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Evolution,Darwin theory and other concepts

Evolution is the gradual genetic change in populations leading to new species, driven by mechanisms like natural selection and mutation. Darwin's theory outlines key points such as variation, struggle for existence, and common ancestry. The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes a non-evolving population under ideal conditions, highlighting the importance of factors like large population size and random mating.

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5 views

Evolution,Darwin theory and other concepts

Evolution is the gradual genetic change in populations leading to new species, driven by mechanisms like natural selection and mutation. Darwin's theory outlines key points such as variation, struggle for existence, and common ancestry. The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes a non-evolving population under ideal conditions, highlighting the importance of factors like large population size and random mating.

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palwashasahar06
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Evolution (Definition) Evolution is the gradual change in the genetic composition of populations over generations, leading to the development of new species. It occurs due to mechanisms like natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow. Darwin's Theory of Evolution (Summary of Main Points) 1. Variation Exists — Individuals within a species show differences in traits. 2. Struggle for Existence — More individuals are born than can survive, leading to competition. 3. Survival of the Fittest (Natural Selection) - Individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce. 4. Descent with Modification - Favorable traits are passed on to future generations. 5. Common Ancestry - All species share common ancestors and have evolved over time. Mutation A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism. It can be: * Beneficial - Enhances survival and reproduction. * Neutral — No significant effect. ¢ Harmful - Reduces survival chances. Variation Variation refers to differences in traits among individuals of a species. * Positive Variation — Increases survival and reproduction (e.g., resistance to diseases). * Negative Variation - Decreases survival and reproduction (e.g., genetic disorders). Genetic Drift Arandom change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance events. It is more significant in small populations and can lead to: * Bottleneck Effect - A drastic reduction in population size due to disaster, reducing genetic diversity. ¢ Founder Effect - A small group establishes a new population, leading to reduced genetic variation. Gene Pool The total genetic material (all alleles) present in a population at a given time. A large gene pool increases adaptability and survival chances. ChatGPT G Hardy-Weinberg Principle (Summary in Points) This principle describes a stable, non-evolving population where allele frequencies remain constant under ideal conditions. 1. Equation: P+ 2pq+q?=1 Where: . p = Frequency of homozygous dominant (AA) 2pq = Frequency of heterozygous (Aa) ¢ = Frequency of homozygous recessive (aa) ¢ p+q=1 (Total allele frequency) 2. Assumptions for Equilibrium: No mutations No natural selection No gene flow (migration) Large population size (no genetic drift) Random mating v If thana aanditinna arn mat nualitian dann nat annie 2. Assumptions for Equilibrium: No mutations No natural selection No gene flow (migration) Large population size (no genetic drift) Random mating If these conditions are met, evolution does not occur, and allele frequencies remain constant. However, in reality, populations do evolve due to violations of these assumptions.

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