Neutrosophic Approach on Normed Linear Space

Prasun Kumar Nayak

1 Preliminaries
This section recall the basis definitions and results that are necessary for the present work.

1.1 Linear Space

A linear space V over a field F is a set with two operations, addition and scalar multiplication are defined,

(i) for every pair α, β ∈ V , α + β = β + α.

(ii) for every pair α, β, γ ∈ V ,

α + (β + γ) = (α + β) + γ.

(iii) there is a unique vector 0 in V , called zero vector, such that α + 0 = 0 + α.

(iv) for each α ∈ V , there is a unique vector −α ∈ V such that

α + (−α) = 0 = (−α) + α.

(v) for every pair k, a ∈ F and α ∈ V ,

kaα) = (ka)α.

(vi) for every pair α, β ∈ V and k ∈ F,

k(α + β) = kα + kβ.

(vii) for every pair k, a ∈ F and α ∈ V

(k + a)α = kα + aα.

(viii) for α ∈ V and 1 ∈ F,

1 · α = α = α.

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E XAMPLE 1. (i) Real vector space Rm×n :
Let V be the set of all m×n matrices over R
Let + be the composition on V , called ’addition’ defined by

(aij )m ,n +(bij )m ,n = (aij + bij )m ,n

and an external composition of R with V , called ’multiplication of matrices by real numbers’ be

defined by for c ∈ R,
c(aij )m,n = (caij )m,n
Then the above condition are satisfied. Therefore V is a real vector space and it is denoted by
Rm×n

(ii) Let Pn denoted the set of real polynomial functions of degree ≤ n. Let f (x) and g(x) ∈ Pn ,

f (x) = a0 + a1 (x) + a2 (x2 ) + · · · + an (xn )

g(x) = b0 + b1 (x) + b2 (x2 ) + · · · + bn (xn )

Let + be the composition on V , called ’addition’ defined by

(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x)

= (a0 + a1 (x) + a2 (x2 ) + · · · + an (xn )) + (b0 + b1 (x) + b2 (x2 ) + · · · + bn (xn ))
= (a0 + b0 ) + (a1 + b1 )(x1 ) + · · · + (an−1 + bn−1 )(xn−1 ) + (an + bn )(xn )

and an external composition of R with Pn , called ‘multiplication’ of matrices by real numbers’ be

defined by for c ∈ R

c · f (x) = c · (a0 + a1 (x) + a2 (x2 ) + · · · + an (xn ))

= (c · a0 ) + (c · a1 ) + · · · + (c · an )(xn )

Then the above condition are satisfied. Therefore Pn is a real vector space.

1.2 Norm
Definition 1. Let V be a linear space. A function || · || : V → R+ ∪ {0} assigning to each vector x ∈ V
a number ||x|| is called a norm in the vector space V if it satisfies the following conditions:

(i) Non degeneracy : ||x|| ≥ 0, ∀ x ∈ V and ||x|| = 0 if and only if x = 0

(ii) Homogeneity : ||λx|| = |λ| · ||x||, ∀x ∈ V and ∀λ ∈ F

(iii) Triangle Inequality : ||x + y|| ≤ ||x|| + ||y||, ∀ x, y ∈ V .

Such a function is said to be a norm. The value of the norm at a vector is called the norm at that vector.

E XAMPLE 2. (i) Each of the linear spaces R and C with the norm defined by ∥x∥ = |x| is a norm
space.
 1/p
(ii) V = Rn , x=(x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ) ∈ Rn such that ∥x∥p = |x1 |p + |x2 |p + · · · + |xn |p ,p>0

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1.3 Fuzzy Sets
Let X be an universe of discourse and x ∈ X, then the fuzzy set à defined on X and can be written as
à = {x, µÃ (x) : x ∈ X}.

E XAMPLE 3. Let X ={g1 , g2 , g3 , g4 , g5 } be the reference set of students. Let à be the fuzzy set of
”smart” student where ”smart” is fuzzy term.

à = {(g1 , 0.4)(g2 , 0.5), (g3 , 1)(g4 , 0.9)(g5 , 0.8)}

Here à indicates that smartness of g1 is 0.4 and so on.

1.4 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets

Let X be a nonempty set. An Intuitionistic fuzzy set à in X is an objective having the form

à = {(x, µÃ (x), νà (x) : x ∈ X}, (1)

where the functions µÃ : X → [0, 1] and νà : X → [0, 1] defined the degree of membership and degree
of non membership of the element x ∈ X respectively, and for 0 ≤ µÃ (x) + νà (x) ≤ 1 .

1.5 Fuzzy norm

Let X be a linear space over the F (real or complex) and ⋆ is a continuous t-norm . A fuzzy subset N on
X × R (R is set of all real numbers) is called a fuzzy norm on X if and only if for p, q ∈ X and c ∈ F,

(N1): ∀t ∈ R with t ≤ 0, N(p,t)=0.

(N2): ∀t ∈ R with t > 0, N (p, t) = 1 if and only if p = 0.

t
(N3): t ∈ R, t > 0N (cp, t) = N (p, ( |c| )), where c ̸= 0.

(N4): ∀s, t ∈ R, p, q ∈ X, N (p + q, t + s) ≥ N (p, t) ∗ N (q, s).

(N5): lim lim N (p, t) = 1.

t→∞

The triplet (X, N, ⋆) will be referred to as a fuzzy norm linear space.

E XAMPLE 4. (i) Let X be the linear space over the field F and N : X × R → [0, 1] defined by
( t−∥x∥
t+∥x∥ for t > ∥x∥
N (x, t) = (2)
0 for t ≤ ∥x∥

Then (X, N, ⋆) directly satisfied the conditions (N1),(N2),(N3) and (N5) for (N4), Let x, y ∈X
and s, t ∈ R If t ≤ ∥x∥ or s ≤ ∥y∥ or both them,

N (x + y, t + s) ≥ N (x, t) ∗ N (y, s)

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 holds obviously. Let t > ∥x∥ and s > ∥y∥.Then
t + s − ∥x + y∥
N (x + y, t + s) =
t + s + ∥x + y∥
t + s − ∥x∥ − ∥y∥
≥
t + s + ∥x∥ + ∥y∥
n t − ∥x∥ s − ∥y∥ o
≥ min ,
t + ∥x∥ s + ∥y∥
≥ N (x, t) ⋆ N (y, s)

Hence (X, N, ⋆) is a fuzzy norm linear space.

(ii) Let (X, ∥.∥) be the norm linear space over the field F and N : X × R → [0, 1] defined by
(
0 for t ≤ ∥x∥
N (x, t) = (3)
1 for t > ∥x∥
Then N is a fuzzy norm on and (X, N, ⋆) is directly satisfied the condition(N1),(N2),(N3) and
(N5), Let x, y ∈ X and s, t ∈ R. Then,
N (x + y, t + s) = 0 ⇐⇒ t + s ≤ ∥x + y∥ ≤ ∥x∥ + ∥y∥.
If ∥x∥ < t then ∥y∥ ≥ s.
i.e, ifN (x, t) = 1 then N (y, s) = 0.
If ∥y∥ < s then ∥x∥ ≥ t.
i.e, if N (y, s) = 1 then N (x, t) = 0.
Thus N (s + y, t + s) = 0 =⇒ N (x, t) ∗ N (y, s) = 0.
similarly,N (s + y, t + s) = 1 =⇒ N (x + y, t + s) ≥ N (x, t) ⋆ N (y, s).
so,N (x + y, t + s) ≥ N (x, t) ∗ N (y, s) in any case.
Thus (X, N, ⋆) is fuzzy norm linear space.

1.6 t-norm
A t-norm or triangular norm is a binary operation T : [0, 1]2 → [0, 1], for all x, y, z ∈ [0, 1], which
satisfied the following conditions :
(T1) Commutativity : T (x, y) = T (y, x) i.e x ∗ y = y ∗ x;
(T2) Associativity : T (T (x, y), z) = T (x, T (y, z)) i.e (x ∗ y) ∗ z = x ∗ (y ∗ z);
(T3) Monotonicity : T is non-decreasing in each argument i.e x ∗ y ≤ x ∗ z if y ≤ z;
(T4) Boundary condition : T (x, 1) = x i.e x ∗ 1 = x
E XAMPLE 5. (i) The following shows four common t-norm ,
(1) Minimum t-norm : TM (x, y) = min(x, y).
(2) Product t-norm : TP (x, y) = xy.
(3) Lukasiewicz t-norm : TL (x, y) = max(x + y − 1, 0).
(4) Drastic product : (
0 if x, y ∈[0,1)
TD (x, y) = (4)
1 , otherwise

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1.7 t-conorm
A t-conorm is a binary operation S : [0, 1]2 → [0, 1], for all x, y, z ∈ [0, 1], which satisfied the following
conditions :
(S1) Commutativity : S(x, y) = S(y, x) i.e x ⋄ y = y ⋄ x
(S2) Associativity : S(S(x, y), z) = S(x, S(y, z)) i.e (x ⋄ y) ⋄ z = x ⋄ (y ⋄ z);
(S3) Monotonicity : S is non-decreasing in each argument i.e x ⋄ y ≤ x ⋄ zif y ≤ z;
(S4) Boundary condition : S(x, 0) = xi.ex ⋄ 0 = x;
E XAMPLE 6. (i) The following shows four common t-conorm ,
(1)Maximum t-norm : SM (x, y) = max(x, y),
(2)Probabilistic sum: SP (x, y) = x + y − xy,
(3) Lukasiewicz t-norm : SL (x, y) = min(x + y, 1),
(4)Drastic Sum: (
1 if x, y ∈ (0, 1],
SD (x, y) = (5)
max(x, y) , otherwise.

1.8 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Norm (IFN)

Let ∗ be a continuous t-norm, ⋄ be a continuous t-conorm and V be a linear space over the field F(RorC).
An intuitionistic fuzzy norm (IFN) on V is an object of the form

A = ((x, t), µ(x, t), ν(x, t)) : (x, t) ∈ V × R+ , (6)

where µ, ν are fuzzy sets on V × R+ , µ denotes the degree of membership and ν the degree of non-
membership of (x, t) ∈ V × R+ ,which satisfy the following conditions:
(1) µ(x, t) + ν(x, t) ≤ 1for all(x, t) ∈ V × R+ ,
(2) µ(x, t) > 0
(3) µ(x, t) = 1 if and only if x = 0̄,
t
(4) µ(cx, t) = µ(x, ∥c∥ )∀c ∈ F, c ̸= 0,
(5) µ(x, s) ⋆ µ(y, t) ≤ µ(x + y, s + t),
(6) µ(x, ) is non-decreasing function of R+ and

lim µ(x, t) = 1,
t→∞

(7)ν(x, t) < 1,
(8)ν(x, t) = 0 if and only if x = 0̄,
t
(9)ν(cx, t) = ν(x, ∥c∥ ∀c ∈ F, c ̸= 0,
(10)ν(x, s) ⋄ ν(y, t) ≥ ν(x + y, s + t),
(11) ν(x, ·) is non-increasing function of R+ and

lim ν(x, t) = 0.
t→∞

1.9 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Normed linear space(IFNLS)

A is an IFN on a linear space V over the field F(R or C),then (V, A, ⋆, ⋄)is called an intuitionistic fuzzy
normed linear space(IFNLS).

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E XAMPLE 7. (i) Let (V=R , ∥.∥) be the normed linear spaces where ∥x∥ = |x| for all x ∈ R.
t
Defined a ⋆ b = min{a, b} and a ⋄ b = max{a, b}∀a, b ∈ [0, 1]. Also define µ(x, t) = t+k|x| and
k∥x∥
ν(x, t) = t+k∥x∥ where k > 0. Then B = {((x, t), µ(x, t), ν(x, t)) : (x, t) ∈ V × R+ } is IFN on
R and hence (V = R, B) is an IFNLS.

2 Neutrosophic Approach on Normed Linear Space

This section introduce the idea of Neutrosophic normed linear space us using the Neutrosophic set.Further,some
result related to Cauchy sequence on Neutrosophic normed linear Space are also dealt.

2.1 Neutrosophic Set :

Let S be a space of points(objects).A NS N on S is characterized by a truth-membership function π, an
indeterminacy membership function ϕ, and a falsity-membership function λ,where π(x), ϕ(x) and λ(x)
and real standard and non-standard subset of ]− 0, 1+ [ i.e., π, ϕ, λ : X →]− 0, 1+ [ . Thus the NS N over
S is defined as:

N = {< x, (π(x), ϕ(x), λ(x)) > |x ∈} (7)

On the same of π(x), ϕ(x)andλ(x) there is no restriction and so − 0 ≤ supπ(x) + supϕ(x) + supλ(x) ≤ 3+ .
Here 1+ = 1 + ε,where 1 is its standard part and ε its its non-standard part.Also, − 0 = 0 − ε where 0 is
its standard part and ε its non-standard part. From philosophical point of view,a NS takes the value from
real standard or nonstandard subsets of]− 0, 1+ [. But to practice in real scientific and engineering areas, it
is difficult to use NS with value from real standard or nonstandard subset of]− 0, 1+ [.Hence,we consider
the NS which takes the value from the subset of [O,1].

2.2 Neutrosophic mormed linear space(NNLS)

Let ∗ be a continuous t-norm, ⋄ be a continuous t-conorm and V be a linear space over the field
F(R or C). Then, a Neutrosophic subset N :< π, ψ, λ > on V × F is called a Neutrosophic norm
on V if for x, y ∈ V and c ∈ F (where c is scalar), if the following conditions holds.

(i) 0 ≤ π(x, t), ψ(x, t), λ(x, t) ≤ 1, ∀t ∈ R

(ii) 0 ≤ π(x, t) + ψ(x, t) + λ(x, t) ≤ 3, ∀t ∈ R

(iii) π(x, t) = 0 with t ≤ 0

(iv) π(x, t) = 1 with t > 0 ⇐⇒ x = 0,the null vector

t
(v) π(cx, t) = π(x, |c| ∀c ̸= 0, t > 0

(vi) π(x, s) ∗ π(y, t) ≤ π(x + y, s + t)∀s, t ∈ R

(vii) π(x, ·) is continuous on non decreasing function for t > 0, lim π(x, t) = 1
t→∞

(viii) ψ(x, t) = 1 with t ≤ 0

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 (ix) ψ(x, t) = 0 with t > 0 ⇐⇒ x = 0, the null vector
t
(x) ψ(cx, t) = ψ(x, |c| )∀c ̸= 0, t > 0

(xi) ψ(x, s) ⋄ ψ(y, t) ≥ ψ(x + y, s + t)∀s, t ∈ R

(xii) ψ(x, ·) is a continuous non-increasing function for t > 0, lim ψ(x, t) = 0

t→∞

(xiii) λ(x, t) = 1 with, t ≤ 0;

(xiv) λ(x, t) = 0 with t > 0 ⇐⇒ x = 0, the null vector;

t
(xv) λ(cx, t) = λ(x, |c| ), ∀c ̸= 0, t > 0

(xvi) λ(x, s) ⋄ λ(y, t) ≥ λ(x + y, s + t)∀s, t ∈ R

(xvii) λ(x, ·) is a continuous non-increasing function for t > 0, lim λ(x, t) = 0

t→∞

E XAMPLE 8. Let (V, ∥.∥) be a normed linear space. Take α ∗ β = αβ and α ⋄ β = α + β − αβ. Define,
(
t
t+||x|| if t > ||x||
π(x, t) =
0 Otherwise
(
||x||
t+||x|| if t > ||x||
ψ(x, t) =
1 Otherwise
(
||x||
t if t > ||x||
λ(x, t) =
1 Otherwise
Proof: All the conditions are obvious except the condition (vi),(xi),(xvi). For s, t > 0 because these are
clearly true for s, t ≤ 0. Now,
s+t st
π(x + y, s + t) − π(x, s) ∗ π(y, t) = −
s + t + ||x + y|| (s + ||x||)(t + ||y||)
s+t st
≥ −
s + t + ||x + y|| (s + ||x||)(t + ||y||)
(s + t)(s + ||x||)(t + ||y||) − st(s + t + ||x|| + ||y||)
=
N
Where,

N = (s + t + ||x|| + ||y||)(s + ||x||)(t + ||y||)

t2 ||x||s2 ||y|| + (s + t)||xy||
= ≥0
N
Hence,

π(x, s) ∗ π(y, t) ≤ π(x + y, s + t)∀s, t ∈ R

||x|| ||y|| xy ||x + y||

ψ(x, s) ⋄ ψ(y, t) − ψ(x + y, s + t) = + − −
s + ||x|| t + ||y|| (s + ||x||)(t + ||y|| ||x + y|| + s + t
||xy|| + t||x|| + s||y|| ||x + y||
= −
(s + ||x||)(t + ||y||) ||x + y|| + s + t
= {(||x + y|| + s + t)(t||x|| + s||y|| + ||xy||) − ||x + y||(s + ||x||)(t + ||y)}/D

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Where,

D = (s + t + ||x + y||)(s + ||x||)(t + ||y||)

= {(s + t)(t||x|| + s||y|| + ||xy||) − st||x + y||}/D
≥ {(s + t)(t||x|| + s||y|| + ||xy||) − st(||x|| + ||y||)}/D
= {t2 ||x|| + s2 ||y|| + (s + t)||xy||}/D ≥ 0

Hence,

ψ(x, s) ⋄ ψ(y, t) ≥ ψ(x + y, s + t), ∀s, t ∈ R

Finally

λ(x, s) ⋄ λ(y, t) ≥ (x + y, s + t)
||x|| ||y|| ||xy|| ||x + y||
= + − −
s t st s+t
t||x|| + s||y|| − ||xy|| ||x + y||
= −
st s+t
≥ {s2 ||y|| + t2 ||x|| − (s + t)||xy||}/st(s + t)
= {s||y||(s − ||x||) + t||x||(t − ||y||)}/st(s + t) ≥ 0,

Thus,

λ(x, s) ⋄ λ(y, t) ≥ (x + y, s + t), ∀s, tR

This is the proof.

3 Sequence and its convergence

3.1 Convergent Sequence
Let {xn } be a sequence of points in a NNLS (V, N, ∗, ⋄). Then the sequence converges to a point x ∈ V
if and only if for given r ∈ (0, 1), t > 0 there exist n0 ∈ N such that

π(xn −) (8)