000 to
$20,000,000; the amount paid for mail and steamship subventions
from $286,000 to nearly $2,000,000; the number of letters and post-
cards handled by the post-office from 27,000,000 to 550,000,000;
passengers on railways from 5,000,000 to 37,000,000; tons of
freight hauled on railways from 5,000,000 to 80,000,000, and on
canals from 3,000,000 to 43,000,000.
In that same time the national debt has increased from
$77,000,000 to $508,338,592. The total mineral production has
grown in value from the figure of 1886, when it was $10,000,000, to
$107,000,000 in 1911. Coal production has increased in value from
$3,000,000 to $30,000,000, and total foreign trade from
$162,000,000 to $771,000,000.
There are in Canada to-day about 1,500,000 families, and only
about 75,000 of these are without a dwelling to themselves—a great
record of a home-building nation. There is now nearly a billion
dollars invested in Canadian manufactures. Nearly 400,000 wage-
earners have a payroll of about $150,000,000, and the product of
their labor brings nearly the same amount of revenue to the nation
as is invested in the productive plants. These figures are all the more
extraordinary in that the figures of increase of population bear little
relation thereto. It is the story of a great industrial awakening,
following the discovery of latent natural resources which applied
industry and intelligence have transmuted into wealth and profitable
occupation for labor.
In the last ten years the population of Prince Edward Island, the
Northwest Territories, and the Yukon, has decreased by 9, 14, and
69 per cent., respectively. Some of this decrease has been caused by
changes of political boundary-lines. Of the total increase in
population nearly sixty per cent. has taken place in the four western
provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, and Manitoba,
the relative expansion of these provinces in number of inhabitants
being 439 per cent., 413 per cent., 119 per cent., and 73 per cent.,
respectively. The total increase of population in the last decade was
1,834,000, and it was distributed as follows: 1,117,000 in the four
western or agricultural provinces; 354,000 in Quebec; 340,000 in
Ontario; and 54,000 in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. To the
western provinces have gone the people seeking homes on the new
lands, and to the lively towns and cities, which have become the
centers of these great productive areas, have thronged laborers,
purveyors to the wants of the settlers, those who offer facilities for
the exchange of commodities, and the usual large percentage who,
in a new country, live off the industry of others by taking advantage
of the eagerness of would-be buyers and sellers to make quick
bargains.
As in the history of every newly opened reserve of the world,
fortunes have been made from a shoe-string by those shrewd
enough to step in between the seller and the buyer in time to take a
part of the profit to themselves. The man who buys acreage and
sells town lots is the speculator who has made money the world
over. The purchaser of the latter may in turn make profit for himself,
but the cream has been taken by the prophet who can materialize
the vision of the paved street across the plowed field or the prairie
sod. All new or rapidly developing countries pass through this stage
of swift encroachment of town upon country, and up to a certain
point it remains legitimate and normal—that is to say, so long as it
fills the measure of need. The momentum thus gained, however, has
seldom failed to carry the movement beyond the legitimate, and
numberless acres have been in turn sold for taxes, and the farmer’s
plow has turned up the stakes which were to mark the lines of
pretentious boulevards.
The time of reaction is one of danger and often of disaster.
Western Canada has already passed through several periods of
stress and trial of this character, and the early story of the now
thriving city of Winnipeg is full of tragedy to those who were caught
in the reactionary period of many years ago. After a certain time,
however, these places find themselves, possibilities and
impossibilities are recognized, and values assume true levels, which
in many cases constantly but sanely keep pace in their rise with the
development of tributary territory. It seems to be a truism that the
prices of Broadway or the Strand could not be legitimately duplicated
in Prairieville or Rocky Pass, but men surely sane and successful
elsewhere apparently become intoxicated as they breathe the
stimulating air of the Northwest, and blinded by the vision of the
future, they buy or loan in haste not only their own money, but that
of others, only to lose, and curse their temporary aberration in the
calmness of second thought or the depressing incident of a “busted
boom.” Optimism is the key-note of life in a new community, and the
true story of the poor man who stumbled over a wheelbarrow-load
of gold nuggets is the constant incentive to the weary prospector
who is measuring his daily dole from his last sack of flour. It is a
thankless task to measure real values in the Northwest at the
moment, for no matter how high they may be placed, such measure
meets with the approval of no one, neither of the man who has
something to sell, nor of the man inclined to buy. The spirit of the
gambler is in all human nature, and in none more than the
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