DEPATEMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

COURCE CODE : 23GES04

COURCE TITLE : COMPUTER PERIPHERALS AND

PROGRAMMING ESSENTIALS

COURSE METRIAL

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UNIT - I INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 9
Basics of Computers: Definition of a Computer - Characteristics of computers, Applications
of Computers – Block Diagram of a Digital Computer – I/O Devices, hardware, software
human ware, application software, system software, Memories - Primary, Auxiliary and
Cache Memory.
Assembling Dissembling Hardware Component: Identify Various Hardware Component-
Identify front and rear panel port and connector-Understand Motherboard and Various
Component on it- SMPS and its connection with Motherboard-Assembling and Dissembling
PC Component.
UNIT - II OS INSTALLATION AND WINDOWS UTILITIES 9
Operating System Installation : Introduction-Types of OS- BIOS Overview.-Booting
Process- UEFI Vs Legacy Boo- Various software for Make Bootable USB - Make Bootable
USB (Single and Dual boot) - Difference between Installation and Upgrading Windows 10-
Install Windows 10-Install Ubuntu- Create Dual boot System.
Windows Utilities: Hard Disk Partitioning-Third Party tools for Hard Disk Partitioning-Disk
Cleanup and Disk Defragmentation - Create Windows System Image-Create Restore Point-
Installation of Third Party Antivirus.
UNIT - III MS OFFICE SUITE 9
MS-Word : Features of MS-Word - MS-Word Window Components - Creating, Editing,
Formatting and Printing of Documents – Headers and Footers – Insert/Draw Tables, Table
Auto format – Page Borders and Shading – Inserting Symbols, Shapes, Word Art, Page
Numbers, Mail Merge.
MS-Excel : Overview of Excel features – Creating a new worksheet, Selecting cells,
Entering and editing Text, Numbers, Inserting Rows/Columns –Changing column widths and
row heights, Formulae, Referencing cells , Changing font sizes and colors, Insertion of
Charts, Auto fill, Sorting and Filtering a Database, Formatting Tables, Using Formulas (Sum,
Count, Average, Max, Min and Round) Use of Pivot Table.
MS-PowerPoint: Features of PowerPoint – Creating a Presentation - Inserting and Deleting
Slides in a Presentation – Adding Clip Art/Pictures -Inserting Other Objects, Audio, Video -
Resizing and scaling of an Object – Slide Transition – Custom Animation.

UNIT - IV PC INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES 9

Input output devices and Storage devices: Input Devices: Mouse, Keyboard, Light pen,
Track Ball, Joystick, MICR, Optical Mark Reader and Optical Character Reader Scanners,
Voice system, Web Camera. Output Devices: Hard Copy Output Devices; Line Printers,
Character Printers, Chain Printers, Dot-matrix Printers, Daisy Wheel Printer, Laser Printers,
Ink Jet Printers; Plotters, Soft Copy device – Monitor, Sound Cards and speakers.

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 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND INTERNET
UNIT - V STANDARDS 9
Introduction to Internet, WWW and Web Browsers: Basic of Computer networks; LAN,
WAN,MAN; Concept of Internet; Applications of Internet; connecting to internet; What is
ISP; Knowing the Internet; Basics of internet connectivity related troubleshooting, World
Wide Web; Web Browsing software, Search Engines; Understanding URL; Domain name; IP
Address; Using e-governance website.

Basics of electronic mail; Getting an email account; Sending and receiving emails;
Accessing sent emails; Using Emails; Document collaboration; Instant Messaging;
Netiquettes.

TEXT BOOKS :

Sl. Author(s) Title of the Book Publisher Year of

Publication
No
1. Ron Working in Tata Mc Graw Hill 1995
Mansfield Microsoft Office Edition
BPB Publications 1998
2. C.S. French Data Processing and
Information Technology
1992
3. P.K Sinha Computer Fundamentals BPB Publications

REFERENCE BOOKS :

Sl.N Author(s) Title of the Book Publisher Year of

o Publication

1. Ron White How Computers Work BPB Publications 2006

2. B IBM PC and Clones – McGraw – Hill 1991

Govindarajalu Hardware, Education
Troubleshooting and
Maintenance

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UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

BASICS OF COMPUTERS:
 In the early 1820s, it was designed by Charles Babbage who is known as "Father of Modern
Computer".
 It was a mechanical computer which could perform simple calculations. It was a steam driven
calculating machine designed to solve tables of numbers like logarithm tables.
 The first electronic computer introduced in the United States in 1930. It was an analog device
invented by Vannevar Bush.
 This machine has vacuum tubes to switch electrical signals to perform calculations. It could do 25
calculations in few minutes.

DEFINITION OF A COMPUTER:
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store,
retrieve, and process data. You may already know that you can use a computer to type documents,
send email, play games, and browse the Web.
What is computer?
A computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts raw data as input and processes it with a
set of instructions (a program) to produce the result as output.
It renders output just after performing mathematical and logical operations and can save the
output for future use. It can process numerical as well as non-numerical calculations.
The term "computer" is derived from the Latin word "computare" which means to calculate.

The basic parts of computer:

 Processor: It executes instructions from software and hardware.
 Memory: It is the primary memory for data transfer between the CPU and storage.
 Motherboard: It is the part that connects all other parts or components of a
computer.
 Storage Device: It permanently stores the data, e.g., hard drive.
 Input Device: It allows you to communicate with the computer or to input data, e.g., a keyboard.
 Output Device: It enables you to see the output, e.g., monitor.

Generation of computer:

 First generation
 Second generation
 Third generation
 Fourth generation
 Fivth generation

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First Generation:

 The period 1940 to 1956, roughly considered as the First Generation of Computer.
 The first generation computers were developed by using vacuum tube or thermionic valve machine.

 The input of this system was based on punched cards and paper tape; however, the output was
displayed on printouts.

 The first generation computers worked on binary-coded concept (i.e., language of 0-

1). Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, etc.

Second Generation:

 The period 1956 to 1963 is roughly considered as the period of Second Generation of Computers.

 The second generation computers were developed by using transistor technology.

 In comparison to the first generation, the size of second generation was smaller.

 In comparison to computers of the first generation, the computing time taken by the computers of the
second generation was lesser.

Third Generation:

 The period 1963 to 1971 is roughly considered as the period of Third Generation of computers.

 The third generation computers were developed by using the Integrated Circuit (IC) technology.

 In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the size of the computers of the third
generation was smaller.

 In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the computing time taken by the computers
of the third generation was lesser.

 The third generation computer consumed less power and also generated less heat.

 The maintenance cost of the computers in the third generation was also low.

 The computer system of the computers of the third generation was easier for commercial use.

Fourth Generation:

 The period 1972 to 2010 is roughly considered as the fourth generation of computers.

 The fourth generation computers were developed by using microprocessor technology.

 By coming to fourth generation, computer became very small in size, it became portable.

 The machine of fourth generation started generating very low amount of heat.

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 It is much faster and accuracy became more reliable.

 The production cost reduced to very low in comparison to the previous generation.

 It became available for the common people as well.

Fifth Generation:

 The period 2010 to till date and beyond, roughly considered as the period of fifth generation of
computers.

 By the time, the computer generation was being categorized on the basis of hardware only, but the
fifth generation technology also included software.

 The computers of the fifth generation had high capability and large memory capacity.

 Working with computers of this generation was fast and multiple tasks could be performed
simultaneously.

 Some of the popular advanced technologies of the fifth generation include Artificial intelligence,
Quantum computation, Nanotechnology, Parallel processing, etc.

Types of computer based on size:

 Micro Computer
 Mini Computer
 Mainframe Computer
 Super Computer
 Workstations

Micro Computer:

It is a single-user computer which has less speed and storage capacity than the other types. It
uses a microprocessor as a CPU. The first microcomputer was built with 8-bit microprocessor chips.

Ex: laptop, desktop

Mini Computer:

 Mini-computers are also known as "Midrange Computers." They are not designed for a single. They
are multi-user computers designed to support multiple users simultaneously.
 So, they are generally used by small businesses and firms. Individual departments of a company use
these computers for specific purposes.
 For example, the admission department of a University can use a Mini-computer for monitoring the
admission process.

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Mainframe Computer:

 It is also a multi-user computer capable of supporting thousands of users simultaneously.

 They are used by large firms and government organizations to run their business operations as they
can store and process large amounts of data.
 For example, Banks, universities, and insurance companies use mainframe computers to store the
data of their customers, students, and policyholders, respectively.

Super Computer:

 Super-computers are the fastest and most expensive computers among all types of computers.
 They have huge storage capacities and computing speeds and thus can perform millions of
instructions per second.
 The super-computers are task-specific and thus used for specialized applications such as large-scale
numerical problems in scientific and engineering disciplines including applications in electronics,
petroleum engineering, weather forecasting, medicine, space research and more.
 For example, NASA uses supercomputers for launching space satellites and monitoring and
controlling them for space exploration.

Work Stations:

 It is a single-user computer. Although it is like a personal computer, it has a more powerful

microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor than a microcomputer.
 In terms of storage capacity and speed, it comes between a personal computer and minicomputer.
 Work stations are generally used for specialized applications such as desktop publishing, software
development, and engineering designs.

Benefits of using computer:

1. Increases your productivity
2. Connects to the Internet
3. Storage
4. Organized Data and Information
5. Improves your abilities
6. Assist the physically challenged
7. Keeps you entertained

The computer become part of your life. For example ATM, digital currency, trading, smart phone,
etc..

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Types of computer based on data handling:
 Analogue computer
 Digital computer
 Hybrid computer
Analogue computer:

 Analogue computers are designed to process analogue data. Analogue data is continuous data that
changes continuously and cannot have discrete values.
 We can say that analogue computers are used where we don't need exact values always such as speed,
temperature, pressure and current.
 Analogue computers directly accept the data from the measuring device without first converting it
into numbers and codes.
 They measure the continuous changes in physical quantity and generally render output as a reading
on a dial or scale. Speedometer and mercury thermometer are examples of analogue computers.

Digital computer:
 Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical operations at high speed.
 It accepts the raw data as input in the form of digits or binary numbers (0 and 1) and processes it with
programs stored in its memory to produce the output.
 All modern computers like laptops, desktops including smartphones that we use at home or office are
digital computers.
Hybrid computer:
 Hybrid computer has features of both analogue and digital computer.
 It is fast like an analogue computer and has memory and accuracy like digital computers. It can
process both continuous and discrete data.
 It accepts analogue signals and convert them into digital form before processing. So, it is widely used
in specialized applications where both analogue and digital data is processed.
 For example, a processor is used in petrol pumps that converts the measurements of fuel flow into
quantity and price. Similarly, they are used in airplanes, hospitals, and scientific applications.
Characteristics of computer:

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Speed:

 A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans while performing
mathematical calculations.
 Computers can process millions (1,000,000) of instructions per second. The time taken by computers
for their operations is microseconds and nanoseconds.

Accuracy:

 Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy.

 Errors may occur due to data inconsistency or inaccuracy.

Diligence:

 A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consistency and accuracy. I
 t doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of concentration.
 Its memory also makes it superior to that of human beings.

Versatility:

 Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of works with same
accuracy and efficiency.

Reliability:

 A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data i.e., if we give same set of
input any number of times, we will get the same result.

Automation:

 Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it performs tasks without manual intervention.

Memory:

 A computer has built-in memory called primary memory where it stores data.
 Secondary storage are removable devices such as CDs, pen drives, etc., which are also used to store
data.

Applications of Computer:

Computers are used in every field of life, such as homes, businesses, educational institutions, research
organizations, the medical field, government offices, entertainment, etc.
The various field where the computer is very essential are:

Science:

 Today computer is the primary work tool in the field of science.

 It is the best-suited machine for collecting, analyzing, classifying, and storing data.
 It becomes the most essential medium to spread knowledge internally and internationally.

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 It allows scientists from different locations to work together and share ideas on the same project.

Defence System:

 A computer performs a vital to control defense system. Computers are used to track airplanes,
missiles, tanks, and different kinds of weapons.
 Once the radar system tracks a missile and artificial intelligence is programmed to target a missile
and destroy it before it comes on the surface.
 It also used for GPS tracking, controlling defense vehicles, records of all members of the military.

Medical:

 The computer plays a very important role in medical science such as record patients’ information
monitoring heart rate, oxygen level, and blood pressure.
 To conduct various surgeries junior doctors get the help of another professional doctor by web
conferencing. Research is also spread with the help of computers in the health sector.

Education:

 Today learning becomes easy because of computers. Anyone employed or student can learn any
stage of life with the help of a computer.
 Computers are very crucial for online classes, download study material on the internet.
 Computers are also used to track student attendance and learning strategies.
 Coaching and institutes increased their areas by audio-visual aids using computers.

Banking:

 A computer performs a crucial role in banking sectors, by storing several account holder details on
a bank server.
 All transactions such as deposits and withdrawals perform by a computer.
 A banking company can easily monitor all ATMs and passbook printing machines.

Government Sectors:

 Government can easily monitor government sectors such as road services, railway, development,
and other rising funds.
 The information of every citizen is stored on the server through the computer.

Entertainment:

 Today most people are so busy and they do not easily get time to fresh their mind. We can play
various interesting video games using a computer.
 We can watch movies, TV shows, and reality shows on the computer. A computer is also used to
create sarcastic memes and make us happy.

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 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) contains an arithmetic and logic unit for manipulating data, a
number of registers for storing data, and a control circuit for fetching and executing instructions.
 The memory unit of a digital computer contains storage for instructions and data.
 The Random Access Memory (RAM) for real-time processing of the data.
 The Input-Output devices for generating inputs from the user and displaying the final results to the
user.
 The Input-Output devices connected to the computer include the keyboard, mouse, terminals,
magnetic disk drives, and other communication devices.

Input output devices:

Input devices:
 Input device enables the user to send data, information, or control signals to a computer.
 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer receives the input and processes it to produce the
output.
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Scanner
 Joystick
 Light Pen
 Microphone
 Digital Camera

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Output Devices:
 The output device displays the result of the processing of raw data that is entered in the computer
through an input device.
 There are a number of output devices that display output in different ways such as text, images, hard
copies, and audio or video.

Categories of Output Devices:

 Visual Output Devices

 Monitor
 Projector

 Print Output Devices

 Printer
 Sound Output Devices
 Speaker
 Headphone/earphone
Hardware :
 Hardware, which is abbreviated as HW, refers to all physical components of a computer system,
including the devices connected to it.
 You cannot create a computer or use software without using hardware. The screen on which you are
reading this information is also a hardware.
Motherboard
Monitor
Keyboard
Mouse

Motherboard:

 The motherboard is generally a thin circuit board that holds together almost all parts of a computer
except input and output devices.
 All crucial hardware like CPU, memory, hard drive, and ports for input and output devices are
located on the motherboard. It is the biggest circuit board in a computer chassis.
 It allocates power to all hardware located on it and enables them to communicate with each other.
 It is meant to hold the computer's microprocessor chip and let other components connect to it.
 Each component that runs the computer or improves its performance is a part of the motherboard or
connected to it through a slot or port.

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Components of a Motherboard:

 RAM Slot:

It is a memory slot or socket provided in the motherboard to insert or install the RAM (Random
Access Memory). There can be two or more memory slots in a computer.

 Capacitor:

It is made of two conductive plates, and a thin insulator sandwiched between them. These parts
are wrapped in a plastic container.

 Inductor (Coil):

It is an electromagnetic coil made of a conducting wire wrapped around an iron core. It acts as an
inductor or electromagnet to store magnetic energy.

 USB Port:

It allows you to connect hardware devices like mouse, keyboard to your computer.

 PCI Slot:

It stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect slot. It allows you to connect the PCI devices like
modems, network hardware, sound, and video cards.

 AGP Slot:

It stands for Accelerated Graphics Port. It provides the slot to connect graphics cards.

 Heat Sink:

It absorbs and disperses the heat generated in the computer processor.

 Power Connector:

It is designed to supply power to the motherboard.

 CMOS battery:

It stands for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor. It is a memory that stores the BIOS

settings such as time, date, and hardware settings.

Monitor:

 A monitor is the display unit of a computer on which the processed data, such as text, images, etc., is
displayed.
 It comprises a screen circuity and the case which encloses this circuity. The monitor is also known as
a visual display unit (VDU).

Keyboard:

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 It is the most important input device of a computer. It is designed to allow you input text, characters,
and other commands into a computer, desktop, tablet, etc.
 It comes with different sets of keys to enter numbers, characters, and perform various other functions
like copy, paste, delete, enter, etc.
 A keyboards is an input device through which users can input text, numbers, and special characters.
 It is an input device with a typical QWERTY keyset. It is an external hardware device that is
connected to the computer.
 It serves as the user's most fundamental interface with a system. It has numerous buttons that can be
used to generate letters, numbers, and symbols as well as unique keys like the Windows and Alt keys
that can also accomplish other tasks.

Mouse:

 It is a small handheld device designed to control or move the pointer (computer screen's cursor) in a
GUI (graphical user interface).
 It allows you to point to or select objects on a computer's display screen. It is generally placed on a
flat surface as we need to move it smoothly to control the pointer.

Software:

Software is a set of programs that enables the hardware to perform a specific task. All the
programs that run the computer are software.

The software can be of three types:

 system software,
 application software, and
 programming software.

System Software:

 The system software is the main software that runs the computer.
 When you turn on the computer, it activates the hardware and controls and coordinates their
functioning.
 The application programs are also controlled by system software. An operating system is an example
of system software.

Application Software:

 Application software is a set of programs designed to perform a specific task.

 It does not control the working of a computer as it is designed for end-users.
 A computer can run without application software. Application software can be easily installed or
uninstalled as required.
 It can be a single program or a collection of small programs. For example, Microsoft Office Suite,
Adobe Photo shop.

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Programming Software:

 It is a set or collection of tools that help developers in writing other software or programs.
 It assists them in creating, debugging, and maintaining software or programs or applications.
 For examples Eclipse, visual studio

Memory:
 The computer memory holds the data and instructions needed to process raw data and produce output.
 It is the same as a human mind, where data, information, and instructions are stored.
 It is a data storage device or a data storage component where instructions for processing data are kept
along with the data that has to be processed. Both the input and the output can be held here.
Primary memory:
Two types
1. RAM (Random Access Memory) :

 It is a volatile memory. It means it does not store data or instructions permanently.

 When you switch on the computer the data and instructions from the hard disk are stored in
RAM.
 CPU utilizes this data to perform the required tasks.
 As soon as you shut down the computer the RAM loses all the data.

2. ROM (Read Only Memory) :

 It is a non-volatile memory. It means it does not lose its data or programs that are written on it at
the time of manufacture.
 So it is a permanent memory that contains all important data and instructions needed to perform
important tasks like the boot process.

Secondary memory:

 The secondary storage devices which are built into the computer or connected to the computer
are known as a secondary memory of the computer.
 It is also known as external memory or auxiliary storage.
 The secondary memory is accessed indirectly via input/output operations.
 It is non-volatile, so permanently stores the data even when the computer is turned off or until
this data is overwritten or deleted.
 The CPU can't directly access the secondary memory.
 First, the secondary memory data is transferred to primary memory then the CPU can access it.
 For example, Hard disk, pen drive etc…

Cache Memory:

 Cache memory is a high-speed memory, which is small in size but faster than the main memory
(RAM).
 The CPU can access it more quickly than the primary memory.
 So, it is used to synchronize with high-speed CPU and to improve its performance.
 Cache memory can only be accessed by CPU.

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  It can be a reserved part of the main memory or a storage device outside the CPU.

Accessing Dissembling hardware components:

Identify various hardware components:

Input unit:

 Input units are used by the computer to read the information.

 The most frequently used input devices are keyboards, mouse, joysticks, trackballs,
microphones, and so on.

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  Whenever a key is clicked, the matching letter or digit is necessarily interpreted into its
equivalent binary code and communicate over a cable to either the memory or the
processor.

Output unit:

 The output unit is the reverse of the input unit.

 When the processor sends the output to the output unit.
 The output unit modifies the data supported by a computer system from binary language
to human language.
 In this process, data is transmitted in an external environment such as a monitor and
sound.

Central processing unit:

A central processing unit is referred to as a computer circuitry within a computer that transfers out
the instructions given by a computer program by executing the basic arithmetic, logical, control, and
input/output (I/O) operations determined by the instructions.

Memory unit:

The Memory unit can be defined as the storage location in which programs are stored which are
running, and that includes information required by the running programs.

Control unit:

 The control unit is a component of a computer's central processing unit that relates to
the operation of the processor.
 It communicates the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit, and input and output
devices how to counter to a program's instructions.
 The control unit is also referred to as the nerve center of a computer system.

Arithmetic & logical unit:

 There are various arithmetic and logical operations of a computer are implemented in
the ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) of the processor.
 It executes arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
and also logical operations including AND, OR, NOT operations.

Identify front and rear panel port and connector:

 The area of the motherboard known as the rear panel is where you can attach external
devices like your monitor, speakers, keyboard, and mouse
 . The rear panel of the motherboard is put into the case's I/O plate from the back side of
the case during motherboard installation.

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Power cable receiver:

 An electrical wire, known as a power line, is composed of one or more electrical wires
that are usually held together by a covering. The apparatus is used to transmit power.
 The three primary parts of cables are conductors, insulating material, and
a protective covering. Depending on their intended application, individual cables have
varied compositions.

A port for an exterior monitor:

The following display ports are available on modern devices: HDMI, DVI, VGA, Display Port (DP),
USB -C, Thunderbolt, and SDI.

Display with HDMI:

 HDMI is a high-definition multimedia interface in its entire form. Flat-panel TVs and
Blu-ray recorders are only two examples of modern home entertainment equipment that
use it as their main communication interface.

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  Similar to DVI, the signal is transported in digital format with HDMI while maintaining
the integrity of the original material.

USB port on the monitor:

 You can connect any laptop or desktop's USB port to a monitor that has a DVI or HDMI
connector using the Display Link dongle.
 These ports are typical for connecting two devices, and all companies who make these
goods are interested in implementing them.
 USB ports are used to connect a variety of USB devices, including a mouse, keyboard,
printer, laser, modem, card reader, flash drive, camera, mobile phone, player, hard drive,
and optical disc.

Ethernet port:

 However, a LAN port is the name given to an Ethernet port. Both data refer to a specific
port on desktops, servers, modems, Wi-Fi routers, switches, and other network hardware.
 LAN connectors are found on modems, routers, servers, personal computer towers,
micro-PCs, laptops, access points, video game consoles, and smart televisions.
 A LAN port cannot operate without an Ethernet cable and two Ethernet-compatible
devices.
 Connect the Ethernet cable to the LAN port on the PC, game console, or other
equipment end and the internet-connected device, such as a modem, router, or modem-
router combination.

Understand Motherboard and Various Component on it -SMPS and its connection with
Motherboard:

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Motherboard:
 The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer
together.
 It connects the CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card, and
other ports and expansion cards directly or via cables.
 It can be considered as the backbone of a computer.
Motherboard components:
 Each motherboard is designed to support specific components, such as CPUs and
memory. T

 hey can accommodate most types of hard drives and peripherals.

 Motherboards include the following primary components:

CPU:

 CPU with its logic circuitry that processes the instructions from programs, the operating
system and other computer components.
Memory:
 Memory where instructions and data are temporarily stored and executed.
Storage :
 Storage interface for solid-state or hard disk drive for persistent data and application
storage.
ROM BIOS:
 ROM BIOS providing non-volatile memory that stores firmware, such as the basic
input/output system or BIOS.
North bridge chip set:
 North bridge chip set that connects CPU, memory, storage and other components.
South bridge chip set:
 South bridge chipset that connects peripheral elements to the motherboard and connects
to the North bridge.
Cooling fans:
 Cooling fans that maintain a suitable internal operating temperature.
Peripheral connector slots:
 Peripheral connector slots for plugin peripheral cards, such as graphics and
communications adapters.

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Connectors:
 Connectors for peripheral devices such as USB ports and other connectors for external
devices.
The backup battery:
 The backup battery that ensures key system configuration data is maintained when main
power is unavailable.
The power connector:
 The power connector, connecting to an external power source.
SMPS:
 SMPS stands for Switched-Mode Power Supply. It is an electronic power supply that
uses a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently.
 The SMPS device uses switching regulators that switches the load current on and off to
regulate and stabilize the output voltage.
 The average of the voltage between the off and on produces the appropriate power for a
device.

*******Unit 1 Completed ***********

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 UNIT-II
OPERATING SYATEM INSTALLATION
Introduction:
 An operating system (OS) serves as the fundamental software that manages and coordinates the
hardware and software components of a computer system. Acting as an intermediary between
users and the computer hardware, an OS provides a platform for running applications, ensuring
efficient resource utilization, and facilitating communication between hardware devices.
Key components of an operating system include:
 Kernel: The core of the OS, responsible for managing memory, processes, and system resources.
 File System: Organizes and stores data on storage devices, managing files and directories.
 User Interface: Allows users to interact with the computer, featuring command-line interfaces
(CLI) or graphical user interfaces (GUI).
 Device Drivers: Enable communication between the OS and hardware components such as
printers, graphics cards, and more.
 Security and Access Control: Ensures data integrity and controls user access to resources,
protecting the system from unauthorized activities.
Popular operating systems include Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux distributions, and
various UNIX-based systems. Each OS caters to specific user needs, offering different levels of
customization, security features, and application compatibility.
In essence, an operating system serves as the backbone of a computer, providing a cohesive
environment for users to perform tasks, run applications, and manage their digital experience.
Types of OS:
Operating systems can be categorized into various types based on their functionalities, user
interactions, and the number of users they support. Here are the main types of operating systems:
 Single-User, Single-Tasking Operating Systems:
 Designed for individual users who can execute only one task at a time.
 Examples: MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System).

 Single-User, Multi-Tasking Operating Systems:

 Allows a single user to run multiple programs simultaneously.
 Common in personal computers and workstations.
 Examples: Microsoft Windows, macOS.

 Multi-User Operating Systems:

 Supports multiple users accessing the system concurrently.
 Common in servers and mainframes.
 Examples: Unix, Linux, Windows Server.

 Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS):

 Designed for systems that require immediate and predictable responses to events.
 Common in embedded systems, control systems, and robotics.
o Examples: VxWorks, FreeRTOS.

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  Distributed Operating Systems:

 Runs on multiple machines and enables them to work together as a single system.
 Enhances reliability and scalability.
 Examples: Amoeba, Google's Chrome OS.

 Network Operating Systems:

 Facilitates communication and resource sharing among multiple computers on a network.

 Manages network resources such as printers and files.
 Examples: Novell NetWare, Windows Server.

 Mobile Operating Systems:

 Specifically designed for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets.

 Optimized for touchscreens and battery efficiency.
 Examples: Android, iOS.

 Embedded Operating Systems:

 Tailored for embedded systems with specific functions.
 Found in devices like ATMs, medical equipment, and IoT devices.
 Examples: VxWorks, Embedded Linux.

 Batch Processing Operating Systems:

 Executes tasks in batches without user interaction.
 Common in scenarios where similar tasks are performed repeatedly.
 Examples: IBM OS/360.

 Time-Sharing Operating Systems:

 Allows multiple users to interact with a computer simultaneously, sharing its resources.
 Ensures fair and efficient resource allocation.
 Examples: Unix, Multics.
These categories highlight the diverse range of operating systems, each tailored to meet the
specific requirements of different computing environments and applications.

BIOS Overview
**Overview of BIOS (Basic Input/Output System):**
BIOS, which stands for Basic Input/Output System, is a fundamental component of a computer's
firmware. It plays a crucial role in the system's boot process and provides low-level software that
facilitates communication between the operating system and the hardware components. Here is an
overview of BIOS:
1. **Purpose:**
- The primary function of BIOS is to initialize and test the computer hardware components
during the boot-up process.
- It acts as an interface between the operating system and the hardware, providing essential
services for the system to function.

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2. **Location:**
- Historically stored in Read-Only Memory (ROM) or Flash Memory on the motherboard.
- In modern systems, the term "UEFI" (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) is often used,
replacing traditional BIOS, although the functionalities are similar.
3. **Initialization and POST:**
- During the Power-On Self-Test (POST), BIOS performs a series of checks to ensure that
essential hardware components like the CPU, RAM, and storage devices are functioning correctly.
- If any issues are detected, BIOS typically provides error codes or messages to help identify the
problem.
4. **Bootstrap Loader:**
- After the successful completion of the POST, BIOS locates and loads the boot loader from the
storage device into the computer's memory.
- The boot loader then initiates the loading of the operating system.
5. **Configuration Settings:**
- BIOS stores and manages configuration settings for the computer hardware.
- Users can access the BIOS setup utility during the boot process to configure parameters such
as boot order, system time, and hardware settings.
6. **Legacy and UEFI:**
- Traditional BIOS has been largely succeeded by UEFI, which provides more advanced
features, support for larger storage devices, and a graphical user interface for configuration.
- UEFI also supports Secure Boot, enhancing the system's security by ensuring that only signed
and trusted bootloaders and OS components are loaded.
7. **Firmware Updates:**
- BIOS firmware can be updated to address bugs, enhance compatibility, or add new features.
- Updating BIOS requires caution and adherence to manufacturer guidelines to prevent potential
issues.
8. **Role in Boot Process:**
- BIOS is essential for the initial stages of the boot process, handing control to the operating
system's boot loader.
- Once the operating system is loaded, the role of BIOS diminishes, and the operating system
takes over control of the system resources.
Understanding the BIOS is crucial for troubleshooting hardware-related issues, configuring
system settings, and ensuring a smooth boot process on a computer.
Booting Process:
The booting process is the sequence of events that occurs when a computer is powered on
or restarted, leading to the loading of the operating system into the computer's memory. The
booting process involves several key stages:

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1. **Power-On:**
- The computer is powered on, initiating the booting process.
2. **BIOS Initialization:**
- The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) is activated.
- The Power-On Self-Test (POST) is conducted, where the BIOS checks and initializes essential
hardware components, ensuring they are functioning correctly.
- If any issues are detected during the POST, error codes or messages are displayed to help
identify the problem.
3. **Bootstrap Loader Execution:**
- Once the POST is completed successfully, the BIOS searches for the boot loader.
- The boot loader is a small program stored on the computer's storage device (e.g., hard drive,
SSD).
- The BIOS loads the boot loader into the computer's memory (RAM).
4. **Boot Loader Activation:**
- The boot loader takes control of the system.
- It presents the user with a menu (if applicable) to choose the operating system to load, in the
case of a multi-boot system.
5. **Kernel Initialization:**
- The selected operating system's kernel is loaded into memory.
- The kernel is the core of the operating system, responsible for managing hardware resources
and providing essential services.
6. **Device Initialization:**
- The operating system initializes and configures peripheral devices such as input/output devices,
storage devices, and networking components.
7. **User Space Initialization:**
- Once the kernel is loaded and devices are initialized, the operating system initializes user space
processes and services.
- Graphical user interfaces (GUI) or command-line interfaces (CLI) may become accessible to
the user.
8. **User Login or Desktop Environment:**
- If a user login is required, the operating system prompts the user for credentials.
- After successful authentication, the user is presented with the desktop environment or
command-line interface, depending on the system configuration.
9. **Full System Operation:**
- The operating system is now fully loaded and operational.
- Applications can be launched, and the user can interact with the computer to perform various
tasks.

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 Understanding the booting process is essential for troubleshooting startup issues, configuring
the BIOS/UEFI settings, and ensuring a smooth transition from the powered-off state to a fully
operational system.

UEFI vs. Legacy Boot:

The choice between UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) and Legacy Boot refers to
the firmware interface used during the booting process of a computer. Here's a comparison of
UEFI and Legacy Boot:
UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface):
1. **Advantages:**
- **Security Features:** UEFI supports Secure Boot, which ensures that only signed and
authorized bootloaders and operating system components are executed during the boot process,
enhancing system security.
- **Large Disk Support:** UEFI overcomes the limitations of the Master Boot Record (MBR)
used in Legacy Boot, enabling support for larger storage devices (more than 2TB) and multiple
partitions.
- **Graphical User Interface (GUI):** UEFI often provides a graphical interface for
configuration settings, making it more user-friendly.
2. **Compatibility:**
- **Recent Systems:** UEFI is commonly found on modern computers and motherboards.
- **Windows 8 and Later:** UEFI is recommended for systems running Windows 8 and newer,
as it offers better compatibility with these operating systems.
3. **Boot Process:**
- **Fast Boot:** UEFI typically results in faster boot times due to its streamlined initialization
process.
- **Boot Manager:** UEFI has a separate boot manager, allowing users to choose the boot
device and configure boot options more conveniently.
4. **Partitioning Scheme:**
- **GUID Partition Table (GPT):** UEFI uses GPT, which supports more partitions and larger
disk sizes compared to the MBR used by Legacy Boot.
Legacy Boot:
1. **Advantages:**
- **Compatibility:** Legacy Boot is compatible with older hardware and operating systems that
may not support UEFI.
- **Legacy Software:** Some older software and utilities may work more reliably with Legacy
Boot.
2. **Drawbacks:**
- **Security Concerns:** Legacy Boot lacks the security features provided by UEFI, making the
system more susceptible to certain types of malware attacks.

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 - **Limited Disk Size:** Legacy Boot using MBR is limited to disks with a maximum size of
2TB.
3. **Boot Process:**
- **Slower Boot:** Legacy Boot might result in slightly longer boot times due to its more
traditional initialization process.
- **Bootloader:** Legacy Boot relies on a bootloader stored in the Master Boot Record (MBR).
4. **Partitioning Scheme:**
- **MBR (Master Boot Record):** Legacy Boot uses MBR, which has limitations regarding the
number of partitions and disk size.
Choosing Between UEFI and Legacy Boot:
o Default Recommendation: For modern systems and recent operating systems
(Windows 8 and newer), UEFI is the default and recommended choice.
o Legacy Support: Legacy Boot may be preferred when dealing with older hardware
or specific software requirements that don't support UEFI.
o Dual Booting: When setting up a dual-boot system with an older OS, compatibility
might dictate the use of Legacy Boot.
Ultimately, the choice between UEFI and Legacy Boot depends on the system's hardware,
the desired level of security, and compatibility requirements with the chosen operating system(s).
Various software for Make Bootable USB
Creating a bootable USB drive is a common task when installing or troubleshooting operating
systems. Here are various software tools you can use to make a bootable USB:
1. **Rufus:**
- **Platform:** Windows
- **Features:**
- Simple and straightforward interface.
- Supports a wide range of ISOs, including Linux distributions and Windows.
- Fast and efficient.
2. **UNetbootin (Universal Netboot Installer):**
- **Platforms:** Windows, macOS, Linux
- **Features:**
- Cross-platform compatibility.
- Allows the creation of bootable USB drives for various Linux distributions.
3. **BalenaEtcher (Etcher):**
- **Platforms:** Windows, macOS, Linux
- **Features:**
- Intuitive and user-friendly interface.
- Supports various operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and Raspberry Pi OS.

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4. **Win32 Disk Imager:**
- **Platform:** Windows
- **Features:**
- Simple interface.
- Reliable for creating bootable USB drives for various operating systems.
5. **Windows Media Creation Tool:**
- **Platform:** Windows
- **Features:**
- Official tool provided by Microsoft for creating bootable USB drives with Windows
installation files.
- Helpful for upgrading Windows or performing a clean install.
6. **dd (Command-Line Tool):**
- **Platforms:** Linux, macOS (command-line)
- **Features:**
- A powerful command-line tool available in Unix-like systems for creating bootable USB
drives.
- Requires careful attention to avoid selecting the wrong device.
7. **YUMI (Your Universal Multiboot Installer):**
- **Platform:** Windows
- **Features:**
- Allows creating a multiboot USB drive, enabling the installation of multiple operating
systems from a single USB stick.
8. **Ventoy:**
- **Platforms:** Windows, Linux
- **Features:**
- Unique in that it creates a multiboot USB drive by simply copying ISO files to the drive.
- Supports a wide range of operating systems.
9. **Linux Live USB Creator (LiLi):**
- **Platform:** Windows
- **Features:**
- Allows the creation of a bootable USB with various Linux distributions.
- Includes a virtualization feature to run Linux directly from the USB without installation.
10. **macOS Bootable USB Creator (for macOS):**
- **Platform:** macOS
- **Features:**

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 - Built-in functionality for creating a macOS bootable USB drive using Terminal or Disk
Utility.
Always ensure that you download software from reputable sources, and double-check the
compatibility with the operating system or utility you intend to install on the USB drive.
Make Bootable USB (Single and Dual boot) -
Below are the instructions for creating a bootable USB for both single boot (Windows 10) and
dual-boot (Windows 10 and Ubuntu). Make sure to follow each step carefully.
 Single Boot (Windows 10):
**Requirements:**
- A USB flash drive with at least 8 GB of storage.
- Windows 10 ISO file.
**Steps:**
1. **Download Windows 10 ISO:**
- Visit the [official Microsoft website](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-
download/windows10) to download the Windows 10 ISO file.
2. **Download Rufus:**
- Download and install Rufus, a free and open-source tool for creating bootable USB drives.
You can find it at [rufus.ie](https://rufus.ie/).
3. **Insert USB Drive:**
- Plug in your USB flash drive.
4. **Run Rufus:**
- Open Rufus and select your USB drive under "Device."
- Choose the Windows 10 ISO file under "Boot selection."
5. **Configure Rufus:**
- Set the partition scheme to "MBR" (for BIOS) or "GPT" (for UEFI).
- File system should be "NTFS."
- Click "Start" and confirm the warning about data deletion.
6. **Create Bootable USB:**
- Rufus will format your USB drive and copy the Windows 10 installation files. Wait for the
process to complete.
 Dual Boot (Windows 10 and Ubuntu):
**Requirements:**
- A USB flash drive with at least 8 GB of storage.
- Windows 10 ISO file.
- Ubuntu ISO file.

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**Steps:**
1. **Prepare Windows 10 USB (as described in the Single Boot section).**
2. **Download Ubuntu ISO:**
- Visit the [official Ubuntu website](https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop) to download the
Ubuntu ISO file.
3. **Download Rufus:**
- If you haven't already, download and install Rufus.
4. **Insert USB Drive:**
- Plug in your USB flash drive.
5. **Run Rufus:**
- Open Rufus and select your USB drive under "Device."
- Choose the Ubuntu ISO file under "Boot selection."
6. **Configure Rufus:**
- Set the partition scheme to "MBR" (for BIOS) or "GPT" (for UEFI).
- File system should be "FAT32."
- Click "Start" and confirm the warning about data deletion.
7. **Create Bootable USB for Ubuntu:**
- Rufus will format your USB drive and copy the Ubuntu installation files. Wait for the process
to complete.
8. **Configure BIOS/UEFI:**
- Restart your computer and enter the BIOS/UEFI settings.
- Set the boot order to prioritize the USB drive.
9. **Install Windows 10:**
- Install Windows 10 first by following the on-screen instructions.
10. **Install Ubuntu:**
- After installing Windows, insert the Ubuntu USB and restart the computer.
- Choose "Install Ubuntu" and follow the installation prompts.
11. **Configure Dual Boot:**
- GRUB will be installed, allowing you to choose between Windows and Ubuntu during startup.
Remember to back up important data before proceeding with any installations. These instructions
are general, and actual steps might vary based on system configurations.
Difference between Installation and Upgrading Windows 10
Installing and upgrading Windows 10 are two different processes, each serving a distinct purpose.
Here are the key differences between installation and upgrading:

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Installation of Windows 10:
1. **Fresh Start:**
- Installation involves setting up Windows 10 on a computer that may not have had any previous
version of Windows or a clean installation on a formatted drive.
2. **Clean Slate:**
- During installation, the existing data on the hard drive is typically wiped out, and a new copy
of Windows 10 is installed from scratch.
3. **Bootable Media:**
- It often requires a bootable USB drive or DVD containing the Windows 10 installation files.
Users can also install from the Windows installation media or use Windows Update.
4. **Customization:**
- Users have the option to customize the installation settings, such as choosing the installation
drive, creating or modifying partitions, and selecting regional settings.
Upgrading Windows 10:
1. **From a Previous Version:**
- Upgrading refers to moving from an older version of Windows (like Windows 7 or Windows
8.1) to Windows 10 while preserving existing applications, files, and settings.
2. **In-Place Upgrade:**
- The upgrade process is usually performed while the current operating system is still running. It
is an in-place upgrade, meaning the new version is installed over the existing one.
3. **Windows Update:**
- Upgrading to Windows 10 is often done through Windows Update. Users receive notifications
or can manually initiate the upgrade process.
4. **Preserving Data:**
- During an upgrade, user data, installed applications, and system settings are retained whenever
possible. This minimizes the need for users to reinstall software or transfer files manually.
Key Points:
- **Installation:** Starts fresh, wipes existing data, and requires bootable media.
- **Upgrading:** Moves from an older Windows version to Windows 10, preserves data, and
often happens through Windows Update.
Whether to perform an installation or an upgrade depends on the user's needs and the current
state of their system. New computers or those with a clean slate might require installation, while
existing systems may benefit from an upgrade to the latest Windows version. Always ensure to
back up important data before either process.

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 Installing Windows 10
1.Creating an Installation Disc Or Drive
1111111
1111111

 Connect a blank USB flash drive or insert a blank writable DVD. You can install Windows 10
by creating a bootable USB flash drive or DVD that contains the Windows 10 installation files.
You'll need a USB flash drive that's at least 8GB, or any blank DVD to get started.[1]
o If you already have Windows 10 installed on the PC and just want to reinstall it, it'll be
easiest to reinstall it from within Windows 10 instead of creating installation media.
o If you want to upgrade from Windows 7 or Windows 8.1, you won't need to create an
installation disc or drive. However, you will need to follow most of this method to start the
upgrade.

2.Make sure you have a product key. If you bought Windows 10 through Microsoft using
your Microsoft account, your product key is already linked to your account. If you bought Windows
10 from another retailer, you'll have a 25-character product key that you'll need to have handy to
activate Windows.[2]

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  If you don't have a product key or you're installing Windows 10 on a new hard drive,
make sure you've linked your Windows 10 digital license to your Microsoft account before
you start the installation.[3] Head to Settings > Update & Security > Activation from the
current installation—if the activation status says Windows is activated with a digital license,
click Add an account and follow the on-screen instructions to link your Microsoft account.
 If you're upgrading from an earlier version and your PC qualifies for a free upgrade,
you won't need a product key.
3.Go to https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-download/windows10%20. This is the
official download site for Windows 10.

4.Click Download tool now . This is a blue button in the middle of the page. This downloads the
Media Creation Tool, which you'll use to create your installation media (or start your upgrade).

5.Double-click the downloaded file. Its name begins with "MediaCreationTool" and ends with
".exe." You'll find it in your default download folder, which is usually called Downloads.
 Click Yes when prompted to allow the installer to run.

6.Click Accept to accept the license. It's in the bottom-right corner of the window.

7.Select "Create installation media" and click OK . This option lets you create a Windows
installation disc or drive that will work on any compatible PC, not just the one you're using now.
 If you're updating your PC from an earlier version of Windows, select Upgrade this
PC now instead, and then follow the on-screen instructions to install Windows 10. You're
done!

8.Select your preferences and click Next . If you're installing Windows on the current PC, you can
keep the default options. If you need to install on a different PC, make sure you choose the language
and edition for which you have a license, and select the architecture (64-bit or 32-bit) that matches
the PC you're going to install on.
 If you're not sure about the architecture, you can choose Both from the menu.

9.Choose an installation type and click Next . An ISO file is a type of file that can be burned to
a DVD, so choose that option if you plan to create a DVD. Otherwise, choose the USB flash drive
option.

10.Create your installation media. The steps are a little different depending on what you're
doing:[4]
 Flash drive: Select your flash drive from the list, click Next, and wait for the
installation files to install. When the process is complete, click Finish.

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  DVD/ISO: Click Save to save the ISO file to your computer—it may take a while
because the file is large and has to be downloaded. Once downloaded, you'll see a progress
screen that monitors the download. When the download is complete, click Open DVD
burner on the "Burn the ISO file to a DVD" screen, select your DVD burner, and then
click Burn to create your DVD.
Part 2
Booting from Windows 10 Installation Media
1.Connect your Windows 10 installation media. If you created a flash drive, connect it to the PC
on which you want to install Windows 10. If you made a DVD, insert it into the drive now.

2.Boot the PC into the BIOS. If your PC is not already set up to boot from your flash or optical
drive, rebooting from your installation media won't work. You'll need to make a quick change in
your BIOS to change the boot order. There are a few ways to get in:[5]
 Windows 8.1 or 10: From Windows, open Settings, select Update &
Recovery or Update & Security, and go to Recovery > Restart
now > Troubleshoot > Advanced Options > UEFI Firmware Settings > Restart.
 Any PC: Reboot the PC and immediately start pressing (over and over again) the
keyboard key required by your PC to enter "Setup," or the BIOS. The key varies by
computer, but here are some of the most common keys:
 Acer and Asus: F2 or Del
 Dell: F2 or F12
 HP: ESC or F10
 Lenovo: F1, F2, or Fn + F2
 Lenovo ThinkPads: Enter + F1.
 MSI: DEL
 Microsoft Surface Tablets: Press and hold the volume-up button.
 Samsung and Toshiba: F2
 Sony: F1, F2, or F3

3.Go to the Boot tab. You'll use the arrow keys to select it.
 The Boot tab may instead say Boot Options or Boot Order, depending on your
computer's manufacturer.

4.Select a device from which to boot. You have a couple of options here:
 For a USB flash drive, select the Removable Devices option.
 For a disc installation, select the CD-ROM Drive or Optical Drive option.

5.Press the + key until your boot option is first. Once either Removable Devices or CD-ROM
Drive is at the top of the list, your computer will select your choice as its default boot option.

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  On some computers, you'll instead press one of the function keys (e.g., F5 or the
arrow keys to navigate an option up to the top of the menu. The key will be listed on the
right side of the screen.

6.Save your settings. You should see a key prompt (e.g., F10 at the bottom of the screen that
correlates to "Save and Exit". Pressing it will save your settings and restart your computer.

7.Wait for your computer to restart. Once your computer finishes restarting, you'll see a window
here with your geographical data. You're now ready to begin setting up your Windows 10 installation.

Part 3
Installing Windows 10
1.Click Next when prompted. You can also change the options on this page (e.g., the setup language)
before continuing if need be.

2.Click Install Now . It's in the middle of the window.

3.Enter your Windows 10 key, then click Next . If you don't have a Windows 10 key, instead
click Skip in the bottom-right corner of the screen.
 If you've already installed Windows 10 on this PC and were signed in with your
Microsoft account, your key should be linked to your account. When prompted, just sign in
with your Microsoft account and Windows will locate your key.[6]
 If you've changed hardware in the PC, such as replacing the motherboard, you can
activate Windows after installing by going to Settings > Update &
Security > Activation > Troubleshoot > I changed hardware on this device recently.
Sign in with your Microsoft account when prompted, choose This is the device I'm using
right now, and then click Activate.

4.Follow the on-screen instructions to install Windows 10. You'll be asked to perform a few
tasks, such as connecting to Wi-Fi and choosing some preferences. Once the installation is
complete, you'll have a fresh new installation of Windows 10.[7]
 If you're upgrading from an earlier version of Windows, you'll be asked if you want to
upgrade the current operating system or do a custom install. If you choose Upgrade, you'll
preserve existing apps and files.
Windows Utilities:
Windows utilities are software tools that help you maintain, optimize, and troubleshoot your
Windows system. They can perform a wide variety of tasks, such as:

35
  Cleaning up junk files and temporary data
 Defragmenting your hard drive
 Updating your drivers
 Managing your startup programs
 Monitoring your system performance
 Troubleshooting common problems

There are many different Windows utilities available, both free and paid. Some of the most
popular ones include:

 CCleaner: A popular tool for cleaning up junk files and temporary data.

CCleaner Windows utility

 Defraggler: A tool for defragmenting your hard drive, which can help improve system
performance.

Defraggler Windows utility

 Driver Booster: A tool for updating your drivers, which can help keep your system running
smoothly.

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 Driver Booster Windows utility

 Autoruns: A tool for managing your startup programs, which can help improve boot times.

Autoruns Windows utility

 Speccy: A tool for monitoring your system performance, which can help you identify bottlenecks
and diagnose problems.

Speccy Windows utility

 Malwarebytes Anti-Malware: A popular antivirus and anti-malware program.

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 Malwarebytes AntiMalware Windows utility

When choosing a Windows utility, it is important to consider your needs and budget. Some
utilities are more comprehensive than others, and some may have features that are more important
to you than others. It is also important to make sure that the utility you choose is compatible with
your version of Windows.

Here are some additional tips for using Windows utilities:

o Create a backup of your system before using any utility that makes changes to your system.
o Be careful when using utilities that delete files or make changes to your registry.
o Only download utilities from trusted sources.
o Read the documentation for the utility before using it.

Hard Disk Partitioning :

Partitioning

o To partition a hard drive in Windows means to section off a part of it and make that part
available to the operating system.
o In other words, a hard drive isn't useful to your operating system until it's partitioned.
Additionally, it's not available for you to store files on until you format it (which is a
separate, just as simple process).
o Most of the time, this "part" of the hard drive is the entire usable space, but creating
multiple partitions on a hard drive is also possible so that you can store backup files in
one partition, movies in another, etc.
o Manually partitioning (as well as formatting) a hard drive is not necessary if your end
goal is to clean install Windows onto the drive. Both of those processes are included as
part of the installation procedure, meaning you don't need to prepare the drive yourself.

Advanced Partitioning

Windows only allows very basic partition management after you create one, but a number
of free disk partition management software programs exist that can help if you need them.

1.Open Disk Management, the tool included in all versions of Windows that lets you partition
drives, among a number of other things.

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 o In Windows 11/10/8/8.1, the Power User Menu is the easiest way to start Disk
Management. You can also open Disk Management via command prompt in any version
of Windows, but the Computer Management method is probably best for most people.
Check which version of Windows is installed on your computer if you're not sure.

2. When Disk Management opens, you should see an Initialize Disk window with the
message "You must initialize a disk before Logical Disk Manager can access it."

o In Windows XP, you'll see an Initialize and Convert Disk Wizard screen instead. Follow
that wizard, making sure to not select the option to "convert" the disk, unless you're sure
you need to. Skip to Step 4 when done.
o Don't worry if this window doesn't appear. There are legitimate reasons you may not see
it—we'll know soon if there's a problem or not. Skip down to Step 4 if you don't see this.

3. On this screen, you're asked to choose a partition style for the new hard drive. Choose GPT if
the new hard drive you installed is 2 TB or larger. Choose MBR if it's smaller than 2 TB.

o Choose OK after making your selection.

How to Check Free Hard Drive Space in Windows

4. Locate the hard drive you want to partition from the drive map at the bottom of the Disk
Management window.

o You might need to maximize the Disk Management or Computer Management window
to see all the drives on the bottom. An unpartitioned drive will not show up in the drive
list at the top of the window.
o If the hard drive is new, it will probably be on a dedicated row labeled Disk 1 (or 2, etc.)
and will say Unallocated. If the space you want to partition is part of an existing drive,
you'll see Unallocated next to existing partitions on that drive.
o If you don't see the drive you want to partition, you may have installed it incorrectly.
Turn off your computer and double-check that the hard drive is properly installed.

5. Once you've found the space you want to partition, tap-and-hold or right-click anywhere on it,
and choose New Simple Volume.

In Windows XP, the option is called New Partition.

6.Choose Next > on the New Simple Volume Wizard window that appeared.

In Windows XP, a Select Partition Type screen appears next, where you should choose Primary
partition. The Extended partition option is useful only if you're creating five or more
partitions on a single physical hard drive. Select Next > after making the selection.

7. Choose Next > on the Specify Volume Size step to confirm the size of the drive you're
creating.

o The default size that you see in the Simple volume size in MB: field should equal the
amount shown in the Maximum disk space in MB: field. This means that you're creating
a partition that equals the total available space on the physical hard drive.

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 o You're welcome to create multiple partitions, that will eventually become multiple,
independent drives in Windows. To do so, calculate how many and how large you want
those drives to be and repeat these steps to create those partitions. For example, if the
drive is 61437 MB and you want to partitions, specify an initial size of 30718 to partition
only half the drive, and then repeat the partitioning again for the rest of
the Unallocated space.

8. Select Next > on the Assign Drive Letter or Path step, assuming the default drive letter you
see is OK with you.

Windows automatically assigns the first available drive letter, skipping A & B, which on most
computers will be D or E. You're welcome to set the Assign the following drive letter option to
anything that's available.

You're also welcome to change the hard drive letter later on if you want.

9. Choose Do not format this volume on the Format Partition step, and then select Next >.
If you know what you're doing, feel free to format the drive as part of this process. However,
since this tutorial focuses on partitioning a hard drive in Windows, we've left the formatting to
another tutorial, linked in the last step below.

10.Verify your choices on the Completing the New Simple Volume Wizard screen, which should
look something like this:

 Volume Type: Simple Volume

 Disk selected: Disk 1
 Volume size: 61437 MB
 Drive letter or path: F:
 File system: None
 Allocation unit size: Default

40
Because your computer and hard drive are unlikely exactly like mine, expect your Disk
selected, Volume size, and Drive letter or path values to be different than what you see
here. File system: None just means that you've decided not to also format the drive right now.

11.Choose Finish and Windows will partition the drive, a process that will only take a few
seconds on most computers.

You might notice that your cursor is busy during this time. Once you see the new drive letter (F:
in our example) appear in the listing at the top of Disk Management, then you know the
partitioning process is complete.

12. Next, Windows will try to open the new drive automatically. However, since it's not yet
formatted and can't be used, you'll see this message instead: "You need to format the disk in
drive F: before you can use it. Do you want to format it?"

This only happens in Windows 11, 10, 8, and 7. You won't see this in Windows Vista or
Windows XP and that's perfectly fine. Just skip to the last step below if you're using one of
those versions of Windows.

13. Select Cancel. Or, if you know how to format a hard drive in Windows, feel free to
choose Format disk instead. If you don't, consult a tutorial first before attempting it.

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Third Party tools for Hard Disk Partitioning:

 Hard disk partitioning is the process of dividing a physical hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state
drive (SSD) into multiple logical sections called partitions. Each partition can be formatted with a
different file system and used to store data independently. This can be useful for organizing your
data, separating your operating system from your personal files, or dual-booting multiple
operating systems.
 While most operating systems come with built-in disk partitioning tools, they are often limited in
functionality and can be risky to use. Third-party partitioning tools offer a wider range of features
and more flexibility, making them a better choice for most users.

Here are some of the best third-party tools for hard disk partitioning:

 EaseUS Partition Master: EaseUS Partition Master is a popular and easy-to-use

partitioning tool that offers a wide range of features, including
creating, deleting, formatting, resizing, and moving partitions. It also includes features for
recovering lost data, checking partitions for errors, and wiping data securely.

EaseUS Partition Master

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 AOMEI Partition Assistant: AOMEI Partition Assistant is another popular partitioning tool
that offers a similar range of features to EaseUS Partition Master. It is also known for its user-
friendly interface and support for a wide range of file systems.

AOMEI Partition Assistant

 MiniTool Partition Wizard: MiniTool Partition Wizard is a free partitioning tool that offers
a good balance of features and ease of use. It includes all of the basic partitioning features, as well
as some more advanced features like migrating the operating system to a new SSD.

MiniTool Partition Wizard

 Paragon Partition Manager: Paragon Partition Manager is a more powerful partitioning

tool that is aimed at power users and IT professionals. It offers a wide range of advanced
features, including support for dynamic disks, GPT partitioning, and RAID management.

Paragon Partition Manager

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  Acronis Disk Director: Acronis Disk Director is another powerful partitioning tool that
offers a similar range of features to Paragon Partition Manager. It is also known for its data
recovery and disk cloning features.

Acronis Disk Director

 When choosing a third-party partitioning tool, it is important to consider your needs and
experience level. If you are a beginner, you may want to choose a tool that is easy to use,
such as EaseUS Partition Master or AOMEI Partition Assistant. If you are a more
experienced user, you may want to choose a tool that offers more advanced features, such
as Paragon Partition Manager or Acronis Disk Director.
 It is also important to make sure that the partitioning tool you choose is compatible with
your operating system and file system. Most partitioning tools support Windows, macOS,
and Linux, but some may have limited support for certain file systems.
 Finally, it is important to back up your data before using any partitioning tool. Partitioning
can be a risky process, and there is always a chance that you could lose data.

Disk Cleanup and Disk Defragmentation

Disk cleanup and disk defragmentation are two important techniques for maintaining the
health and performance of your computer's hard drive. While they serve different purposes,
understanding both can help you keep your system running smoothly.

Disk Cleanup:

 Purpose: Frees up disk space by removing unnecessary files.

 What it removes: Temporary files, internet cache, downloaded program files, recycle bin
contents, etc.
 Benefits: Increases free space, potentially improves performance by reducing clutter.
 Frequency: Regularly, especially when low on disk space.
 How to do it:
o Windows: Right-click drive > Properties > Disk Cleanup.
o Mac: Finder > Applications > Utilities > Disk Utility > Select drive > First Aid >
Run Disk First Aid > Select "Free space" tab > Choose files to remove.

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Disk Defragmentation:

 Purpose: Reorganizes files on the disk to improve read/write speeds.

 What it does: Rearranges fragmented files so they are stored contiguously, reducing head
movement by the hard drive.
 Benefits: Potentially improves system performance, especially for older HDDs.
 Frequency: Less frequently than disk cleanup, only needed occasionally on HDDs (not
necessary for SSDs).
 How to do it:
o Windows: Start menu > Search for "Defragment and Optimize Drives" > Select
drive > Optimize.
o Mac: Disk Defragmentation is not typically needed on macOS due to the way SSDs
function.

Important notes:

 SSDs: Not recommended to defragment SSDs as it can shorten their lifespan. They manage
data differently than HDDs.
 Automatic tools: Both Windows and macOS have built-in tools that can schedule automatic
disk cleanup and defragmentation.
 Alternatives: Third-party tools offer additional features for both disk cleanup and
defragmentation, but the built-in tools are usually sufficient.

Creating a Windows System Image and Restore Point

Here's how to create both a system image and a restore point in Windows:

System Image:

1. Open Control Panel: Press Windows key + R, type control panel, and press Enter.
2. Navigate to Backup and Restore: Select System and Security > Backup and Restore (Windows
7).
3. Create a system image: Click Create a system image.
4. Choose backup destination: Select where you want to store the image. It can be an external hard
drive, network drive, or multiple DVDs. Choose a location with enough space (the image size
will be approximately the size of your used space).
5. Select drives to back up: Choose which drives you want to include in the image. By default, the
system drive (C:) is selected.
6. Start backup: Click Start backup to begin the process. The time it takes will depend on the size
of your backup and the speed of your storage device.

Restore Point:

1. Open System Properties: Press Windows key + R, type sysdm.cpl, and press Enter.
2. Go to System Protection tab: Click the System Protection tab.
3. Create a restore point: Click Create.
4. Give it a name (optional): You can add a name to identify the reason for creating the point.
5. Click Create: Click Create to confirm.

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Additional Notes:

 System images offer a complete backup of your system, including files, settings, and
applications. This allows you to restore your entire system to a previous state in case of major
issues.
 Restore points only cover certain system files and settings, not personal data. They are useful
for rolling back changes made to your system, such as installing software or drivers that cause
problems.
 It's recommended to create a system image regularly (e.g., monthly) and restore points before
making significant changes to your system.
 Remember to update your backup destination regularly to ensure you have the latest version of
your system.

Installation of Third Party Antivirus:

Windows Defender: It's important to consider that Windows 11 and 10 already come with a built-
in antivirus called Microsoft Defender. It offers real-time protection against malware, viruses, and
other threats, and regularly receives updates to ensure its effectiveness. Independent testing labs
consistently rank Microsoft Defender highly for its protection and performance.

Reasons to Use a Third-Party Antivirus:

There are some reasons why you might still want to consider a third-party antivirus:

 Additional features: Some third-party options offer additional features beyond basic antivirus
protection, such as firewalls, anti-phishing, parental controls, and more.
 Advanced detection: Some may claim better detection rates against specific threats, but
independent testing often shows minimal difference between top options.
 Personal preference: You might simply prefer the interface or user experience of a specific third-
party product.

Things to Consider Before Installing a Third-Party Antivirus:

 Compatibility: Ensure the antivirus software is compatible with your Windows version and system
requirements.
 Reputation: Choose a reputable and established vendor with a good track record for security and
privacy.
 Resource usage: Some antivirus programs can be resource-intensive and slow down your system.
 Free vs. Paid: Decide if you prefer a free or paid version based on your needs and budget. Free
versions often have limited features compared to paid ones.
 Conflicting software: Avoid installing a third-party antivirus if you already have Windows
Defender enabled, as it can lead to conflicts and potential security vulnerabilities. Disabling
Windows Defender is not recommended.

If you decide to install a third-party antivirus, here are some recommended options:

 Avast Free Antivirus: Popular free option with good protection and basic features.
 Bitdefender Antivirus Free Edition: Another well-regarded free option with solid protection and
some additional features.

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  Kaspersky Total Security: Paid option with comprehensive protection, advanced features, and
good performance.
 Norton 360 Deluxe: Paid option with strong protection, identity theft protection, and other
features.

Remember:

 Download your chosen antivirus software only from the official website to avoid malware risks.
 Be cautious of fake antivirus software scams disguised as legitimate options.
 Uninstall any existing third-party antivirus before installing a new one to avoid conflicts.

*******Unit 2 Completed ***********

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 UNIT III- MS OFFICE SUITE
What is Ms Office ?

Microsoft Office, commonly referred to as MS Office, is a suite of productivity software applications

developed by Microsoft. The suite includes a variety of programs that are designed to help users create,
edit, and manage documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and more.

Some of the most commonly used programs in the MS Office suite include:

Microsoft Word: A word processing program used to create and edit documents, such as letters, reports,
and resumes.

Microsoft Excel: A spreadsheet program used to create and manage data in tables and charts.

Microsoft PowerPoint: A presentation program used to create and display slideshows with images, text,
and multimedia.

MS-WORD:
Introduction to MS WORD:

Features of Ms Word features

Microsoft Word :

 A Word processor is a computer program for processing words.

 A Word processor software provides a general set of tools for entering, editing, and formatting text.

 A word processor has everything that a conventional typewriter has. It provides various useful
features that cannot be done on a typewriter.

Features :

Fast Typing: Text in a word processor becomes fast since there is no associated mechanical carriage
movement.

Editing functions: Any type of correction (insert, delete, change, etc.) can be easily done as and on
demand.

Permanent storage: Documents can be stored indefinitely. The saved document can be called up at
any time.

Formatting functions: Entered text can be created in any form and style (bold, italic, underline,
different fonts, etc.). Graphics Provides the ability to insert drawings into documents, making them
more useful.

OLE (Object Linking and Embedding): OLE is a program integration technology used to exchange
information between programs about objects. Objects are entities stored as graphs, equations, video
clips, audio clips, images, and so on.

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Alignment: You can align your text as you like, for example, left, right, or centered. You can even
make a box set, i.e, aligned from both sides.

Delete errors: You can remove a word, line, or paragraph from a stroke, and the rest of the subject will
appear automatically.

Line Spacing: You can set the line spacing from one to nine according to your preference.

Move-in Cursor: You can move the cursor from one word to another or from one paragraph to another
as needed.

Naming a Document: You can name a document and retrieve it from your hard drive at any time for
editing, updating, correction, and even for printing.

Page break: You can set a page break at any point in the text so that the next page is printed when
printing.

Search and Replace: You can search for a specific word in the entire document and replace it with
another word.

Thesaurus: you can exchange a word with one of its synonyms. This way you can avoid the repetition
of a single word in a document and add beauty to the language.

Indentation: Refers to the space between the text boundaries and the margins of the page. There are
three types of indents: positive, negative, and hanging.

Header and footer: A header or footer is text or a graphic, such as a page number, a date, or a
company logo, that is typically printed at the top or bottom of each page of a document.

Page orientation: Refers to whether the text is printed lengthways or across. Above the printed side is
called PORTRAIT and the side printed across is called LANDSCAPE.

Spell Checker: Not only can it check spelling mistakes, but it can also suggest possible alternatives for
misspelled words.

Mail Merge: This is a function that allows you to print a large number of letters/documents with more
or less similar texts. Below this, the same letter of invitation must be sent to the guests, only the name
and address are changed.

MS Word Window :

Title Bar: Displays the name of the file you are currently working on. It also consists of three buttons,
for example, The Minimize button reduces the window to an icon, but the word remains active. The
Restore button returns the Word window to its original maximum size. The close button takes us out of
Word.

Menu Bar: This consists of various commands that can be accessed by clicking on the menu options
under these menu headings.

49
Standard Toolbar: Displays icons for common operations, such as Open, Print, Save, etc., which can
be done by clicking on the suitable tool.

Formatting Toolbar: Displays the options that can be used to format our document, such as The ruler
indicating the width of the document. It can be increased or decreased. You can see how many of the
lines you wrote. Work area This is the area where you can enter the text.

Vertical Scroll Bar: For larger text in the document, you can scroll the vertical bar to view the text in
different positions.

Horizontal scrollbar: Used to move from left to right of the document and vice versa if the document
is too wide to fit on the screen.

Search Object Selection Button: This helps us select one of several tools used to find something in a
document.

Normal View button: Helps us view the document very as it will be printed. Arranges the text so that
no document is hidden on the screen.

Print Layout View: This option allows us to see how the document will be printed. All headers,
footers, and comments are displayed.

Draw Toolbar: One of several toolbars that may be available on the screen. This special is used to
make drawings on the document.

Status bar: This bar always shows you your current position as far as the text goes. It shows you the
current position of your in terms of the page number, line number, etc.

Create a New Document

 Create a document from scratch or from .

 Add text, images, art, and videos.
 Research a topic and find credible sources.
 Access your documents from a computer, tablet, or phone via OneDrive.
 Share your documents and collaborate with others.
 Track and review changes.

Create a new document

On the File tab, select New.

Select Blank document, or double-click a template image or type the kind of document into the Search
for online templates box and press Enter.

50
Add and format text

 Click on your new blank page and type some text.

 Select text to format and choose font options on the Home tab: Bold, Italic, Bullets, Numbering,
and more.

Add Pictures, Shapes, SmartArt, Chart, and more

Select the Insert tab.

Select what you want to add:

Tables - choose Table, hover over the size you want, and select it.

Pictures - select Pictures, browse for an image on your computer, a online stock image, or with an
image search on Bing.

Shapes - select Shapes, and choose a shape from the drop-down.

Icons - choose Icons, pick the one you want, and select Insert.

3D Models - select 3D Models, choose from a file or online source, pick the image you want, and
select Insert.

51
SmartArt - choose SmartArt, pick a SmartArt Graphic, and select OK.

Chart - select Chart, choose the chart you want, and select OK.

Screenshot - select Screenshot and select one from the drop-down.

Insert a header or footer

 Go to Insert > Header or Footer.

 Choose the header style you want to use.
 Add or change text for the header or footer. For more info on things you can do with headers,
see Edit your existing headers and footers. To edit a header or footer that's been already created,
double-click on it.
 To eliminate a header--like deleting it on the title page--select it and then check the Different First
Page box.
 Select Close Header and Footer or press Esc to exit.
 To delete, select Insert > Header (or Footer) > Remove Header (or Remove Footer).
 For more on headers and footers, see Headers and footers in Word.

Insert/Draw Tables, Table Auto format

Inserting a Table:

Method 1: Quick Grid

 Click the Insert tab.

 In the Tables group, click on the grid with the desired number of rows and columns.

Method 2: Insert Table Dialog Box

 Click the Insert tab.

 In the Tables group, click Insert Table.
 In the Number of columns and Number of rows boxes, enter the desired number of cells.
 (Optional) Choose the desired AutoFit behavior and other options.
 Click OK.

Drawing a Table:

 Click the Insert tab.

 In the Tables group, click Draw Table.
 Use your mouse to draw the outline of the table, including rows and columns.
 Click inside each cell and type your text.

52
Auto-Formatting a Table:

 Click inside the table to select it.

 Click the Design tab under Table Tools.
 In the Table Styles group, hover over different styles to see a preview.
 Click on the desired style to apply it to your table.

Page Borders and Shading in MS word

 Adding Page Borders:

 Navigate to the Design tab on the ribbon menu.

 Click the Page Borders button in the Page Background group.
 This opens the Borders and Shading dialog box with three tabs: Borders, Page Border, and Shading.
 Borders tab: Select the desired border style from the Setting options
(None, Box, Shadow, etc.). Choose the line style, color, and width
under Style, Color, and Width respectively. Specify which sides of the page you want the border
applied to (e.g., Top, Bottom, Left, Right) using the checkboxes.
 Page Border tab: This offers pre-designed border options with various styles and colors. Choose one
you like, adjust as needed with the settings below, and apply.
 Shading tab: Here, you can add a background color or pattern to the entire page. Select a fill color or
pattern, adjust transparency if desired, and click OK to apply.
Inserting Symbols, Shapes, Word Art, Page Numbers, Mail Merge.

Inserting Symbols:

 Go to the Insert tab.

 Click the Symbol button in the Symbols group.
 Choose a font from the Subset dropdown menu.
 Select the desired symbol and click Insert.

2. Inserting Shapes:

 Go to the Insert tab.

 Click the Shapes button in the Illustrations group.
 Choose from various categories like Lines, Basic Shapes, Block Arrows, Flowchart, etc.
 Click the desired shape to insert it into your document.

53
3. Creating Word Art:

 Go to the Insert tab.

 Click the WordArt button in the Text group.
 Choose a desired style from the gallery.
 Type your text in the editing box.
 Click OK to insert the WordArt.

4. Adding Page Numbers:

 Go to the Insert tab.

 Click the Header & Footer button in the Header & Footer group.
 Choose the desired position for the page number (e.g., Top of Page, Bottom of Page).
 Click the Page Number button and select the format.
 Double-click outside the header or footer area to return to your document.

5. Performing Mail Merge:

 Go to the Mailings tab.

 Click the Start Mail Merge button and choose the type of document (e.g., Letters, Labels, Email).
 Select the existing document or create a new one.
 Click Select Recipients and choose the source of your recipient list (e.g., Existing List, Create a New
List).
 Write your main document content, leaving placeholders for variables (e.g., merge fields).
 Click Insert Merge Field and choose the desired recipient information to insert.
 Click Preview Results to see how the merged documents will look.
 Click Finish & Merge and choose to print or edit individual documents.

MS EXCEL
Overview of Excel features:
 Excel Features: From Beginner to Power User:

 Excel offers a wide range of features that cater to various user needs, from basic data management to
complex financial analysis. Here's an overview of key functionalities:

Data Organization and Entry:

 Worksheets and Workbooks: Organize data across multiple sheets within a single workbook.

54
 Cell Formatting: Customize appearance with fonts, colors, borders, and number formats.
 Data Entry and Editing: Input text, numbers, and dates with validation options.
 Inserting and Deleting Rows/Columns: Restructure your data easily.
 AutoFill and Flash Fill: Quickly generate sequences and patterns based on existing data.

Calculations and Formulas:

 Basic Operators: Perform essential mathematical operations (+, -, *, /).

 Built-in Functions: Utilize extensive functions for calculations (SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT), logical
tests (IF, AND, OR), and more.
 Formula Bar and AutoSum: Build and edit formulas with visual assistance.
 Relative and Absolute References: Link cells efficiently for dynamic updates.

Data Analysis and Visualization:

 Sorting and Filtering: Organize data based on specific criteria.

 Conditional Formatting: Highlight data based on rules for easy insights.
 Data Tables and Goal Seek: Find values that meet desired outcomes.
 Charts and Graphs: Create various chart types to visually represent your data.
 PivotTables: Summarize and analyze large datasets across different dimensions.

Collaboration and Automation:

 Comments and Notes: Add notes for clarification and collaboration.

 Data Validation: Set limitations on what data can be entered.
 Macros and VBA: Automate repetitive tasks for increased efficiency.
 Sharing and Collaboration: Work with others on shared Excel files online or through email.

Additional Features:

 Tables: Format data in a structured format with borders and headers.

 Text to Columns and Flash Fill: Split text into separate columns based on delimiters.
 Data Consolidation: Combine data from multiple worksheets or workbooks.
 Formulas and Functions Wizard: Get guidance on building formulas.

1. Creating a New Worksheet:

 Click the "+" button beside the existing sheet tabs.

 Alternatively, go to the Insert tab and click Worksheet.

55
2. Selecting Cells:

 Click a single cell to select it.

 Click and drag to select multiple cells.
 Use keyboard shortcuts like arrow keys, Ctrl+Click for non-contiguous selection, and Shift+Click for
range selection.

3. Entering and Editing Text, Numbers:

 Click a cell and type your data.

 Use the Home tab for basic formatting options like font, alignment, number format.
 Double-click a cell to edit its content.

4. Inserting Rows/Columns:

 Right-click on a row/column header and choose Insert.

 Alternatively, go to the Home tab and click Insert in the Cells group.

5. Changing Column Widths and Row Heights:

 Drag the border between column/row headers.

 Double-click the border for automatic fit to content.
 Go to the Home tab and click Format in the Cells group for specific width/height settings.

6. Formulae:

 Start with "=" followed by your calculation (e.g., "=A1+B2").

 Use cell references, operators, and Excel functions (e.g., SUM, COUNT, AVERAGE).
 AutoSum feature in the Home tab helps with common calculations.

7. Referencing Cells:

 Use cell addresses (e.g., A1, B3) in your formulae to reference their values.
 Relative references adjust automatically when copied (e.g., A1+1 becomes B2+1 when copied one
cell right).
 Absolute references stay fixed (e.g., $A$1 refers to cell A1 regardless of copy location).

56
8. Changing Font Sizes and Colors:

 Use the Font group options in the Home tab for size, color, style, etc.
 Select cells and apply formatting directly.

9. Insertion of Charts:

 Select your data range.

 Go to the Insert tab and click the desired chart type (e.g., Column, Bar, Pie).
 Customize the chart elements and format using the Chart Design and Format tabs.

10. Auto Fill:

 Select two cells with a pattern (e.g., numbers increasing by 1).

 Drag the bottom-right corner of the selection (small black square).
 Excel fills the pattern based on your selection.

11. Sorting and Filtering a Database:

 Select your data range.

 Go to the Data tab and use the Sort and Filter buttons.
 Sort by one or multiple columns in ascending/descending order.
 Filter data based on specific criteria.

12. Formatting Tables:

 Select your data range.

 Go to the Home tab and click Format as Table.
 Choose a desired table style and customize borders, colors, etc.

13. Using Formulas (Sum, Count, Average, Max, Min and Round):

 These are common functions used in formulae.

 Use SUM for adding values, COUNT for counting cells, AVERAGE for calculating the
mean, MAX/MIN for finding the largest/smallest value, and ROUND for rounding numbers.
 Explore other functions available in the Formula tab.

57
14. Use of Pivot Table:

 Select your data range.

 Go to the Insert tab and click PivotTable.
 Drag fields to the Rows, Columns, Values areas to analyze and summarize your data in different
ways.

M S Power Point
 PowerPoint Features: Captivating Your Audience

 PowerPoint offers a multitude of features to create engaging and impactful presentations. Here's a
breakdown of some key functionalities:

Slide Creation and Organization:

 Blank presentation or templates: Start from scratch or utilize pre-designed templates for a quick head
start.
 Master slides: Apply consistent formatting and branding across all slides.
 Slide layouts: Choose pre-defined layouts with placeholders for text, images, and charts.
 Sections and transitions: Organize slides into logical sections and add smooth transitions between
them.

Content Insertion and Enhancement:

 Text, images, shapes, and SmartArt: Combine diverse elements for informative and visually
appealing slides.
 Tables and charts: Present data effectively through clear tables and various chart types.
 Media embedding: Add audio, video, and web content for richer presentations.
 Icons and symbols: Enhance clarity and visual interest with relevant icons and symbols.

Visual Appeal and Branding:

 Themes and colors: Apply pre-designed themes or create custom color schemes for cohesive
branding.
 Font styles and sizes: Ensure readability and visual hierarchy with diverse font options.
 Backgrounds and textures: Customize backgrounds with images, textures, and gradients.
 Animations and effects: Add subtle or dynamic animations for emphasis and engagement.

Delivery and Collaboration:

 Speaker notes: Add notes for personal reference during delivery.

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 Presenter view: Access speaker notes, upcoming slides, and presenter tools while the audience sees
only the current slide.
 Live presentation with others: Present collaboratively with real-time updates across devices.
 Export and share: Export presentations to various formats (PDF, video) and share them easily.

Advanced Features:

 Custom animations: Craft intricate animation sequences for specific objects and text.
 Hyperlinks and action buttons: Add interactive elements to link to websites or trigger actions.
 Macros and VBA: Automate repetitive tasks for increased efficiency.
 Accessibility checker: Ensure your presentation is accessible to users with disabilities.

1. Creating a Presentation:

 Blank Presentation: Click "New" and choose "Blank presentation".

 Template: Select a pre-designed template for a quick start.
 From Outline: Import an existing outline to create slides automatically.

2. Inserting and Deleting Slides:

 Insert: Right-click in the "Slides" pane, choose "New Slide".

 Delete: Right-click the slide in the "Slides" pane, choose "Delete Slide".

3. Adding Clip Art/Pictures:

 Go to the "Insert" tab, click "Pictures" and choose your source (e.g., This Device, Online).
 Apply formatting options like cropping, resizing, and effects.

4. Inserting Other Objects:

 Go to the "Insert" tab and explore diverse options:

 Tables: Create data tables for clear presentations.
 Charts: Visualize data effectively with various chart types.
 SmartArt: Represent concepts and processes graphically.
 Media: Embed audio and video clips to enhance engagement.

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5. Resizing and Scaling Objects:

 Select the object, drag the corner handles to resize.

 Hold "Shift" while dragging to maintain proportions.
 Right-click the object, choose "Format > Size and Position" for precise adjustments.

6. Slide Transitions:

 Select a slide, go to the "Transitions" tab.

 Choose a transition effect and customize its options (e.g., speed, sound).
 Apply transitions consistently for a cohesive flow.

7. Custom Animation:

 Select an object, go to the "Animations" tab.

 Choose an animation effect and customize its timing, trigger, and direction.
 Layer multiple animations for dynamic impact.

*******Unit 3 Completed ***********

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 UNIT-IV
PC INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

Input output devices and Storage devices:

Input Devices:

Mouse

 Function: A pointing device that allows users to control the cursor on a computer screen.
 Usage: Commonly used for navigating menus, selecting objects, and drawing.
 Benefits: Enables precise and intuitive interaction with the computer interface.

Keyboard

 Function: A set of keys used to enter text, numbers, and symbols into a computer.
 Usage: Essential for typing, entering commands, and accessing keyboard shortcuts.
 Benefits: Provides efficient and versatile input for various tasks.

Keyboard computer device

Light Pen

 Function: A light-sensitive device used to interact with a computer screen by pointing and
clicking light.
 Usage: Historically used for drawing, selecting objects, and interacting with graphical
interfaces.

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  Benefits: Offered direct interaction with the screen, but largely replaced by touchscreens and
mice due to limitations in accuracy and wider applicability.

Light pen computer device

Track Ball:
Function:
 A pointing device similar to a mouse, but instead of moving the entire device, you roll a ball on its
base to move the cursor on the screen.
 Usage: Often preferred by users who experience discomfort with traditional mice or have limited
desk space. Can be useful for tasks requiring precise cursor control in design or editing software.
 Benefits: Reduces hand and wrist movement, offers good cursor control, and takes up less space
than a mouse.

Track Ball computer device

Joystick:
 Function: A lever or handle used to control the movement of objects in games or simulations.
 Usage: Primarily used for gaming, especially flight simulators, racing games, and 3D shooters. Can
also be used for controlling robotic devices or drones.
 Benefits: Offers an immersive and intuitive way to interact with games and simulations, providing
greater control and responsiveness than keyboard or mouse alone.

Joystick computer device

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MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition):
Function:
 A technology used to recognize characters printed with special magnetic ink, commonly used for
bank checks and other financial documents.
 Usage: Mainly used in banking and financial institutions for automated processing of checks and
other documents with standardized formatting.
 Benefits: Offers high accuracy and speed for reading large volumes of documents with standardized
formats, reducing manual processing and errors.

Optical Mark Reader (OMR):

 Function:A technology used to recognize pre-printed marks like bubbles or circles filled in on
forms, questionnaires, and answer sheets.
 Usage: Widely used in educational testing, standardized exams, surveys, and data collection forms.
 Benefits: Automates grading and data entry from forms with standardized mark formats, saving time
and reducing human error.

Optical Character Reader (OCR):

Function:
 A technology used to recognize and convert printed or handwritten text into digital text.
 Usage: Used for document digitization, scanning historical documents, converting PDFs to editable
formats, and accessibility applications for visually impaired users.
 Benefits: Enables digital storage and processing of printed text, improves accessibility, and allows for
easy editing and searching of document content.

Voice system:
 Function: Allow users to control computers or input text and commands using their voice.
 Usage: Often used for dictation, hands-free interaction, accessibility for users with physical
limitations, and voice commands in smart home devices.
 Benefits: Enables hands-free interaction, offers accessibility for users with disabilities, and can be
faster and more natural than typing for some tasks.

Voice recognition system

There are two main types of voice systems:

1. Speech recognition
2. Speech synthesis

 Speech recognition: This type of system converts spoken words into text. It can be used to dictate
text, control computer applications, or search for information online.

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  Speech synthesis: This type of system converts text into spoken words. It can be used to read text
aloud, provide audio feedback for computer applications, or create voiceovers for videos and
presentations.
Speech recognition
Speech recognition systems work by first converting the sound of your voice into a digital signal. The
signal is then processed by a computer program that tries to identify the words you are saying.
There are two main types of speech recognition systems:
 Speaker-dependent systems: These systems require you to train the system to recognize your
voice before you can use it.
 Speaker-independent systems: These systems do not require any training and can recognize the
voices of any speaker.
Speech recognition systems are becoming increasingly accurate and are being used in a wider
range of applications.
Some popular speech recognition systems include:
 Google Assistant
 Siri
 Amazon Alexa
 Microsoft Cortana
Speech synthesis
Speech synthesis systems work by converting text into a digital signal that can be played through a
speaker. There are two main types of speech synthesis systems:
 Concatenative speech synthesis: This type of system stores recordings of human speech and then
combines them to create new words and sentences.
 Non-concatenative speech synthesis: This type of system generates speech from scratch using a
computer model of how the human voice works.
Speech synthesis systems are often used to create voiceovers for videos and presentations, to provide
audio feedback for computer applications, and to read text aloud for people with visual impairments.

Some popular speech synthesis systems include:

 IBM Watson Text to Speech
 Amazon Polly
 Google Text-to-Speech

Web Camera

Webcams are small cameras that connect to your computer, allowing you to capture images and
videos in real-time. They've become essential tools for various purposes, both personal and
professional. Here's a breakdown of their functions and uses:

Functions:

 Capture images and videos: This is the core function, allowing you to take selfies, record
video calls, create content, and more.
 Video conferencing: Connect with others face-to-face for meetings, classes, or simply
catching up.
 Live streaming: Broadcast your activities or events to a wider audience in real-time.
 Security monitoring: Keep an eye on your home or office remotely using motion detection
and recording features.

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  Augmented reality (AR): Overlay digital elements onto the real world for interactive
experiences.
 Facial recognition: Unlock devices or access applications using your face as a unique
identifier.

Uses:

 Personal: Video calls with friends and family, online learning, creating vlogs, recording
gameplay, live streaming hobbies, security monitoring for your home.
 Professional: Virtual meetings, client consultations, remote presentations, online
courses, product demonstrations, webinars.
 Gaming: Live streaming gameplay, interacting with AR games, using facial expressions
for in-game controls.
 Education: Remote learning with live interaction, virtual field trips, creating interactive
presentations.
 Healthcare: Telemedicine consultations, remote patient monitoring, virtual therapy
sessions.
 Security: Remote security monitoring, access control using facial recognition.

Choosing a Web Camera:

 Resolution: Higher resolution (e.g., 1080p, 4K) means sharper images and videos.
 Frame rate: Higher frame rate (e.g., 30fps, 60fps) creates smoother video, especially
important for streaming.
 Field of view: Wider field of view captures more of the scene, ideal for group calls or
presentations.
 Built-in microphone: Useful for capturing audio along with video for calls or recordings.
 Privacy features: Look for options like lens covers or privacy indicators for added security.
Hard Copy Output Devices: Leaving Your Mark on Paper

Hard copy output devices are those that produce physical copies of digital information, allowing you
to hold and interact with your data in tangible form. Here's a closer look at some common types and
their uses,

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 Line Printers:

 Function: High-speed, impact printers that print entire lines of text at once.
 Usage: Primarily used in legacy systems and for printing multipart forms due to their fast
printing speed and ability to handle multiple copies.
 Pros: Fast, reliable, multi-part capable.
 Cons: Noisy, limited graphics capabilities, expensive cartridges.

Character Printers:

 Function: Print individual characters using a drum or belt, offering good quality for text and
simple graphics.
 Usage: Less common nowadays, but still used for applications requiring high-quality text
output like legal documents or financial reports.
 Pros: High-quality text, durable.
 Cons: Slow printing speed, limited graphics capabilities.

Chain Printers:

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 Function: Use a continuous chain with embossed characters to print on paper.
 Usage: Rarely used due to noise, slowness, and outdated technology.

Dot-matrix Printers:

 Function: Utilize a matrix of pins to create characters and graphics.

 Usage: Affordable and robust, often used for printing labels, receipts, or multipart forms
where quality isn't a primary concern.
 Pros: Affordable, durable, multi-part capable.
 Cons: Low print quality, noisy.

Daisy Wheel Printers:

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 Function: Create high-quality text using a rotating wheel with embossed characters.
 Usage: Largely replaced by laser printers, but still valued for their crisp, letter-quality output
in applications like professional letters or invitations.
 Pros: High-quality text, durable.
 Cons: Slow printing speed, expensive ribbons.

Laser Printers:

 Function: Use a laser beam to create an electrostatic image on a drum, then transfer toner to
paper for fast, high-resolution printing.
 Usage: Most common type of printer for office and home use due to its versatility, speed, and
quality.
 Pros: Fast, high-resolution printing, affordable toner, good graphics capabilities.
 Cons: Higher initial cost, larger footprint.

Inkjet Printers:

 Function: Spray tiny droplets of ink onto paper, offering good color printing and affordability.
 Usage: Popular for home and personal use due to their affordability and color printing
capabilities.
 Pros: Affordable, good color printing, compact size.

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 Cons: Slower than laser printers, ink can be expensive, ink can dry out.

Plotters:

 Function: Large format printers used for creating precise drawings, blueprints, and technical
diagrams.
 Usage: Primarily used in engineering, architecture, and design fields for high-precision output
on larger formats.
 Pros: High-precision printing, large format capabilities.
 Cons: Expensive, slower than other printers.

Soft Copy Devices:

Soft copy devices display or output digital information without creating a physical copy. Here
are some of the most common ones:

Monitor:

 Function: Displays visual information on a screen.

Monitor computer device

 Usage: Essential for interacting with computers, showing text, images, videos, and
applications. Widely used in desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.

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  Types: Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and Light-Emitting Diode (LED) are the most
common, with variations in size, resolution, refresh rate, and panel technology affecting image
quality and viewing experience.

Sound Cards and Speakers:

 Function: Together, they enable playback of digital audio through speakers or headphones.

chevron_right

Sound card computer device

 Sound Cards: Convert digital audio signals from the computer into analog signals that speakers
can understand. Also handle recording audio if the device has a microphone.
 Speakers: Reproduce the converted audio signals as sound waves. Come in various
sizes, configurations (stereo, surround sound), and quality levels, impacting the listening
experience.

Headsets:

 Function: Combine headphones and a microphone in a single unit, allowing for hands-free
communication and audio listening.

Headset computer device

 Usage: Popular for video calls, online gaming, listening to music or podcasts while
multitasking, and taking calls on the go.
 Benefits: Convenient, hands-free experience, good audio quality with noise cancellation in some
models.

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  Considerations: Comfort for extended wear, microphone quality, compatibility with devices.

Projectors:

 Function: Project an enlarged image from a computer or other source onto a screen or surface.

Projector computer device

 Usage: Presentations, home theater setups, outdoor movie nights, classrooms, conferences.
 Benefits: Large, immersive viewing experience, portable options available.
 Considerations: Ambient light conditions, screen quality, projector brightness and resolution.

E-readers:

 Function: Portable devices specifically designed for reading digital books and other text formats.

Ereader device

 Usage: Reading ebooks, newspapers, magazines, and other text-based content without the bulk of
physical books.
 Benefits: Lightweight, long battery life, glare-free displays, large storage capacity, adjustable font
size and lighting.
 Considerations: Cost compared to physical books, limited multimedia capabilities.

*******Unit 4 Completed ***********

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 UNIT V COMPUTER NETWORKS AND INTERNET STANDARDS
Internet:
 Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers across the world with
each other and to the World Wide Web.
 It uses standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to connect billions of computer users
worldwide.
 It is set up by using cables such as optical fibers and other wireless and networking
technologies.

Basic of Computer networks:

 Computer Network is a group of computers connected with each other through wires, optical fibres or optical links so that
various devices can interact with each other through a network.
 The aim of the computer network is the sharing of resources among various devices.
 In the case of computer network technology, there are several types of networks that vary from simple to complex level.

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Hub:

 Hub is a central device that splits the network connection into multiple devices.
 When computer requests for information from a computer, it sends the request to the Hub.
 Hub distributes this request to all the interconnected computers.

Switches:

 Switch is a networking device that groups all the devices over the network to transfer the data to
another device.
 A switch is better than Hub as it does not broadcast the message over the network.

Cables and connectors:

Cable is a transmission media that transmits the communication signals. There are three types of cables:

 Twisted pair cable: It is a high-speed cable that transmits the data over 1Gbps or more.
 Coaxial cable: Coaxial cable resembles like a TV installation cable. Coaxial cable is more expensive
than twisted pair cable, but it provides the high data transmission speed.
 Fibre optic cable: Fibre optic cable is a high-speed cable that transmits the data using light beams. It
provides high data transmission speed as compared to other cables. It is more expensive as compared
to other cables, so it is installed at the government level.

Router:

 Router is a device that connects the LAN to the internet.

 The router is mainly used to connect the distinct networks or connect the internet to multiple
computers.

Modem:

 Modem connects the computer to the internet over the existing telephone line.
 A modem is not integrated with the computer motherboard. A modem is a separate part on the PC
slot found on the motherboard.

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LAN(Local Area Network):

 Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as building,
office.
 LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication medium such
as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
 It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters, and ethernet
cables.
 The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.
 Local Area Network provides higher security.

PAN(Personal Area Network):

 Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a range of
10 meters.
 Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal use is known as
Personal Area Network.
 Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the Personal Area Network.
 Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
 Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are the laptop, mobile
phones, media player and play stations.

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There are two types of Personal Area Network:

 Wired Personal Area Network

 Wireless Personal Area Network

Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal Area Network is developed by simply using wireless technologies such as
WiFi, Bluetooth. It is a low range network.

Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created by using the USB.

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network):

 A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a
different LAN to form a larger network.
 Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
 In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line.
 The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.
 It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

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WAN(Wide Area Network):

 A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or
countries.
 A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
 A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical area
through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
 The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
 A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education.

Concepts of internet:

Networks:

 The internet is essentially a network of networks. It connects millions of computers, servers, and
other devices worldwide.
 These networks can be local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), or global networks.

Protocols:

 Protocols are rules and standards that govern how data is transmitted and received over the internet.
 The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) are fundamental protocols
that form the basis of internet communication (TCP/IP).

IP Addressing:

 Every device connected to the internet is assigned a unique identifier called an IP address.

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 IP addresses allow devices to communicate with each other over the internet. There are two versions
of IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6.

Domain Name System (DNS):

 DNS translates domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into IP addresses.

 This system makes it easier for users to remember and access websites by using human-readable
domain names instead of numeric IP addresses.

World Wide Web (WWW):

 The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet.
 It allows users to navigate between web pages using hyperlinks and view multimedia content.

Web Browsers:

 Web browsers are software applications that allow users to access and navigate the World Wide Web.
Popular web browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Safari.

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP):

 HTTP is the protocol used for transferring hypertext documents on the World Wide Web.
 It defines how web servers and web browsers communicate with each other to request and deliver
web pages.

HyperText Markup Language (HTML):

 HTML is the standard markup language used to create web pages.

 It defines the structure and content of a web page using tags and attributes.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL):

 A URL is a web address that specifies the location of a resource on the internet.
 It typically consists of a protocol (e.g., http://), domain name (e.g., www.example.com), and optional
path to the resource.

Email:

 Email (electronic mail) is a widely used method of exchanging digital messages over the internet.
 It allows users to send and receive messages, attachments, and other content asynchronously.

Applications of Internet:

Communication:
 Communication refers to exchanging ideas and thoughts between or among people to create
understanding.
 The communication process involves the elements of source, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding,
and feedback.

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Web Browsing:
 Web Browsing is one of the applications of the internet.
 A web browser is a program that helps the user to interact with all the data in the WWW (World
Wide Web). There are many web browsers present in today's world.
Example:
1. Google Chrome
2. Firefox
3. Microsoft Edge

Online Shopping:
 The era of the internet took shopping into a new market concept, where many virtual shops are
available 24x7.
 The shops provide all the necessary details of a product on their website, so the user can choose as
per their needs.

Social Media:
 The youth of this generation spend the maximum of their free time on social media, all thanks to the
internet.
 Social media is a place where the user can communicate with anyone, like friends, family, classmates,
etc. User can promote their businesses on social media as well.
Job Search:
 The internet has brought a revolution in the field of Jobs.
 The candidate can search for their dream job, apply and get it very easily. Even companies nowadays
post their need on the internet and hire candidates as per their skills based on the job role.
Example:
1. LinkedIn
2. Naukari.com
3. Indeed

Education:
 The Internet has a vital role in the education field. It became an effective tool in both teaching and
learning.
 Teachers can upload their notes or learning videos on the websites with the help of the internet. It
made the learning process more diverse and joyful.

Travel:
 Users can easily search for their favourite tourist places worldwide and plan their trips.
 One can book holiday trips, cabs, hotels, flight tickets, clubs, etc., with the help of the Internet.
Example:
1. goibibo.com
2. makemytrip.com

What is ISP:

 ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. It is a company that provides access to the internet and similar
services such as Website designing and virtual hosting.
 For example, when you connect to the Internet, the connection between your Internet-enabled device and the
internet is executed through a specific transmission technology that involves the transfer of information
packets through an Internet Protocol route.

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Dial-up Internet access:

 It is the oldest technology to provide Internet access by modem to modem connection using
telephone lines.
 In this method, the user's computer is connected to a modem with a telephone line.
 This method has become outdated today due to slow connection speed.

DSL:

 DSL, which stands for 'digital subscriber line' is an advanced version of the dial-up Internet access
method.
 It uses high frequency to execute a connection over the telephone network and allows the internet and
the phone connection to run on the same telephone line.
 This method offers an Asymmetric Digital Subscriber (ADSL), where the upload speed is less than
the download speed, and a Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), which offers equal upload
and download speeds.

Wireless Broadband (WiBB):

 It is a modern broadband technology for Internet access. It allows high-speed wireless internet within
a large area.
 To use this technology, you are required to place a dish on the top of your house and point it to the
transmitter of your Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP).

Wi-Fi Internet:

 It is the short form for "wireless fidelity," which is a wireless networking technology that provides
wireless high-speed Internet connections using radio waves.
 To use the internet, you are required to be within the range of wi-fi network. It is commonly used in
public places such as hotels, airports, restaurants to provide internet access to customers.

ISDN:

 It is a short form of Integrated Services Digital Network. It is a telephone system network which
integrates a high-quality digital transmission of voice and data over the same standard phone line.
 It offers a fast upstream and downstream Internet connection speed and allows both voice calls and
data transfer.

Ethernet:

 It is a wired LAN where computers are connected within a primary physical space. It enables
devices to communicate with each other via a protocol (a set of rules or common network language).
 It may provide different speeds such as 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps and 10 Gbps.

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Basics of internet connectivity related troubleshooting:

Cable Problem:
 The cable which is used to connect two devices can get faulty, shortened or can be physically
damaged.
Connectivity Problem:
 The port or interface on which the device is connected or configured can be physically down or faulty
due to which the source host will not be able to communicate with the destination host.
Configuration Issue:
 Due to a wrong configuration, looping the IP, routing problem and other configuration issues,
network fault may arise and the services will get affected.
Software Issue:
 Owing to software compatibility issues and version mismatch, the transmission of IP data packets
between the source and destination is interrupted.
Traffic overload:
 If the link is over utilized then the capacity or traffic on a device is more than the carrying capacity
of it and due to overload condition the device will start behaving abnormally.
Network IP issue:
 Due to improper configuration of IP addresses and subnet mask and routing IP to the next hop, the
source will not be able to reach the destination IP through the network.

World Wide Web:

 The World Wide Web was invented by a British scientist, Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.

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 Originally, it was developed by him to fulfill the need of automated information sharing between
scientists across the world, so that they could easily share the data and results of their experiments
and studies with each other.
 World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of websites or web pages stored in
web servers and connected to local computers through the internet.
 These websites contain text pages, digital images, audios, videos, etc. Users can access the content of
these sites from any part of the world over the internet using their devices such as computers, laptops,
cell phones, etc.
 The WWW, along with internet, enables the retrieval and display of text and media to your device.
 The building blocks of the Web are web pages which are formatted in HTML and connected by links
called "hypertext" or hyperlinks and accessed by HTTP.
 These links are electronic connections that link related pieces of information so that users can access
the desired information quickly.
 Hypertext offers the advantage to select a word or phrase from text and thus to access other pages
that provide additional information related to that word or phrase.
 A web page is given an online address called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
 A particular collection of web pages that belong to a specific URL is called a website,
e.g., www.facebook.com, www.google.com, etc. So, the World Wide Web is like a huge electronic
book whose pages are stored on multiple servers across the world.

Web Browsing software:

 A browser is a software program that is used to explore, retrieve, and display the information
available on the World Wide Web.
 This information may be in the form of pictures, web pages, videos, and other files that all are
connected via hyperlinks and categorized with the help of URLs (Uniform Resource Identifiers). For
example, you are viewing this page by using a browser.
History of the Web Browsers:
 The first web browser World Wide Web was invented in the year of 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee.
Later, it becomes Nexus.
 In the year of 1993, a new browser Mosaic was invented by Mark Andreessen and their team. It
was the first browser to display text and images at a time on the device screen.
 He also invents another browser Netscape in 1994. Next year Microsoft launched a web browser
Internet Explorer which was already installed in the Windows operating system.
Web Browsers
Google Chrome:
 Developed by Google, Chrome is one of the most widely-used web browsers in the world, known
for its speed and simplicity.

Mozilla Firefox:

 Developed by the Mozilla Foundation, Firefox is an open-source browser that is known for its
privacy features and customization options.

Apple Safari:

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 Developed by Apple, Safari is the default browser on Mac and iOS devices and is known for its
speed and integration with other Apple products.
Microsoft Edge:
 Developed by Microsoft, Edge is the default browser on Windows 10 and is known for its
integration with other Microsoft products and services.
Opera:
 Developed by Opera Software, Opera is a web browser that is known for its speed and built-in
VPN feature.
Search Engines:
 A search engine is an online answering machine, which is used to search, understand, and organize
content's result in its database based on the search query (keywords) inserted by the end-users
(internet user).
 To display search results, all search engines first find the valuable result from their database, sort
them to make an ordered list based on the search algorithm, and display in front of end-users.
 The process of organizing content in the form of a list is commonly known as a Search Engine
Results Page (SERP).
 Example Google, Yahoo!, YouTube.
Understanding URL:

 A URL is a type of uniform resource identifier and is address of a resource on the World Wide Web
and the protocol used to access it. It is used to indicate the location of a web resource to access the
web pages.
 The URL sends users to a specific resource online such as video, webpage, or other resources.
 When you search any query on Google, it will display the multiple URLs of the resource that are all
related to your search query. The displayed URLs are the hyperlink to access the webpages.

Example www.Google.com

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Domain name:
 A domain name is a string of text that maps to an alphanumeric IP address, used to access a website
from client software.
 In plain English, a domain name is the text that a user types into a browser window to reach a
particular website.
 For instance, the domain name for Google is ‘google.com’.
 The actual address of a website is a complex numerical IP address (e.g. 192.0.2.2), but thanks to DNS,
users are able to enter human-friendly domain names and be routed to the websites they are looking
for.
 This process is known as a DNS lookup.
Types of Domain Names :
 DNS has organized all the domain names in a hierarchical structure.
 At the top of this hierarchy come various Top-level domains followed by second and third-level
domains and sub-domains.
Top Level Domains (TLD) :
 The Top Level Domains are at the highest level in DNS structure of the Internet.
 It is sometimes also referred to as an extension. It is further categorized into- country code TLDs
and generic TLDs which Country is described as follows –
Country code Top Level Domain (ccDLDs) :
 It consists of two-letter domains that include one entry for every country.
 Example – .in for India, .au for Australia, .us for United Nations, .jp for Japan etc.
 To target the local audience it is used by companies and organizations .
 Only the residents of the country are allowed to is their specified ccTLD but now some countries
allowed the users outside their country to register their corresponding ccTLDs.
Generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs) :
 These are open for registration to all the users regardless of their citizenship, residence or age.
 Some of the gTLD s are .com for commercial sites, .net for network companies, .biz for
business, .org for organizations, .edu for education.
There are various other levels which are below TLDs –

Second Level :
 It is just below the TLD in the DNS hierarchy. It is also named as the label. Example: in .co.in, .co
is the second-level domain under the .in in ccTLD.
Third Level :
 It is directly below the second level. Example: in yahoo.co.in, .yahoo is the third level domain
under the second level domain .co which is under the .in ccTLD.
Sub-domain :
 It is the part of a higher domain name in DNS hierarchy. Example: yahoo.com comprises a
subdomain of the .com domain, and login.yahoo.com comprises a subdomain of the
domain .yahoo.com.

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IP Address or Internet Protocol Address:

 An IP address is the identifier that enables your device to send or receive data packets across the
internet.
 It holds information related to your location and therefore making devices available for two-way
communication.
 The internet requires a process to distinguish between different networks, routers, and websites.
 Therefore, IP addresses provide the mechanism of doing so, and it forms an indispensable part in the
working of the internet. You will notice that most of the IP addresses are essentially numerical.
 Still, as the world is witnessing a colossal growth of network users, the network developers had to
add letters and some addresses as internet usage grows.
 An IP address is represented by a series of numbers segregated by periods(.). They are expressed in
the form of four pairs - an example address might be 255.255.255.255 wherein each set can range
from 0 to 255.
 IP addresses are not produced randomly. They are generated mathematically and are further assigned
by the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), a department of the ICANN.
 ICANN stands for Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. It is a non-profit
corporation founded in the US back in 1998 with an aim to manage Internet security and enable it to
be available by all.

Types of IP addresses:

1. Private IP addresses

 All the devices that are linked with your internet network are allocated a private IP address.
 It holds computers, desktops, laptops, smartphones, tablets, or even Wi-Fi-enabled gadgets such as
speakers, printers, or smart Televisions.
 With the expansion of IoT (internet of things), the demand for private IP addresses at individual
homes is also seemingly growing.

2. Public IP addresses

 A public IP address or primary address represents the whole network of devices associated with it.
 Every device included within with your primary address contains their own private IP address.
 ISP is responsible to provide your public IP address to your router.
 Typically, ISPs contains the bulk stock of IP addresses that they dispense to their clients. Your public
IP address is practiced by every device to identify your network that is residing outside your internet
network.

Public IP addresses are further classified into two categories- dynamic and static.

Dynamic IP addresses:

 As the name suggests, Dynamic IP addresses change automatically and frequently.

 With this types of IP address, ISPs already purchase a bulk stock of IP addresses and allocate them in
some order to their customers.
 Periodically, they re-allocate the IP addresses and place the used ones back into the IP addresses
pool so they can be used later for another client.
 The foundation for this method is to make cost savings profits for the ISP.

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Static IP addresses:

 In comparison to dynamic IP addresses, static addresses are constant in nature.

 The network assigns the IP address to the device only once and, it remains consistent.
 Though most firms or individuals do not prefer to have a static IP address, it is essential to have a
static IP address for an organization that wants to host its network server. It protects websites and
email addresses linked with it with a constant IP address.

Using e-governance website:

 E-governance is the best utilization of information and communication technologies to mutate and
upgrade the coherence, productivity, efficacy, transparency, and liability of informational and
transnational interchanges within government, between government agencies at different levels,
citizens & businesses.
 It also gives authorization to citizens through access and use of information. Generally, E-
governance uses information and communication technologies at various levels of the government
and the public sector to enhance governance.
 Theoretical studies state that E-Governance is the procedure of change of the correlation of
government with its ingredients, the citizens, the businesses, and its own organs, through the use of
tools of information and communication technology.
Basics of electronic mail:
 Email is a service which allows us to send the message in electronic mode over the internet. It offers
an efficient, inexpensive and real time mean of distributing information among people.

E-Mail Address

 Each user of email is assigned a unique name for his email account. This name is known as E-mail
address. Different users can send and receive messages according to the e-mail address.
 E-mail is generally of the form username@domainname.

E-mail Header

From

The From field indicates the sender’s address i.e. who sent the e-mail.

Date

The Date field indicates the date when the e-mail was sent.

To

The To field indicates the recipient’s address i.e. to whom the e-mail is sent.

Subject

The Subject field indicates the purpose of e-mail. It should be precise and to the point.

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CC

CC stands for Carbon copy. It includes those recipient addresses whom we want to keep informed but not
exactly the intended recipient.

BCC

BCC stands for Black Carbon Copy. It is used when we do not want one or more of the recipients to
know that someone else was copied on the message.

Greeting

Greeting is the opening of the actual message. Eg. Hi Sir or Hi Guys etc.

Text

It represents the actual content of the message.

Signature

This is the final part of an e-mail message. It includes Name of Sender, Address, and Contact Number.

Getting an email account:

 Getting an email account is a good step towards staying connected and organized online. To guide
you better, I'll need some information about your preferences:

What are you planning to use the email account for?

1. Personal use (family, friends, social media)

2. Professional use (work, communication, applications)
3. Specific needs (gaming, online shopping, hobbies)

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Do you have any specific features in mind?

4. Large storage space

5. Strong spam filtering
6. Mobile app availability
7. Integration with other services (calendar, cloud storage)

Do you have a budget in mind?

 Free email accounts are available, but often come with limitations.
 Paid email accounts offer more features and storage, but require a subscription.

 Once I understand your needs better, I can recommend the best email service for you and guide you
through the signup process. Additionally, here are some popular options to consider:

Free email providers:

 Gmail (by Google): Offers large storage, mobile app, security features.
 Outlook.com (by Microsoft): Integrates with Microsoft services, good spam filtering.
 Yahoo Mail: Classic option with decent features.
 ProtonMail: Focuses on privacy and security.

Paid email providers:

 Zoho Mail: Affordable option with business features.

 ProtonMail Plus: Paid version of ProtonMail with more storage and features.
 iCloud Mail (by Apple): Integrates with Apple devices and services.
 Workspace Email (by Google): Customizable business email with advanced features.
 It seems you'd like to learn about several different topics related to email and online
communication. I'm happy to help! Here's a breakdown of each topic and some pointers:

Sending and Receiving Emails:

 Basics: Learn how to compose an email, address it correctly, include attachments, and use
reply/forward functions. Many email platforms offer tutorials or guides.
 Using different platforms: Different email providers like Gmail, Outlook, Yahoo Mail, etc., have
slightly different interfaces. Get familiar with your chosen platform's layout and features.
 Security: Be cautious about phishing scams and suspicious emails. Don't open attachments or
click on links from unknown senders. Use strong passwords and enable two-factor authentication.

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Accessing Sent Emails:

 Sent folder: Most email platforms have a "Sent" folder where you can find copies of all emails
you sent.
 Search function: Use the search bar to find specific emails by sender, recipient, keyword, or date.
 Filters: Create filters to organize your sent emails by recipient, project, or other criteria.

Using Emails:

 Communication: Email is a great way to communicate with friends, family, colleagues, and
businesses. Be clear, concise, and respectful in your messages.
 Collaboration: Share documents, spreadsheets, and presentations with others via email
attachments or cloud storage links.
 Professionalism: When using email for professional purposes, maintain a professional tone and
format. Proofread your messages before sending.

Document Collaboration:

 Cloud storage: Platforms like Google Drive, Dropbox, or Microsoft OneDrive allow you to share
documents, collaborate in real-time, and track changes.
 Project management tools: Trello, Asana, or Monday.com offer features for task management, file
sharing, and communication within teams.
 Communication: Discuss edits, feedback, and deadlines clearly with collaborators through email
or instant messaging.

Instant Messaging:

 Platforms: Popular choices include WhatsApp, Telegram, Discord, and Slack.

 Choosing a platform: Consider factors like privacy, group chat features, and integration with other
tools you use.
 Etiquette: Be mindful of response times, avoid spamming, and respect online boundaries.

Netiquettes:

 Respect: Treat others online with the same respect you would in person. Avoid
flaming, trolling, or using offensive language.
 Privacy: Be mindful of what information you share online and respect the privacy of others.
 Accuracy: Double-check information before sharing it and avoid spreading misinformation.
 Professionalism: Maintain a professional tone and language when communicating in work-related
contexts.

*******Unit 5 Completed ***********

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