From ligaments, bones and muscles
To cytoskeleton fibers
Figure 16-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
The Cytoskeleton (CSK)
THE CELL – a complex system of filaments:
I. SHAPE
II. MOVE
- crawling of fibroblasts and RBC, muscle cell contraction;
- intracellular traffic of organelles;
- cell division;
III. STRENGHT
- support the plasma membrane;
- provides the mechanical linkage (cell-cell, cell-ECM).
The Cytoskeleton (CSK)
Three types of proteins => 3 types of filaments:
- Intermediate filaments - 10nm– mechanical strength;
- Microtubules - 25nm– position of organelles, IC traffic;
- Actin filaments – 5-9nm– shape and locomotion.
+ large set of accessory proteins (including motor p.)
Distinct:
- mechanical properties;
- dynamics;
- biological roles.
The Cytoskeleton (CSK) fibers
1. Dynamic and adaptable
Figure 16-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 16-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 16-7 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
The Cytoskeleton (CSK) fibers
2. can also form stable structure
- large-scale structures for cell organization;
- microvilli and cilia;
- large-scale cellular polarity;
- strong adhesive contacts between cells.
Figure 16-5 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
The Cytoskeleton (CSK) fibers
are constructed from smaller protein subunits:
- Intermediate filaments – many types of subunits;
- Microtubules – tubulin subunits;
- Actin filaments – actin subunits.
Proprieties:
- self associate: end-to-end and side-to-side protein contacts;
- weak noncovalent interactions;
- CSK fibers – polymers: assemble and disassembly rapidly.
Important roles – Accessory proteins!!!
GTP binding site MICROTUBULES
Figure 16-11 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
ATP binding site
ACTIN FILAMENTS
Figure 16-12 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
NO GTP/ATP
binding site!!!
Figure 16-19 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
The Tubulin and Actin Subunits Assemble Head-to-Tail
to Create Polar Filaments
- have two different ends (+&-) that grow at different
rates;
- start with a nucleation step.
- the filament threadmilling and dynamic instability are
consequences of nucleotide (GTP and ATP) hydrolisys by
tubulin and actin;
* The intermediate filaments do not have a GTP/ATP
binding site!!!
MICROTUBULES
GTP binding site MICROTUBULES
Figure 16-11 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
MICROTUBULES
Figure 16-16b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 16-16c Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 16-13 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
CENTROSOMES
Figure 16-84a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 16-84b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 16-81a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
9+2 arrangement
Figure 16-81b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Ciliary dynein
Figure 16-82a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 16-83 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 16-85a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 16-85b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 16-85c Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Microtubules and Intracellular Traffic
Axonal transport of microtubules
Accessory proteins - transport
Kinesin
Organelle traffic
MICROTUBULS
ACTIN
FILAMENTS
ACTIN FILAMENTS
Figure 16-12 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Polymerization of G-actin proteins
generates F-actin filaments
Myosin II – actin fiber interaction
Myosin – accessory (motor protein)
Microvilli and Actin Filaments
The dense bundle of cross-linked actin filaments -
structural core
The role of Actin Filaments in Cytokinesis
- the cytokinetic contractile ring -
INTERMEDIATE
FILAMENTS
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
NO GTP/ATP
binding site!!!
Figure 16-19 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
Table 16-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
NUCLEAR LAMINA
Reţea de proteine care căptuşesc suprafaţa internă a membranei
nucleare.
- 3 tipuri de proteine IF: laminele A, laminele B şi laminele C;
- filamentele perpendiculare unele faţă de altele;
Figure 16-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
NUCLEAR LAMINA
- structural scaffold of the nuclear envelope;
- well known for its central role in nuclear organization and
maintaining nuclear stability and shape..
