SDLC - V-Model

The V-model is an SDLC model where execution of processes happens in a sequential manner in a V-
shape. It is also known as Verification and Validation model.

The V-Model is an extension of the waterfall model and is based on the association of a testing phase
for each corresponding development stage. This means that for every single phase in the development
cycle, there is a directly associated testing phase. This is a highly-disciplined model and the next phase
starts only after completion of the previous phase.

V-Model - Design
Under the V-Model, the corresponding testing phase of the development phase is planned in parallel. So,
there are Verification phases on one side of the ‘V’ and Validation phases on the other side. The Coding
Phase joins the two sides of the V-Model.

The following illustration depicts the different phases in a V-Model of the SDLC.

V-Model - Verification Phases

There are several Verification phases in the V-Model, each of these are explained in detail below.
Business Requirement Analysis

This is the first phase in the development cycle where the product requirements are understood from
the customer’s perspective. This phase involves detailed communication with the customer to
understand his expectations and exact requirement. This is a very important activity and needs to be
managed well, as most of the customers are not sure about what exactly they need. The acceptance
test design planning is done at this stage as business requirements can be used as an input for
acceptance testing.

System Design

Once you have the clear and detailed product requirements, it is time to design the complete system.
The system design will have the understanding and detailing the complete hardware and
communication setup for the product under development. The system test plan is developed based on
the system design. Doing this at an earlier stage leaves more time for the actual test execution later.

Architectural Design

Architectural specifications are understood and designed in this phase. Usually more than one technical
approach is proposed and based on the technical and financial feasibility the final decision is taken. The
system design is broken down further into modules taking up different functionality. This is also
referred to as High Level Design (HLD).

The data transfer and communication between the internal modules and with the outside world (other
systems) is clearly understood and defined in this stage. With this information, integration tests can be
designed and documented during this stage.

Module Design

In this phase, the detailed internal design for all the system modules is specified, referred to as Low
Level Design (LLD). It is important that the design is compatible with the other modules in the system
architecture and the other external systems. The unit tests are an essential part of any development
process and helps eliminate the maximum faults and errors at a very early stage. These unit tests can
be designed at this stage based on the internal module designs.

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Coding Phase
The actual coding of the system modules designed in the design phase is taken up in the Coding phase.
The best suitable programming language is decided based on the system and architectural
requirements.

The coding is performed based on the coding guidelines and standards. The code goes through
numerous code reviews and is optimized for best performance before the final build is checked into the
repository.

Validation Phases
The different Validation Phases in a V-Model are explained in detail below.

Unit Testing

Unit tests designed in the module design phase are executed on the code during this validation phase.
Unit testing is the testing at code level and helps eliminate bugs at an early stage, though all defects
cannot be uncovered by unit testing.

Integration Testing

Integration testing is associated with the architectural design phase. Integration tests are performed to
test the coexistence and communication of the internal modules within the system.

System Testing

System testing is directly associated with the system design phase. System tests check the entire
system functionality and the communication of the system under development with external systems.
Most of the software and hardware compatibility issues can be uncovered during this system test
execution.

Acceptance Testing

Acceptance testing is associated with the business requirement analysis phase and involves testing the
product in user environment. Acceptance tests uncover the compatibility issues with the other systems
available in the user environment. It also discovers the non-functional issues such as load and
performance defects in the actual user environment.

V- Model ─ Application
V- Model application is almost the same as the waterfall model, as both the models are of sequential
type. Requirements have to be very clear before the project starts, because it is usually expensive to go
back and make changes. This model is used in the medical development field, as it is strictly a
disciplined domain.

The following pointers are some of the most suitable scenarios to use the V-Model application.

Requirements are well defined, clearly documented and fixed.

Product definition is stable.

Technology is not dynamic and is well understood by the project team.

There are no ambiguous or undefined requirements.

 The project is short.

V-Model - Pros and Cons

The advantage of the V-Model method is that it is very easy to understand and apply. The simplicity of
this model also makes it easier to manage. The disadvantage is that the model is not flexible to
changes and just in case there is a requirement change, which is very common in today’s dynamic
world, it becomes very expensive to make the change.

The advantages of the V-Model method are as follows −

This is a highly-disciplined model and Phases are completed one at a time.

Works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well understood.
Simple and easy to understand and use.

Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model. Each phase has specific deliverables and a
review process.

The disadvantages of the V-Model method are as follows −

High risk and uncertainty.

Not a good model for complex and object-oriented projects.

Poor model for long and ongoing projects.

Not suitable for the projects where requirements are at a moderate to high risk of changing.
Once an application is in the testing stage, it is difficult to go back and change a functionality.

No working software is produced until late during the life cycle.