Theology in Philippine Setting

February 19, 2025

Lesson 5: Theoretical Frameworks for Contextual Theology

• Models of contextualization (e.g., adaptation, inculturation, indigenization)
• Comparative analysis of different frameworks
• Case studies of theological contextualization

Objective: Students will understand and analyze the theoretical frameworks for contextual
theology, focusing on models of contextualization, comparative analysis of different frameworks,
and case studies.

1. What is a theoretical framework?

A theoretical framework is a structure that guides research by providing a clear outline of the
theories and concepts that inform the study. It serves as a foundation for understanding and
interpreting the research problem, helping to connect the subject with existing knowledge and
theories in the field ensuring that it is grounded in existing knowledge and theories, and
providing a clear basis for analysis and interpretation.

Theoretical Framework for Contextual Theology

Examples under each framework show practical applications, such as language use in
adaptation, rites and rituals in inculturation, and theology based on local heritage in
indigenization.

2. Models of Contextualization
 Adaptation:
Cultural Adaptation: This involves adapting theological concepts and practices to fit the cultural
context in which they are being applied. This can include using local symbols, language, and
customs to convey theological messages in ways that are meaningful and relevant to the local
community.
Example:
A missionary in Japan uses local storytelling techniques, such as Kamishibai (paper theater), to
convey Biblical stories. This method uses illustrated boards and engaging narration to make the
stories more accessible and relatable to the Japanese audience.
 Inculturation:
Inculturation: This goes a step further than cultural adaptation by integrating the Gospel message
deeply into the cultural context. It involves a more profound engagement with the culture,
allowing the Gospel to shape and be shaped by the local traditions and worldviews.
Example:
1. In Africa, some Christian communities incorporate traditional dances and drumming into their
liturgical practices. These elements are not just additions but are integrated into the worship,
reflecting the community's cultural identity while worshipping.
2. The Catholic Church in India often includes elements of Hindu worship, such as the use of oil
lamps, flower garlands, and the traditional greeting "Namaste" in their services. This helps to
bridge the gap between Christian and Hindu practices, making the faith more relatable to Indian
culture.
 Indigenization:
Indigenization is the process of adapting and integrating foreign concepts, practices, and
institutions into the local cultural context in ways that are meaningful and authentic to the
indigenous people. In the context of religion and theology, indigenization involves expressing
faith in ways that resonate with the local culture, language, and traditions.
Example:
1. In the Philippines, the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Church) with
1,458,992 members, and Iglesia Ni Cristo with 2,806,524 members, emphasizes Filipino
nationalism and cultural identity. They incorporate local languages, customs, and symbols into
their theology and worship practices to reflect the Filipino context.
2. Lumad Tribe
Offering of Local Produce: In some Lumad communities, the practice of offering local produce,
such as fruits and vegetables, during church services has been adopted. This practice reflects the
traditional Lumad way of giving thanks and seeking blessings from the spirits for a bountiful
harvest.
Blessing of Ancestral Lands: Church rituals may include the blessing of ancestral lands, a
practice deeply rooted in Lumad culture. This ritual involves prayers and offerings to honor the
ancestors and seek their guidance and protection for the land and its people.

3. Comparative Analysis of Different Frameworks

Example
Framework Description Strengths Weaknesses
Applications

Adjusting
theological concepts - Easily - May lead to
- Translating
to fit cultural understandable and superficial changes
Adaptation hymns into local
contexts using local relatable for local without deep
languages
symbols and communities cultural integration
customs

- Using local
- Risk of losing the
- Flexibility in storytelling
original theological
approach techniques (e.g.,
message
Kamishibai)

Inculturation Deep integration of - Creates a - Requires a deep - Incorporating

the Gospel into profound understanding of traditional dances
local traditions and engagement with both culture and and rituals in
 Example
Framework Description Strengths Weaknesses
Applications

worldviews the culture theology worship

- Enhances cultural - Time-consuming - Using local

identity and and requires symbols (e.g., oil
expression extensive dialogue lamps in India)

- Empowers local - Risk of - Using

Rooting theology in
communities by syncretism indigenous
Indigenization indigenous practices
valuing their (blending of languages and
and perspectives
heritage religions) rituals

- May face
- Indigenous
- Preserves and resistance from
expressions of
honors indigenous traditional
faith (e.g., Lumad
cultural identity theological
practices)
perspectives

4. Contextualization and syncretism are concepts often discussed in

the context of culture and religion, and they have distinct
meanings:

Contextualization:
 Definition: The process of adapting or applying ideas, beliefs, or practices within a
particular cultural or social context. It involves making content relevant to a specific
audience without compromising the original message.
 Goal: To communicate effectively within a specific cultural framework while maintaining
the integrity of the original message.
 Example: Translating religious texts or teachings in a way that resonates with a local
culture, using local language, customs, and symbols.

Syncretism:
  Definition: The blending or amalgamation of different beliefs, practices, or cultures into a
new, hybrid form. It often results in the creation of a new system that incorporates
elements from multiple sources.
 Goal: To harmonize or combine different traditions, often leading to the creation of
something new.
 Example: The blending of indigenous beliefs with introduced religions, resulting in a
unique religious practice that incorporates elements from both traditions.
Key Differences:
 Preservation vs. Blending: Contextualization focuses on preserving the core message
while making it relevant to a specific context, whereas syncretism blends different
elements to create something new.
 Intent: Contextualization aims to adapt and communicate effectively within a cultural
framework, while syncretism seeks to harmonize and integrate diverse elements into a
unified whole.

Dangers of Syncretism
House Blessings
When moving into a new home, many Filipinos invite a priest to bless the house with holy water
and prayers. This Christian ritual often includes indigenous elements, such as placing coins, rice,
and salt around the house to attract prosperity and ward off bad spirits.
Babaylan Practices
In rural areas, some Filipinos still consult traditional healers or "babaylan" for health and
spiritual guidance. These healers often incorporate Catholic prayers and religious icons into their
indigenous healing practices.
Wedding Ceremonies: Contemporary Filipino weddings often combine Catholic rites with
traditional elements such as the "coin ceremony" and "veil ceremony," which have roots in pre-
colonial customs.
Superstitions and Beliefs:
 Noise-Making: In addition to fireworks, Filipinos use other noise-making methods, such
as banging pots and pans, blowing car horns, and playing loud music, to drive away evil
spirits and attract good fortune.
 Avoiding Sweeping at Night: to prevent bad luck, combine indigenous beliefs with
Spanish and Chinese influences.
  Round Objects: It is customary to display round objects, such as coins and fruits,
believed to symbolize prosperity and attract wealth in the coming year.
 Fireworks: It welcomes the New Year and ensure a prosperous year ahead by driving
away bad luck and evil spirits.

5. Christianizing Syncretism
It involves carefully and thoughtfully integrating Christian teachings with local cultural practices
and beliefs in a way that is respectful, meaningful, and theologically sound. Here are some steps
to achieve this:
1. Understanding the Culture
 Cultural Exegesis: Begin by thoroughly studying and understanding the local culture,
including its customs, traditions, values, and beliefs. Engage with community members to
gain insights into their worldview and practices.
 Historical Context: Explore the historical development of the culture, including any
previous interactions with Christianity or other religions.
2. Evaluating Cultural Practices
 Theological Examination: Assess cultural practices in light of Christian teachings.
Identify which practices align with Christian principles, which can be adapted, and which
may need to be discarded.
 Discernment: Use discernment to determine which cultural elements can be integrated
into Christian worship and practices without compromising core doctrines.
3. Engaging in Dialogue
 Community Involvement: Involve local community members and leaders in the process
of contextualization. Encourage open dialogue and collaboration to ensure that the
integration of Christian teachings is respectful and meaningful.
 Listening: Listen to the concerns and perspectives of the community to understand their
needs and aspirations.
4. Creating Contextualized Practices
 Adaptation: Adapt Christian practices and rituals to reflect the local culture. This could
include incorporating indigenous music, dance, art, and symbols into worship services.
 Symbolism: Use local symbols and metaphors to explain Christian concepts in ways that
resonate with the cultural context.
  Festivals and Rituals: Integrate Christian themes into existing cultural festivals and
rituals, creating opportunities for shared celebrations that honor both cultural heritage and
Christian faith.
5. Education and Training
 Teaching: Provide education and training for both local leaders and the wider community
on the principles of contextualization and the importance of maintaining theological
integrity.
 Resources: Develop resources, such as contextualized Bible translations, liturgical
materials, and catechisms, that reflect the local culture and language.
6. Continuous Evaluation
 Feedback: Regularly seek feedback from the community to assess the effectiveness and
impact of the contextualized practices.
 Adaptation: Be willing to make adjustments and improvements based on the feedback
and changing cultural dynamics.
7. Theological Reflection
 Theological Framework: Use a theological framework to guide the process of
contextualization, ensuring that adaptations remain faithful to core Christian doctrines.
 Ongoing Reflection: Engage in ongoing theological reflection to deepen the
understanding of how Christian teachings can be meaningfully integrated into the local
culture.
Example:
In some African communities, traditional music and dance are integral parts of cultural
expression. To Christianize syncretism, churches in these communities might:
 Incorporate traditional instruments and musical styles into worship services.
 Use local dances as expressions of praise and worship.
 Adapt traditional rituals to include Christian themes and teachings.
By following these steps, the integration of Christian teachings with local cultural practices can
be done in a way that honors both the faith and the cultural identity of the community.

6. Case studies of theological contextualization

Exercise: Given the examples above, work on how to Christianizing syncretism.