PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

ADAPTIVE TEACHING GUIDE

Most Essential Topic # 11: Hypothesis Testing Using Correlation Analysis

Lesson 1: Correlation Analysis

Prerequisite Content
Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing
Knowledge:

Prerequisite Skill: Analytical skills to check the understanding of students on the fundamental concepts of hypothesis testing

Prerequisite Assessment: 5-item quiz

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer based on the choices given below.

A – If both statements are true.

B – If both statements are false.
C – If statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false.
D – If statement 1 is false and statement 2 is true.

1. Statement 1: The null hypothesis always shows inequality.

Statement 2: The null hypothesis is the hypothesis to be tested.

2. Statement 1: If the test statistic is greater than the critical value, then reject the null hypothesis.
Statement 2: If the critical value is greater than the test statistic, then fail to reject the null hypothesis.

3. Statement 1: The first step in hypothesis testing is determining the level of significance.
Statement 2: The last step in hypothesis testing is formulating the hypothesis.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
4. Statement 1: A level of significance of 5% means 95% confidence level.
Statement 2: The level of significance can be a negative percentage.

5. Statement 1: Hypothesis plays a significant role in hypothesis testing.

Statement 2: There are 4 types of hypotheses in hypothesis testing.

Pre–lesson Remediation Activity

For Students with Insufficient Level on
Prerequisite Content-knowledge and/or For Students with Fairly Sufficient Level on Prerequisite Content-knowledge and/or Skill(s)
Skill(s)

Provide reading materials about the

Conduct short discussions on the areas the students find difficult and provide feedback on the result of the pre-assessment.
fundamental concepts of hypothesis
testing and feedback on the result of the
pre-assessment.
Null Hypothesis
✓ states that the “null” condition exists; that is there is nothing new happening, the old theory is still true, the old standard is correct, and the system is in control
✓ A claim about a population characteristic that is initially assumed to be true.
✓ It is denoted by Ho,
✓ It is the hypothesis to be tested. It has a statement of equality, such as ≥, ≤ or =.
Alternative Hypothesis
✓ States that the new theory is true, there are new standards, the system is out-of-control, and/or something is happening
✓ Also defined as the competing claim.
✓ It denoted by Ha
✓ It is the hypothesis that has no statement of equality, such as >, < or ≠.
Example:
A medical trial is conducted to test whether or not a new drug changes the mean pulse rate of patients. It is known that the mean pulse rate of the patients is 75 beats per
minute.
𝑯𝒐 : The drug does not change the mean pulse rate of the patients 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 75
𝑯𝒂 : The drug changes the mean pulse rate of the patients 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 75

A school reports an average grade of 84 among its currently enrolled Senior High School students. Some parents believe that this is an underestimate of the actual average.
𝑯𝒐 : The average grade of currently enrolled Senior High School students is equal to 84. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 84
𝑯𝒂 : The average grade of currently enrolled Senior High School students is greater than 84. 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 84
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

Introduction
In this lesson, the students will learn about correlation analysis, its meaning, and when to use it to solve or address a problematic situation. They will also be equipped to
conduct hypothesis testing to determine the relationship between the two variables. They will learn to solve the relationship between the two variables manually, or using a
calculator, or statistical software (Jamovi). They will organize and present the data and interpret the results. Thus, it will enable the students to think critically by formulating
good and valid arguments to make sound decisions/judgments.

The lesson will approximately run for 120 minutes and if the need arises the teacher can be reached through e-mail or using the contact number 09xxxxxxxxx.

Student’s Experiential Learning

Formative Questions For students with strong internet connectivity For students without internet connectivity
Lesson presentation (PPT, interactive discussion), videos, and/or other Lesson presentation (PPT, interactive discussion), videos, and/or other platforms)
platforms) on the discussion of the concepts in correlation analysis on the discussion of the concepts in correlation analysis (definition and examples
(definition and examples of bivariate data and introduction to correlation) of bivariate data and introduction to correlation)

Situation: Suppose that a researcher of a school wanted to investigate Situation: Suppose that a researcher of a school wanted to investigate whether
whether there is a relationship between two variables. These two there is a relationship between two variables. These two variables are the grades
variables are the grades of the students and the amount of time spent of the students and the amount of time spent studying
studying
Questions to ponder: Do you think there is a direct or indirect relationship between
Chunk 1 Questions to ponder: Do you think there is a direct or indirect relationship the two variables? What variables might have a direct and indirect relationship to
between the two variables? What variables might have a direct and the grades of the students?
What is Correlation Analysis? indirect relationship to the grades of the students?
What do you observe with the following examples below?
What do you observe with the following examples below?
Variable 1 Variable 2
Variable 1 Variable 2 income no of hours working
income no of hours working Alcohol consumption Cholesterol level
Alcohol consumption Cholesterol level grade Time spent using online games
grade Time spent using online games
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

Income No of Working Hours (per week)

Income No of Working Hours (per week) 12,250 35
12,250 35 17,500 50
17,500 50 19,600 56
19,600 56 7000 20
7000 20 1750 5
1750 5 3500 10
3500 10 5250 15
5250 15

Questions:
Questions:
1. What do you observe with the given data?
1. What do you observe with the given data? 2. How could you describe the variables?
2. How could you describe the variables? 3. If you try to plot the data, what could be the behavior of the graph?
3. If you try to plot the data, what could be the behavior of the graph? 4. What conclusion could you make given the data?
4. What conclusion could you make given the data?
Bivariate data – examines the relationship between two variables.
Bivariate data – examines the relationship between two variables.

Example: Relationship between the performances in Statistics and Probability and

Example: Relationship between the performances in Statistics and General Mathematics of the senior high school
Probability and General Mathematics of the senior high school students
students
Scatter Plot
Scatter Plot
A graph of plotted points that show the relationship between two sets of data.
A graph of plotted points that show the relationship between two sets of
data. It consists of a series of points plotted on a rectangular coordinate plane x-axis
and y-axis
It consists of a series of points plotted on a rectangular coordinate plane
x-axis and y-axis
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

Correlation = Relationship

Correlation = Relationship Correlation ≠ Causation

Correlation ≠ Causation Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient

Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient

also called Pearson’s r, in honor of the English mathematician Karl Pearson who
developed the formula in the 1880s.
also called Pearson’s r, in honor of the English mathematician Karl Pearson
who developed the formula in the 1880s. a statistical tool that determines the existence, strength, and direction of correlation
between two variables.
a statistical tool that determines the existence, strength, and direction of
correlation between two variables.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

STEPS in Solving Pearson Product Correlation: STEPS in Solving Pearson Product Correlation:

a) Look for n (number of elements/respondents/participants) a) Look for n (number of elements/respondents/participants)

b) Solve for the summation of x (∑x) b) Solve for the summation of x (∑x)

c) Solve for the summation of y (∑y) Solve for the summation of x times y c) Solve for the summation of y (∑y) Solve for the summation of x times y (∑xy)
(∑xy)
d) Solve for the summation of x times x (∑x2)
d) Solve for the summation of x times x (∑x2)
e) Solve for the summation of y times y (∑y2)
e) Solve for the summation of y times y (∑y2)
f) Solve for the value of r (use substitution)
f) Solve for the value of r (use substitution)
g) Interpret the value of r (refer to the table below)
g) Interpret the value of r (refer to the table below)
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

h. Determine the correlation between the two variables. Then, interpret h. Determine the correlation between the two variables. Then, interpret the results.
the results.

EXAMPLE: Printed Materials or e copies on the discussion of Pearson’s Correlation

Coefficient
Using the hypothetical/dummy data below, conduct a hypothesis
test to see if there is a significant relationship between the Using the hypothetical/dummy data below, conduct a hypothesis test to
Chunk 2 see if there is a significant relationship between the
A. grades of students and the amount of time spent studying.
How do you correlate data? Use a 5% level of significance. A. grades of students and the amount of time spent studying. Use a
B. Grades of students and the amount of time spent playing 5% level of significance.
online games. Use a 5% level of significance. B. Grades of students and the amount of time spent playing online
games. Use a 5% level of significance.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

Using Manual computation, we set the grades as our x variable.

First, we correlate the variables: Grades and Studying time.

Set Studying time as our y variable, then following the required variables
A. Use Jamovi to generate data needed to conduct hypothesis testing (such as, xy, 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) as taken from the formula above. We then follow the
following steps:
First, we correlate the variables: Grades and Studying time.

Step 1. Input data a. Look for n (number of elements/respondents/participants)

There are 30 respondents.
b. Solve for the summation of x (∑ 𝑥)
∑ 𝑥 = 85 + 87 + 84 + 90 + 98 + 95 + 96 + 95 + 86 + 88 + 86 + 90 +
94 + 94 + 93 + 84 + 84 + 80 + 82 + 81 + 81 + 82 + 83 + 88 + 90 + 94
+ 90 + 95 + 95 + 88
∑ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟖
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
c. Solve for the summation of y (∑ 𝑦)
∑𝑦 = 3 + 4 + 2 + 5 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 5 + 2 + 4 + 3 + 5 + 6 + 5 + 5 + 2 + 3
+3+2+2+2+2+3+4+5+6+5+7+6+5
∑ 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏

d. Solve for the summation of xy (∑ 𝑥𝑦)

∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 255 + 348 + 168 + 450 + 588 + 475 + 384 + 475 + 172 +
352 + 258 + 450 + 564 + 470 + 465 + 168 + 252 + 240 + 164 + 162
+ 162 + 164 + 249 + 352 + 450 + 564 + 450 + 665 + 570 + 440
∑ 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟗𝟐𝟔

e. Solve for the summation of 𝑥 2 (∑ 𝑥 2 )

∑ 𝑥 2 = 7225 + 7569 + 7056 + 8100 + 9604 + 9025 + 9216 + 9025 +
7396 + 7744 + 7396 + 8100 + 8836 + 8836 + 8649 + 7056 + 7056 +
Step 2. Label the data with the two variables 6400 + 6724 + 6561 + 6561 + 6724 + 6889 + 7744 + 8100 + 8836 +
8100 + 9025 + 9025 + 7744
∑ 𝒙𝟐 = 236322

f. Solve for the summation of 𝑦 2 (∑ 𝑦 2 )

∑ 𝑦 2 = 9 + 16 + 4 + 25 + 36 + 25 + 16 + 25 + 4 + 16 + 9 + 25 + 36 +
25 + 25 + 4 + 9 + 9 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + 36 + 25 + 49 + 36
+ 25
∑ 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
To put the results in a table, we have

Grades Studying (x)(y) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐

(x) Time (y)
1 85 3 255 7225 9
2 87 4 348 7569 16
3 84 2 168 7056 4
4 90 5 450 8100 25
5 98 6 588 9604 36
6 95 5 475 9025 25
7 96 4 384 9216 16
8 95 5 475 9025 25
9 86 2 172 7396 4
10 88 4 352 7744 16
11 86 3 258 7396 9
Step 3. Choose appropriate data analysis to be used
12 90 5 450 8100 25
13 94 6 564 8836 36
14 94 5 470 8836 25
15 93 5 465 8649 25
16 84 2 168 7056 4
17 84 3 252 7056 9
18 80 3 240 6400 9
19 82 2 164 6724 4
20 81 2 162 6561 4
21 81 2 162 6561 4
22 82 2 164 6724 4
23 83 3 249 6889 9
24 88 4 352 7744 16
25 90 5 450 8100 25
26 94 6 564 8836 36
27 90 5 450 8100 25
28 95 7 665 9025 49
29 95 6 570 9025 36
30 88 5 440 7744 25
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

∑𝑥 ∑𝑦 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑ 𝑦2
= 2658 = 121 = 10 926 = 236322 = 555

h. Solve for the value of r.

𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 − ∑ 𝑥 ∑ 𝑦
𝑟=
√[𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 − (∑ 𝑥)2 ][𝑛 ∑ 𝑦 2 − (∑ 𝑦)2 ]
Substitute the variable by its values and solve for the value of r.
(30)(10 926) − (2658)(121)
𝑟=
√[(30)(236322) − (2658)2 ][(30)(555) − (121)2 ]
327 780 − 321 618
𝑟=
√(7 089 660 − 7 064 964)(16 650 − 14 641)
6 162
𝑟=
√(24 966)(2 009)
6 162
𝑟=
√50 156 694
6 162
𝑟=
7 082.1391
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕

i. Test the degree of the relationship of Student’s Grades and their

Studying Time
h.1 Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
Ho = There is no correlation between the student’s grades
and their studying time.
Ha = There is a significant degree of relationship between the
student’s grades and their studying time.

h.2 Test statistics:

Use t-test at 5% level of significance.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

h.3 Rejection Criterion

0.05
Reject Ho if |𝑡𝑐 | > (30 − 2) = 2.048
2
h.4 Computation for the Test-Statistics
𝑟√𝑛 − 2
𝑡𝑐 =
√1 − 𝑟 2
0.87√30 − 2
𝑡𝑐 =
√1 − 0.872
0.87√28
𝑡𝑐 =
√1 − 0.7569
(0.87)(5.2915)
𝑡𝑐 =
√0.2431
4.603605
𝑡𝑐 =
0.493052

𝒕𝒄 = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟎
0.05
h.5 Decision: Since |9.3370| > (28) = 2.048, reject Ho
2
h.6 Conclusion: The result reveals that there is a significant
degree of relationship between the student’s grades and their
studying time. This means that as the amount of time spent
studying increases the grades would tend to increase as well.
It further implies that the two variables are dependent on one
another.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
Secondly, we correlate the variables: Grades and time spent playing online
games

Set Time spent playing online games as our y variable, then following the
required variables (such as, xy, 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) as taken from the formula above.
We then follow the following steps:

a. Look for n (number of elements/respondents/participants)

There are 30 respondents.
b. Solve for the summation of x (∑ 𝑥)
∑ 𝑥 = 85 + 87 + 84 + 90 + 98 + 95 + 96 + 95 + 86 + 88 + 86 + 90 +
94 + 94 + 93 + 84 + 84 + 80 + 82 + 81 + 81 + 82 + 83 + 88 + 90 + 94
+ 90 + 95 + 95 + 88
∑ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟖

c. Solve for the summation of y (∑ 𝑦)

∑𝑦 = 5 + 6 + 7 + 4 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 5 + 4 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 5
+7+6+6+7+6+6+5+2+2+3+4+2+6
∑ 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒

d. Solve for the summation of xy (∑ 𝑥𝑦)

∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 425 + 522 + 588 + 360 + 98 + 190 + 288 + 190 + 430 + 352
+ 344 + 180 + 188 + 188 + 279 + 420 + 420 + 560 + 492 + 486 +
567 + 492 + 498 + 440 + 180 + 188 + 270 + 380 + 190 + 528
∑ 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟕𝟑𝟑

e. Solve for the summation of 𝑥 2 (∑ 𝑥 2 )

∑ 𝑥 2 = 7225 + 7569 + 7056 + 8100 + 9604 + 9025 + 9216 + 9025 +
7396 + 7744 + 7396 + 8100 + 8836 + 8836 + 8649 + 7056 + 7056 +
6400 + 6724 + 6561 + 6561 + 6724 + 6889 + 7744 + 8100 + 8836 +
8100 + 9025 + 9025 + 7744
∑ 𝒙𝟐 = 236322
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
f. Solve for the summation of 𝑦 2 (∑ 𝑦 2 )
∑ 𝑦 2 = 25 + 36 + 49 + 16 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 4 + 25 + 16 + 16 + 4 + 4 + 4
+ 9 + 25 + 25 + 49 + 36 + 36 + 49 + 36 + 36 + 25 + 4 + 4 + 9 + 16 +
4 + 36
∑ 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟔𝟏𝟐

To put the results in a table, we have

Grad Time Spent (x)(y) 𝑥2 𝑦2
es (x) Playing
Games (y)
1 85 5 425 7225 25
2 87 6 522 7569 36
3 84 7 588 7056 49
4 90 4 360 8100 16
5 98 1 98 9604 1
6 95 2 190 9025 4
Step 4. Interpret the computed value. (Refer it to the given table) 7 96 3 288 9216 9
8 95 2 190 9025 4
9 86 5 430 7396 25
10 88 4 352 7744 16
11 86 4 344 7396 16
12 90 2 180 8100 4
13 94 2 188 8836 4
14 94 2 188 8836 4
15 93 3 279 8649 9
16 84 5 420 7056 25
17 84 5 420 7056 25
18 80 7 560 6400 49
19 82 6 492 6724 36
Since the Pearson’s r value is 0.87, hence, we have a Very High Positive 20 81 6 486 6561 36
Correlation. 21 81 7 567 6561 49
22 82 6 492 6724 36
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
Step 5. Make a conclusion and interpretation 23 83 6 498 6889 36
24 88 5 440 7744 25
25 90 2 180 8100 4
26 94 2 188 8836 4
27 90 3 270 8100 9
28 95 4 380 9025 16
29 95 2 190 9025 4
30 88 6 528 7744 36
∑𝑥 ∑ 𝑦 = 124 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑ 𝑦2
= 2658 = 10733 = 236322= 612

g. Solve for the value of r.

𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 − ∑ 𝑥 ∑ 𝑦
𝑟=
√[𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 − (∑ 𝑥)2 ][𝑛 ∑ 𝑦 2 − (∑ 𝑦)2 ]
Substitute the variable by its values and solve for the value of r.
Secondly, we correlate the variables: Grades and time spent playing
online games
(30)(10 733) − (2658)(124)
Step 1. Input data 𝑟=
√[(30)(236322) − (2658)2 ][(30)(612) − (124)2 ]
We follow the steps above in Steps 1 & 2. 321 990 − 329 592
𝑟=
Step 2. Label the data with the two variables √(7 089 660 − 7 064 964)(18 360 − 15 376)
−7 062
Step 3. Choose appropriate data analysis to be used 𝑟=
√(24 696)(2 984)
− 7 062
𝑟=
√73 692 864
− 7 062
𝑟=
8 584. 4548
𝒓 = −𝟎. 𝟖𝟐
h. Test the degree of the relationship of Student’s Grades and their
Studying Time
h.1 Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
Ho = There is no relationship between the student’s grades
and the time they spent playing games.
Ha = There is no significant relationship between the
student’s grades and the time they spent playing
games.
h.2 Test statistics:
Use t-test at 5% level of significance.
h.3 Rejection Criterion
0.05
Reject Ho if |𝑡𝑐 | > (30 − 2) = 2.048
2
h.4 Computation for the Test-Statistics
𝑟√𝑛 − 2
𝑡𝑐 =
√1 − 𝑟 2
−0.82√30 − 2
𝑡𝑐 =
√1 − (−0.82)2
−0.82√28
𝑡𝑐 =
√1 − 0.6724
(−0.82)(5.2915)
𝑡𝑐 =
√0.3276
−4.33903
𝑡𝑐 =
0.57236

𝒕𝒄 = −𝟕. 𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟗
0.05
h.5 Decision: Since | − 7.5809| > (28) = 2.048, reject Ho
2
h.6 Conclusion: The result reveals that there is a significant
degree of relationship between the student’s grades and the
time they spent playing games. This means that as the
amount of time spent playing online games increases the
grades would tend to decrease and vice versa. It further
implies that the two variables are dependent on one
another.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

Step 4. Interpret the computed value. (Refer it to the given table)

Since the Pearson’s r value is -0.801, hence, we have a Very High

Negative Correlation.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
Step 5. Make a conclusion and interpretation
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
B. Using Manual computation, we set the grades as our x variable.

First, we correlate the variables: Grades and Studying time.

Set Studying time as our y variable, then following the required

variables (such as, xy, 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) as taken from the formula above. We
then follow the following steps:

h. Look for n (number of

elements/respondents/participants)
There are 30 respondents.

i. Solve for the summation of x (∑ 𝑥)

∑ 𝑥 = 85 + 87 + 84 + 90 + 98 + 95 + 96 + 95 + 86 + 88 + 86
+ 90 + 94 + 94 + 93 + 84 + 84 + 80 + 82 + 81 + 81 + 82 + 83
+ 88 + 90 + 94 + 90 + 95 + 95 + 88
∑ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟖

j. Solve for the summation of y (∑ 𝑦)

∑𝑦 = 3 + 4 + 2 + 5 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 5 + 2 + 4 + 3 + 5 + 6 + 5 + 5
+2+3+3+2+2+2+2+3+4+5+6+5+7+6+5
∑ 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏

k. Solve for the summation of xy (∑ 𝑥𝑦)

∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 255 + 348 + 168 + 450 + 588 + 475 + 384 + 475 +
172 + 352 + 258 + 450 + 564 + 470 + 465 + 168 + 252 +
240 + 164 + 162 + 162 + 164 + 249 + 352 + 450 + 564 +
450 + 665 + 570 + 440
∑ 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟗𝟐𝟔
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
l. Solve for the summation of 𝑥 2 (∑ 𝑥 2 )
∑ 𝑥 2 = 7225 + 7569 + 7056 + 8100 + 9604 + 9025 + 9216
+ 9025 + 7396 + 7744 + 7396 + 8100 + 8836 + 8836 +
8649 + 7056 + 7056 + 6400 + 6724 + 6561 + 6561 + 6724
+ 6889 + 7744 + 8100 + 8836 + 8100 + 9025 + 9025 +
7744
∑ 𝒙𝟐 = 236322

m. Solve for the summation of 𝑦 2 (∑ 𝑦 2 )

∑ 𝑦 2 = 9 + 16 + 4 + 25 + 36 + 25 + 16 + 25 + 4 + 16 + 9 +
25 + 36 + 25 + 25 + 4 + 9 + 9 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 +
36 + 25 + 49 + 36 + 25
∑ 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
To put the results in a table, we have

Grades Studying (x)(y) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐

(x) Time (y)
1 85 3 255 7225 9
2 87 4 348 7569 16
3 84 2 168 7056 4
4 90 5 450 8100 25
5 98 6 588 9604 36
6 95 5 475 9025 25
7 96 4 384 9216 16
8 95 5 475 9025 25
9 86 2 172 7396 4
10 88 4 352 7744 16
11 86 3 258 7396 9
12 90 5 450 8100 25
13 94 6 564 8836 36
14 94 5 470 8836 25
15 93 5 465 8649 25
16 84 2 168 7056 4
17 84 3 252 7056 9
18 80 3 240 6400 9
19 82 2 164 6724 4
20 81 2 162 6561 4
21 81 2 162 6561 4
22 82 2 164 6724 4
23 83 3 249 6889 9
24 88 4 352 7744 16
25 90 5 450 8100 25
26 94 6 564 8836 36
27 90 5 450 8100 25
28 95 7 665 9025 49
29 95 6 570 9025 36
30 88 5 440 7744 25
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

∑𝑥 ∑𝑦 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑ 𝑦2
= 2658 = 121 = 10 926 = 236322 = 555

g. Solve for the value of r.

𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 − ∑ 𝑥 ∑ 𝑦
𝑟=
√[𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 − (∑ 𝑥)2 ][𝑛 ∑ 𝑦 2 − (∑ 𝑦)2 ]
Substitute the variable by its values and solve for the
value of r.
(30)(10 926) − (2658)(121)
𝑟=
√[(30)(236322) − (2658)2 ][(30)(555) − (121)2 ]
327 780 − 321 618
𝑟=
√(7 089 660 − 7 064 964)(16 650 − 14 641)
6 162
𝑟=
√(24 966)(2 009)
6 162
𝑟=
√50 156 694
6 162
𝑟=
7 082.1391
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕

h. Test the degree of the relationship of Student’s Grades

and their Studying Time
h.1 Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
Ho = There is no correlation between the student’s
grades and their studying time.
Ha = There is a significant degree of relationship
between the student’s grades and their
studying time.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
h.2 Test statistics:
Use t-test at 5% level of significance.

h.3 Rejection Criterion

0.05
Reject Ho if |𝑡𝑐 | > 2
(30 − 2) = 2.048
h.4 Computation for the Test-Statistics
𝑟√𝑛 − 2
𝑡𝑐 =
√1 − 𝑟 2
0.87√30 − 2
𝑡𝑐 =
√1 − 0.872
0.87√28
𝑡𝑐 =
√1 − 0.7569
(0.87)(5.2915)
𝑡𝑐 =
√0.2431
4.603605
𝑡𝑐 =
0.493052

𝒕𝒄 = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟎

0.05
h.5 Decision: Since |9.3370| > (28) = 2.048, reject
2
Ho
h.6 Conclusion: The result reveals that there is a
significant degree of relationship between the
student’s grades and their studying time.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
Secondly, we correlate the variables: Grades and time spent playing
online games

Set Time spent playing online games as our y variable, then

following the required variables (such as, xy, 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) as taken from
the formula above. We then follow the following steps:

a. Look for n (number of

elements/respondents/participants)
There are 30 respondents.

b. Solve for the summation of x (∑ 𝑥)

∑ 𝑥 = 85 + 87 + 84 + 90 + 98 + 95 + 96 + 95 + 86 + 88 + 86
+ 90 + 94 + 94 + 93 + 84 + 84 + 80 + 82 + 81 + 81 + 82 + 83
+ 88 + 90 + 94 + 90 + 95 + 95 + 88
∑ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟖

c. Solve for the summation of y (∑ 𝑦)

∑𝑦 = 5 + 6 + 7 + 4 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 5 + 4 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 3
+5+5+7+6+6+7+6+6+5+2+2+3+4+2+6
∑ 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒

d. Solve for the summation of xy (∑ 𝑥𝑦)

∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 425 + 522 + 588 + 360 + 98 + 190 + 288 + 190 +
430 + 352 + 344 + 180 + 188 + 188 + 279 + 420 + 420 +
560 + 492 + 486 + 567 + 492 + 498 + 440 + 180 + 188 +
270 + 380 + 190 + 528
∑ 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟕𝟑𝟑
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
e. Solve for the summation of 𝑥 2 (∑ 𝑥 2 )
∑ 𝑥 2 = 7225 + 7569 + 7056 + 8100 + 9604 + 9025 + 9216
+ 9025 + 7396 + 7744 + 7396 + 8100 + 8836 + 8836 +
8649 + 7056 + 7056 + 6400 + 6724 + 6561 + 6561 + 6724
+ 6889 + 7744 + 8100 + 8836 + 8100 + 9025 + 9025 +
7744
∑ 𝒙𝟐 = 236322

f. Solve for the summation of 𝑦 2 (∑ 𝑦 2 )

∑ 𝑦 2 = 25 + 36 + 49 + 16 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 4 + 25 + 16 + 16 + 4
+ 4 + 4 + 9 + 25 + 25 + 49 + 36 + 36 + 49 + 36 + 36 + 25 + 4
+ 4 + 9 + 16 + 4 + 36
∑ 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟔𝟏𝟐
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
To put the results in a table, we have
Grad Time Spent Playing (x)(y) 𝑥2 𝑦2
es (x) Games (y)
1 85 5 425 7225 25
2 87 6 522 7569 36
3 84 7 588 7056 49
4 90 4 360 8100 16
5 98 1 98 9604 1
6 95 2 190 9025 4
7 96 3 288 9216 9
8 95 2 190 9025 4
9 86 5 430 7396 25
10 88 4 352 7744 16
11 86 4 344 7396 16
12 90 2 180 8100 4
13 94 2 188 8836 4
14 94 2 188 8836 4
15 93 3 279 8649 9
16 84 5 420 7056 25
17 84 5 420 7056 25
18 80 7 560 6400 49
19 82 6 492 6724 36
20 81 6 486 6561 36
21 81 7 567 6561 49
22 82 6 492 6724 36
23 83 6 498 6889 36
24 88 5 440 7744 25
25 90 2 180 8100 4
26 94 2 188 8836 4
27 90 3 270 8100 9
28 95 4 380 9025 16
29 95 2 190 9025 4
30 88 6 528 7744 36
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

∑𝑥 ∑ 𝑦 = 124 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑ 𝑦2
= 2658 = 10733 = 236322
= 612

g. Solve for the value of r.

𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 − ∑ 𝑥 ∑ 𝑦
𝑟=
√[𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 − (∑ 𝑥)2 ][𝑛 ∑ 𝑦 2 − (∑ 𝑦)2 ]
Substitute the variable by its values and solve for the
value of r.

(30)(10 733) − (2658)(124)

𝑟=
√[(30)(236322) − (2658)2 ][(30)(612) − (124)2 ]
321 990 − 329 592
𝑟=
√(7 089 660 − 7 064 964)(18 360 − 15 376)
−7 062
𝑟=
√(24 696)(2 984)
− 7 062
𝑟=
√73 692 864
− 7 062
𝑟=
8 584. 4548
𝒓 = −𝟎. 𝟖𝟐

h. Test the degree of the relationship of Student’s Grades

and their Studying Time
h.1 Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
Ho = There is no correlation between the student’s
grades and the time they spent playing games.
Ha = There is a significant degree of relationship
between the student’s grades and the time they
spent playing games.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
h.2 Test statistics:
Use t-test at 5% level of significance.
h.3 Rejection Criterion
0.05
Reject Ho if |𝑡𝑐 | > 2
(30 − 2) = 2.048
h.4 Computation for the Test-Statistics
𝑟√𝑛 − 2
𝑡𝑐 =
√1 − 𝑟 2
−0.82√30 − 2
𝑡𝑐 =
√1 − (−0.82)2
−0.82√28
𝑡𝑐 =
√1 − 0.6724
(−0.82)(5.2915)
𝑡𝑐 =
√0.3276
−4.33903
𝑡𝑐 =
0.57236

𝒕𝒄 = −𝟕. 𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟗
0.05
h.5 Decision: Since |−7.5809| > (28) = 2.048,
2
reject Ho
h.6 Conclusion: The result reveals that there is a
significant degree of relationship between the
student’s grades and the time they spent playing
games.

Synthesis

In this lesson, the students learned how to explore the association of variables by correlating the given data manually and by using statistical software (Jamovi) following the steps in
hypothesis testing using correlation analysis. Also, the students were equipped to measure the degree of association between the two variables and learned how to analyze and
interpret the results. Thus, developed the students’ critical thinking by formulating good and valid arguments to make sound decisions/judgments.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

RUA of a Student’s Learning

In this activity, the students can work individually, by pair, or as a group of three members and interpret the result in written form or a video
recording.

Answer the following questions carefully.

1. How do you understand correlation analysis and state when to use this statistical tool?
You need to perform a task using the given data below.

Weight (kg) Time spent exercising per Sleeping time per day
day (hours) (hours)
36 3 8
40 4 7
45 2 6
45 3 8
44 2 6
43 4 7
42 4 8
45 2 6
40 5 5
37 6 6
35 5 7
50 1 8
50 1 9
49 2 8
48 2 9
46 3 6
45 2 7
53 1 6
52 1 4
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

2. A. Using the hypothetical/dummy data above, conduct a hypothesis test to see if there is a significant relationship between weight and the time spent exercising. Use a 5% level of
significance.
B. Using the hypothetical/dummy data above, conduct a hypothesis test to see if there is a significant relationship between weight and sleeping time. Use a 5% level of significance.
C. State the implications of the results on you.

3. As a student, what real-life situations can you give that use correlation analysis? Give at least two.
4. Provide a hypothetical or empirical data from one of the real-life situations you have identified in number 3 above. And conduct a hypothesis test if there is a significant relationship
between the variables you have identified. Use level of significance of 0.05.

For numbers 2a, 2b, 2c & 4, you will organize, present, and interpret the results using the format below. Take screenshots of the results from JAMOVI and attach them here in your output.

Ho:
Ha:
Test Statistic:
Level of Significance: 5%

(Indicate the title here)

Variable r p-value Interpretation

Legend: Significant if the p-value is less than 0.05 level of significance

Interpret the results

PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation.

Conclusion
Based on the results of the statistical analysis, we have concluded that

Post – lesson Remediation Activity

The teacher will provide feedback on the outputs submitted by the students and conduct a tutorial session as the need arises. Then, give another similar activity
to capture or achieve the target competencies and skills of the lesson.