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C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition 9-1

Chapter 9
Records (structs)
A Guide to this Instructor’s Manual:

We have designed this Instructor’s Manual to supplement and enhance your teaching
experience through classroom activities and a cohesive chapter summary.

This document is organized chronologically, using the same headings that you see in the
textbook. Under the headings, you will find lecture notes that summarize the section, Teacher
Tips, Classroom Activities, and Lab Activities. Pay special attention to teaching tips and
activities geared towards quizzing your students and enhancing their critical thinking skills.

In addition to this Instructor’s Manual, our Instructor’s Resources also contain PowerPoint
Presentations, Test Banks, and other supplements to aid in your teaching experience.

At a Glance

Instructor’s Manual Table of Contents

• Overview

• Objectives

• Teaching Tips

• Quick Quizzes

• Class Discussion Topics

• Additional Projects

• Additional Resources

• Key Terms

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition 9-2

Lecture Notes

Overview
In Chapter 9, students will be introduced to a data type that can be heterogeneous. They
will learn how to group together related values that are of differing types using records,
which are also known as structs in C++. First, they will explore how to create
structs, perform operations on structs, and manipulate data using a struct.
Next, they will examine the relationship between structs and functions and learn
how to use structs as arguments to functions. Finally, students will explore ways to
create and use an array of structs in an application.

Objectives
In this chapter, the student will:
• Learn about records (structs)
• Examine various operations on a struct
• Explore ways to manipulate data using a struct
• Learn about the relationship between a struct and functions
• Examine the difference between arrays and structs
• Discover how arrays are used in a struct
• Learn how to create an array of struct items
• Learn how to create structs within a struct

Teaching Tips
Records (structs)

1. Define the C++ struct data type and describe why it is useful in programming.

Discuss how previous programming examples and projects that used parallel
Teaching
arrays or vectors might be simplified by using a struct to hold related
Tip
information.

2. Examine the syntax of a C++ struct.

3. Using the examples in this section, explain how to define a struct type and then
declare variables of that type.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition 9-3

Accessing struct Members

1. Explain how to access the members of a struct using the C++ member access
operator.
2. Use the code snippets in this section to illustrate how to assign values to struct
members.

Mention that the struct and class data types both use the member access
operator. Spend a few minutes discussing the history of the struct data type
and how it relates to C++ classes and object-oriented programming. Note that the
struct is a precursor to the class data type. Explain that the struct was
introduced in C to provide the ability to group heterogeneous data members
together and, for the purposes of this chapter, is used in that manner as well.
Teaching However, in C++, a struct has the same ability as a class to group data and
Tip
operations into one data type. In fact, a struct in C++ is interchangeable with
a class, with a couple of exceptions. By default, access to a struct from
outside the struct is public, whereas access to a class from outside the
class is private by default. The importance of this will be discussed later in the
text. Memory management is also handled differently for structs and
classes.

Quick Quiz 1
1. True or False: A struct is typically a homogenous data structure.
Answer: False

2. The components of a struct are called the ____________________ of the struct.

Answer: members

3. A struct statement ends with a(n) ____________________.

Answer: semicolon

4. True or False: A struct is typically defined before the definitions of all the functions
in a program.
Answer: True

Assignment

1. Explain that the values of one struct variable are copied into another struct
variable of the same type using one assignment statement. Note that this is equivalent to
assigning each member variable individually.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition 9-4

Note how memory is handled in assignment operations involving struct

Teaching
variables of the same type; namely, that the values of the members of one
Tip
struct are copied into the member variables of the other struct.

Comparison (Relational Operators)

1. Emphasize that no relational aggregate operations are allowed on structs. Instead,

comparisons must be made member-wise, similar to an array.

Ask your students why they think assignment operations are permitted on
Teaching
struct types, but not relational operations. Discuss the issue of determining
Tip
how to compare a data type that consists of other varying data types.

Input/Output

1. Note that unlike an array, aggregate input and output operations are not allowed on
structs.

Mention that the stream and the relational operators can be overloaded to provide
Teaching
the proper functionality for a struct type and, in fact, that this is a standard
Tip
technique used by C++ programmers.

struct Variables and Functions

1. Emphasize that a C++ struct may be passed as a parameter by value or by reference,

and it can also be returned from a function.

2. Illustrate parameter passing with structs using the code snippets in this section.

Arrays versus structs

1. Using Table 9-1, discuss the similarities and differences between structs and arrays.

Spend a few minutes comparing the aggregate operations that are allowed on
Teaching structs and arrays. What might account for the differences? Use your previous
Tip exposition on the history of structs and memory management to facilitate this
discussion.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition 9-5

Arrays in structs

1. Explain how to include an array as a member of a struct.

2. Using Figure 9-5, discuss situations in which creating a struct type with an array as a
member might be useful. In particular, discuss its usefulness in applications such as the
sequential search algorithm.

Ask your students to think of other applications in which using an array as a

member of a struct might be useful. For example, are there applications in
Teaching
which parameter passing might be reduced by using struct members in
Tip
conjunction with arrays? Also, are there other data members that would be useful
to include in the listType struct presented in this section?

3. Discuss situations in which a struct should be passed by reference rather than by

value. Use the sequential search function presented in this section as an example.

structs in Arrays

1. Discuss how structs can be used as array elements to organize and process data
efficiently.

2. Examine the employee record in this section as an example of using an array of

structs. Discuss the code for the struct as well as the array processing code. Use
Figure 9-7 to clarify the code.

Emphasize that using a structured data type, such as a struct or class, as the
Teaching element type of an array is a common technique. Using the vector class as an
Tip example, reiterate that object-oriented languages typically have containers such
as list or array types that in turn store objects of any type.

structs within a struct

1. Discuss how structs can be nested within other structs as a means of organizing
related data.

2. Using the employee record in Figure 9-8, illustrate how to reorganize a large amount of
related information with nested structs.

3. Encourage your students to step through the “Sales Data Analysis” Programming
Example at the end of the chapter to consolidate the concepts discussed in this chapter.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition 9-6

Quick Quiz 2
1. What types of aggregate operations are allowed on structs?
Answer: assignment

2. Can struct variables be passed as parameters to functions? If so, how?

Answer: struct variables can be passed as parameters either by value or by reference.

3. True or False: A variable of type struct may not contain another struct.
Answer: False

4. True or False: A variable of type struct may contain an array.

Answer: True

Class Discussion Topics

1. With the advent of object-oriented programming, is it ever necessary to use C-type
structs rather than classes? If so, when? What are the advantages or disadvantages of
each approach?

2. Discuss how the object-oriented concept of reusability relates to structs, structs

within arrays, arrays within structs, and structs within structs. Ask students to
think of some applications in which defining these data types for later use would be
beneficial.

Additional Projects
1. Write a program that reads students’ names followed by their test scores. The program
should output each student’s name followed by the test scores and the relevant grade. It
should also find and print the lowest, highest, and average test score. Output the name
of the students having the highest test score.

Student data should be stored in a struct variable of type studentType, which has
four components: studentFName and studentLName of type string, testScore
of type int (testScore is between 0 and 100), and grade of type char. Suppose
that the class has 20 students. Use an array of 20 components of type studentType.

2. Write a program that lists all the capitals for countries in a specific region of the world.
Use an array of structs to store this information. The struct should include the
capital, the country, the continent, and the population. You might include additional
information as well, such as the languages spoken in each capital. Output the countries
with the smallest and largest populations.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition 9-7

Additional Resources
1. Data Structures:
http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/structures/

2. struct (C++):
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/64973255.aspx

3. Classes, Structures, and Unions:

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/4a1hcx0y.aspx

Key Terms
 Member access operator: the dot (.) placed between the struct and the name of one
of its members; used to access members of a struct
 struct: a collection of heterogeneous components in which the components are
accessed by the variable name of the struct, the member access operator, and the
variable name of the component

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
They uttered a shout of joy on perceiving their chiefs, and, eagerly
rising, ran to meet them.
"Good day, gentlemen," Leon said, as he leaped from his horse. "I
am rather behind my time, but you must blame the night storm,
which compelled us to halt on the road. Is there any news?"
"None, captain," they answered.
"In that case listen to me. Ten of you will stay here, and at four
o'clock tomorrow morning proceed with twelve mules to the house
of Don Juan y Soto-Mayor, and place yourselves at the orders of that
gentleman, whom you will accompany to Valdivia." Diego set about
selecting the men whom he thought the best fitted for the
expedition; and after he had done so, Leon addressed the others.
"You will start for Valparaíso and await my orders there; you will
lodge at Crevel's, in the Calle San Agostino, and at Dominique the
Italian's, at the Almendral. Above all," he added, "be prudent, and
do not attract attention; amuse yourselves like good fellows, but do
not quarrel with the señores, or have any fights with the sailors. You
understand me, I suppose?"
"Yes, captain," they all answered.
"Very well. Now I will give each of you five ounces to cover your
expenses, and do not forget that I may want you at any moment,
and you must be ever ready to obey my summons."
He gave them the money, and after repeating his recommendations,
he retired, leaving it to Diego to give the men who were proceeding
to Valparaíso the final instructions which they might need. The
smugglers removed all traces of their meal, and each of them
hurried to saddle his horse. A few minutes later, forty men of the
band set out under the guidance of the oldest among them.
Diego watched them start, and then returned to Leon, who was
resting from his fatigue on a small turf mound, overshadowed by a
magnificent clump of trees. The Vaquero held in his hand the
alforjas which he had taken off his horse; he examined the place
where Leon was seated, and finding it as he wished, he sat down by
his side; then taking out of the bag a clumsy carved earthern pipe,
into which he fitted a long stem, he began to strike a light over a
small horn box filled with burnt rags, which soon caught fire. When
his pipe was lighted, he began smoking silently.
Leon, on seeing these preparations, understood that something
important was about to take place between him and Diego, and
waited. At the expiration of five minutes, the latter passed him his
pipe; Leon drew several puffs and then returned it to him. These
preliminaries completed, Diego began to speak.
"Leon, three years have passed since Heaven brought us together
on the pampas of Buenos Aires; since that moment—and I shall
never forget it, brother—everything has been in common between
us—pleasure and pain, joy and sorrow."
Leon bowed his head in the affirmative, and the half-breed
continued:
"Still, there is one point upon which our mouths have ever remained
silent, and it is the one which refers to the life of each of us before
that which we now lead together."
Leon looked at him in amazement.
"It is not a want of confidence," Diego hastily added, "but the slight
interest we felt in cross-questioning each other, which alone is the
cause. Of what use is it to know the past life of a man, if from the
day when you first saw him he has not ceased to be honest and
loyal? Besides, the hours are too short in the pampas for men to
dream of asking such questions."
"What are you coming to?" Leon at length asked.
"Listen, brother. I will not question you about what I care little to
know, but I wish to tell you something you must know. The moment
has arrived to speak; and though the story I have to tell you is
gloomy and terrible, I am accomplishing a duty."
"Speak, then," said Leon.
The half-breed passed his hand over his forehead, and for a moment
collected his recollections. Leon waited in silence.

CHAPTER V.

THE INCA OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

"Long ago, very long ago," Diego, the Vaquero, began, "all the lands
bordering the bay of Valparaíso belonged to the Indians, whose vast
hunting grounds extended on one side from the lofty peaks of the
Cordilleras down to the sea, and on the other covered the Pampas of
Buenos Aires, of Paraguay—in a word, all the splendid countries from
which they have eternally disappeared, and it is impossible to find a
trace of the moccasins which trod them during centuries."
"The Indians were at that day free, happy, powerful, and more
numerous than the grains of sand in the bed of the sea. But one day
strange news spread among them: it was said that white men, who
had come no one knew whence, and mounted on immense winged
horses, had suddenly appeared in Peru."
"I need not remind you of all that occurred in consequence of this
news, which was only too true, or describe to you the hideous
massacres committed by the Spaniards, in order to reduce the
unhappy Indians to slavery, for it is a story which everybody knows.
But what you are possibly ignorant of is, that during one of the dark
and stormy nights which followed this invasion, a dozen men of
majestic demeanour, with haughty though care-laden brows, were
seen to land from a canoe half broken by the waves and jagged
rocks."
"They were Indians who had miraculously escaped from the sack of
Quito, and had come to present themselves as suppliants to the
elders of the Araucano nation. Among them was a man whom they
respectfully obeyed. He was the son of the sister of the valiant
Atahualpa, King of Quito, and his name was Tahi-Mari. When in the
presence of the elders, Tahi-Mari gave them a narration of the
misfortunes which had struck him."
"He had a daughter, Mikaa, the purest and loveliest of the daughters
of the Sun. When conquered by the Spaniards, who, after killing two
of his sons, set fire to his palace, Tahi-Mari, followed by his three
sons left home, rushed toward the palace of the Sun, in order to
save his daughter, if there were still time."
"It was night: the volcano was roaring hoarsely, and hurling into the
air long jets of fire, whose lurid and sinister gleams combined with
the flames of the fire kindled by the conquerors of this unhappy city.
The squares and streets were encumbered with a terrified multitude,
who fled in all directions with terrible cries from the pursuit of the
Spanish soldiers, who, intoxicated with blood and carnage,
massacred mercilessly old men, women, and children, in order to
tear from their quivering bodies the gold collars and ornaments
which they wore. Neither tears, prayers, nor entreaties succeeded in
moving their ferocious executioners, who with yells and shrill
whistles excited their dogs to help them in this horrible manhunt."
"When Tahi-Mari reached the Temple of the Sun, that magnificent
edifice, which contained such riches, had become a prey to the
flames; a girdle of fire surrounded it on all sides, and from the
interior could be heard the groans of the hapless virgins who were
expiring in the tortures of a horrible death. Without calculating the
imminency of the peril, the poor father mad with grief and despair,
rushed into the burning furnace which opened its yawning mouth
before him."
"'My daughter! my daughter!' he cried. In vain did the flames singe
his clothing; in vain did frightful burns devour his hands and face: he
felt nothing, saw nothing; from his panting chest constantly issued
the piercing cry—"
"'My daughter! my daughter!'"
"Suddenly a half-naked virgin, with dishevelled hair, and her features
frightfully contracted, escaped from the flames; it was Mikaa. Tahi-
Mari, forgetting all that he had suffered, weepingly opened his arms
to the maiden, when a Spaniard, dressed in a brilliant garb, and
holding a sword in his hand, rushed upon Mikaa, and ere her father
had time to make a gesture thrust his weapon into her chest!"
"Oh, it is frightful!" Leon, who had hitherto listened to his comrade's
story in silence, could not refrain from exclaiming.
Diego made no reply, but a sinister smile played round his livid lips.
"The maiden fell bathed in her blood, and Tahi-Mari was about to
avenge her, when the Spaniard dealt him such a fierce blow that he
lost his consciousness. When he regained his senses the officer had
disappeared."
"It is infamous," Leon said again.
"And that officer's name was Don Ruíz de Soto-Mayor," Diego said, in
a hollow voice.
"Oh!" Leon muttered.
"Wait a moment, brother; let us continue, for I have not finished
yet."
"Though tracked like a wild beast, and incessantly hunted by the
Spaniards, Tahi-Mari, accompanied by his three sons and some
faithful friends, succeeded in getting away from Quito and reaching
the country of the Araucanos."
"After the Inca had recounted his misfortunes to the great Indian
Chief, the latter welcomed the fugitives with hearty marks of
affection; one of them, the venerable Kouni-hous-koui (he who is
respected), a descendant of one of the oldest families of the
Sagamores of the nation, exchanging his calumet with Tahi-Mari,
declared to him, in the name of the Araucanos, that the Council of
Elders adopted him as one of their caciques."
"From this day Tahi-Mari, owing to his courage and wisdom,
acquired the esteem of those who had given him a new country to
love and defend."
"Several years passed thus, and no sign led the Araucanos to
suspect that the Spaniards would ever dare to attack them; they
lived in a perfect state of security, when suddenly and without any
justification for the aggression, a Spanish fleet consisting of more
than thirty brigantines sailed into the bay of Valparaíso. They had no
sooner disembarked than they built a city, which soon saw the flag
of conquest floating from its walls."
"Still the Araucanos, although driven back by their terrible enemies,
were aroused by the voice of Tahi-Mari, and resolved to keep the
Spaniards constantly on their defence, by carrying on against them a
war of snares and ambushes, in which the enemy, owing to their
ignorance of the places where they fought, did not always get the
best of it."
"In the course of time, this perpetual war made them lose a great
number of soldiers, and feeling desperate at seeing several of their
men fall daily under the blows of invisible enemies, who seemed to
inhabit hollow trees, the tops of mountains, or the entrails of the
earth, they turned all their rage against Tahi-Mari, whose influence
over all the men who surrounded him they were aware of, and
resolved to get hold of him."
"But it was no easy matter, for the Inca was on his guard against
every attack, and was too well versed in the tactics of his enemy to
let himself be caught by cunning or treachery. And yet this was
destined to happen. There was among the Indian prisoners—alas! it
is disgraceful to say it, but it was so—a man who, given to habits of
intoxication and brought to Peru by the Spaniards, did not recoil
before the offer made him to betray his brothers, on condition that
they should give him as much aguardiente as he could drink."
"The Spanish captain, fertile in expedients, who had proposed this
cowardly bargain to the Indian, induced the latter to go to Tahi-Mari,
give himself out as an escaped prisoner, and, after inquiring into his
plans, urge him to surprise the Spaniards, of whose numbers,
position, and plan of campaign he was to give a false account. Once
that Tahi-Mari was in the power of the Spaniards, firewater would
amply compensate the traitor."
"All was carried out in the way the officer suggested; for could Tahi-
Mari suspect that an Araucano would betray him? He received him
on his arrival among his brothers with transports of joy, and then
questioned him as to the enemy's strength and means of defence.
This was what the Indian was waiting for: he answered the
questions asked him by adroitly dissimulating the truth, and ended
by asserting that nothing was easier than to take the Spanish troops
prisoners, and he offered to guide the expedition in person."
"The hope of a certain victory animated the Araucanos, who joyfully
greeted this proposition, and all was soon arranged for the start.
During the night following the traitor's arrival, five hundred men
picked from the bravest, and led by Tahi-Mari, descended the
mountain under the guidance of the treacherous Indian, and
marched silently upon a Spanish redoubt, in which they expected to
find the principal chiefs of the enemy and surprise them."
"But as they advanced they perceived a dark line which was almost
blended with the darkness, but which could not escape the piercing
glances of the Indians. This line formed an immense circle, which
surrounded them and became more contracted every moment. It
was the Spanish horse coming to meet them and preparing to attack
them."
"All at once Tahi-Mari uttered a yell of fury, and the head of the
traitor who had drawn them into the snare rolled at his feet; but ere
the Araucanos had time to retire, a number of horsemen, holding in
leash twenty of those ferocious dogs trained for man hunting,
rushed upon them. They were compelled to fight, and a terrible
massacre began, which lasted all night. Tahi-Mari performed
prodigies of valour. In the height of the action his eyes were injected
with blood and a lurid pallor covered his face; he had recognised
among those who were fighting the Spanish officer who killed his
daughter Mikaa on the threshold of the Temple of the Sun in so
dastardly a way. On his side the Spaniard rushed with incredible fury
upon the Inca."
"It was a sublime moment! The two men attacked each other with
equal fury, and the blood that flowed from their wounds stained
their weapons. The axe which the Inca held was already whirling
above the head of the Spaniard to deal him the final blow, when
Tahi-Mari fell back, uttering a yell of pain: an enormous hound
coming to the officer's assistance, had ripped open the Inca's
stomach. Taking advantage of Tahi-Mari's defenceless state, Don
Ruíz de Soto-Mayor despatched him by passing his sword right
through his body."
"The next day the Inca's body, frightfully mutilated, was burnt on the
public square of Valdivia, in the presence of a few Indians, who had
only escaped the sword of their murderers to die at a later date in
the punishment of a horrible captivity."
"Oh!" Leon exclaimed, who had felt his heart quiver; "it is frightful!"
"What shall I say, then?" Diego asked in his turn; "I who am the last
of the descendants of Tahi-Mari!"
At this unexpected revelation Leon started; he looked at Diego, and
understood that there was in this man's heart a hatred so deeply
rooted, and, above all, so long repressed, that on the day when it
broke out no power in the world would be strong enough to check
the terrible effects of its explosion. He hung his head, for he knew
not what to reply to this man who had to avenge such blood-stained
recollections. Diego took his friend's hand, and remarking the
emotion he had produced, added—
"I have told you, brother, what the ancestors of Don Juan de Souza
y Soto-Mayor made mine suffer, and your heart has bounded with
indignation, because you are loyal and brave; but what you do not
yet know is that the descendants of that family have faithfully
followed the conduct of the murderers of Tahi-Mari. Oh! there are
strange fatalities in a man's life! One day—and that day is close at
hand—you shall know the details of the existence which I have led,
and the sufferings which I have endured without a murmur; but at
the present day I will only speak of those of my race; afterwards I
will speak of myself."
While uttering the last words, a flash of joy like that which a tiger
feels when it holds a quivering prey under its claws passed into the
half-breed's eyes. He continued—
"My father died a victim to the cruelty of the Spaniards, who put him
to death because he dreamed of the independence of his country;
his brother followed him to the tomb, weeping for his loss."
"Diego! God has cruelly tried thee."
"I had a mother," Diego went on, with a slight tremor in his voice;
"she was the object of my father's dearest affections, and was young
and lovely. One day when she left the mountain to visit my father,
who was expiating within the walls of Valparaíso prison his
participation in a movement which had broken out among the
Araucanos, she met on the road a brilliant Spanish cavalier who
wore a lieutenant's epaulettes."
"The Spaniard fixed upon her an impassioned glance; she was
alarmed, and tried to fly, but the horseman prevented her, and in
spite of her prayers and supplications, she could not liberate herself
from the villain's arms. On the morrow Lieutenant Don Juan de Soto-
Mayor was able to boast among his friends, the noble chiefs of the
Spanish army, that he had possessed the chaste wife of Tahi-Mari
the Indian."
"Yes, it was again a Soto-Mayor. This accursed name has ever
hovered over the head of each member of my family, to crush it
under punishment, sorrow, shame, or humiliation. Each time that
one of us has reddened American soil with his blood, it was a Soto-
Mayor that shed it. Each time that a member of this family met a
member of mine, one was the executioner, the other the victim."
"And now, brother, you will ask me why, knowing that General Don
Juan de Souza y Soto-Mayor is the man who dishonoured my
mother, I did not choose among the weapons which hung from my
girdle the one which should pierce his heart?—why I have not some
night, when all were sleeping at the hacienda, carried within its walls
the all-devouring fire, and taken, according to Indian custom, eye for
eye and tooth for tooth?"
"Yes, I confess it; I should have quivered with pleasure had I seen
all the Soto-Mayors, who live calm and happy a few leagues from us,
writhing in the agonies of death. But I am the son of Tahi-Mari, and
I have another cause to defend beside my own—that of my nation.
And on the day when my arm falls on those whom I execrate, it will
not be the Soto-Mayors alone who perish, but all the Spaniards who
inhabit these countries."
"Ah! is it not strange to dream of enfranchisement after three
hundred years of slavery? Well, brother, the supreme moment is
close at hand; the blood of the Spaniard will again inundate the soil
of Peru, and the nineteenth century will avenge the sixteenth."
"That is the reason why you saw me so silent at the general's house;
that is why I agreed to escort him and his family to Valdivia, for my
plans are marvellously served by this journey. As for the girl you
love, as I told you, you shall see her again, and it will be the
beginning of the punishment which is destined to fall on this family."
Diego had risen, but a moment later he resumed his ordinary
stoicism.
"I have told you what you ought to know, in order to understand
and excuse what you may see me undertake against the Spaniards;
but before going further it is right that I should know if I can count
on your help, and if I shall find in you the faithful and devoted friend
who never failed me up to this day."
A violent contest was going on in Leon's heart. He asked himself
whether he, who had no cause of complaint against the Spaniards,
had any right to join those who were meditating their ruin. On the
other hand, the sincere friendship which he felt for the Vaquero,
whose life he had shared during the last four years, rendered it a
duty to assist him, and did not permit him to abandon him in the
moment of danger. Still he hesitated, for a secret anxiety kept him
undecided, and prevented him forming a resolution.
"Diego," he asked the Vaquero in his turn, "before answering you, let
me ask you one question?"
"Speak, brother!" Diego answered.
"What do you mean to do with Doña Maria?"
"I have promised you to bring her to your knees. If she love you,
she will be my sister; if she refuse your love, I shall have the right to
dispose of her."
"And she will have nothing to fear till I have seen her again?" Leon
asked further.
"Nothing! I swear to you."
"In that case," said Leon, "I will take part in your enterprise. Your
success shall be mine, and whatever be the road you follow, or the
means you employ to gain the object of your designs, I will do all
that you do."
"Thanks, brother; I was well aware that you would support me in
the struggle, for it is in the cause of justice. Now I will set out."
"Do you go alone?"
"Yes, I must."
"When shall I see you again?"
"Tomorrow morning, at Don Juan's, unless I am compelled to remain
at the place where I am going longer than I think; in that case I will
join you on the Talca road. Besides, you do not require me to escort
the general: our men will be at their post tomorrow, and you can say
something about my going on ahead."
"That is true; but Doña Maria?"
"You will see her again soon. But start alone tomorrow for the
country house, and I will meet you this day week, whatever may
happen, in the Del Solar wood, at the San Francisco Solano quarry,
where you will order a halt."
"Agreed, and I leave you to act as you think proper. Next Wednesday
at the Del Solar wood, and if you wish to join us before then, we
shall follow the ordinary road."
"Very good; now I am off."
Ten minutes after this long interview, Diego was galloping away from
his comrade, who watched him depart, while striving to conjecture in
what direction he was going. Profoundly affected by the varied
events of the preceding day, and the story which Diego had told
him, Leon reflected deeply as he walked toward the smugglers
remaining with him, and who were engaged in getting their weapons
in order.
Although nothing in his exterior announced the preoccupation from
which the was suffering, it could be guessed that he was in a state
of lively anxiety. The image of Doña Maria floated before his eyes;
he saw her pale and trembling after he had saved her from his
horse's rush, and then, carrying himself mentally within the walls of
the convent of the Purísima Concepción, he thought of the barrier
which separated them. Then suddenly the half-breed's words
returned to his ear—"If she refuse your love," he had said, "I shall
have the right to dispose of her!"
An involuntary terror seized on the young man at this recollection. In
fact, was it presumable that Doña Maria loved him? and would not
the Vaquero be compelled to employ violence in carrying out his
promise of bringing him into the presence of the novice? In that
case, how could he hope to make himself loved?
These reflections painfully agitated Leon Delbès, who, obeying that
spontaneity of action peculiar to his quick and impetuous character,
resolved to fix his uncertainty by assuring himself of the impression
which he had produced on the heart of the maiden, whom he loved
with all the strength and energy of a real passion.
Such a sudden birth of love would appear strange in northern
countries, where this exquisite feeling is only developed in
conformity with the claims of the laws of civilization; but in Chili, as
in the whole of South America, love, ardent as the fires of the sun
which illumines it, bursts forth suddenly and displays itself in its full
power. The look of a Chilian girl is the flush which enkindles hearts
of fire which beat in breasts of iron.
Leon was a Frenchman, but several years' residence in these parts,
and his complete adoption of American manners, customs, and
usages had so metamorphosed him, that gradually his tastes, habits,
and wants had become identified with those of the inhabitants of
Chili, whom he regarded as his brothers and countrymen. Without
further delay, then, Leon prepared to return to Valparaíso, and make
inquiries about Doña Maria.
"It is two o'clock," he said to himself, after consulting his watch; "I
have time to ride to Ciudad, set Crevel to work, and be at the
general's by the appointed hour."
And leaping on his horse, he galloped off in the direction of the Port,
after bidding the ten men of the escort to start with or without him
the next morning for the country house.

CHAPTER VI.

THE BANIAN'S HOUSE.

Valparaíso, like nearly all the commercial centres of South America,

is a collection of shapeless huts and magnificent palaces, standing
side by side and hanging in long clusters from the sided of the three
mountains which command the town. The streets are narrow, dirty,
and almost deprived of air, for the houses, as in all American towns,
have a tendency to approach each other, and at a certain height
form a projection of four, or even six feet over the street. Paving is
perfectly unknown; and the consequence is, that in winter, when the
deluging rains, which fall for three months almost without leaving
off, have saturated the ground, these streets become veritable
sewers, in which pedestrians sink up to the knee. This renders the
use of a horse indispensable.
Putrid and pestilential miasmas exhale from these gutters, which are
filled with rubbish of every description, resulting from the daily
sweepings of the houses. On the other hand, the squares are large,
square, perfectly airy, and lined with wide verandahs, which at
midday offer a healthy protection from the sun. These verandahs
contain handsome shops, in which the dealers have collected, at
great cost, all that can tempt purchasers. It is a medley of the most
discordant shops and booths, grouped side by side. A magnificent
jeweller displays behind his window diamond necklaces, silver spurs,
weighing from fifteen to twenty marcs, rings, bracelets, &c.;
between a modest grocer quarrelling with his customers about the
weight, and the seller of massamorra broth, who, with sleeves
tucked up to the elbow, is selling his stuff by spoonfuls to every
scamp who has an ochavo to regale himself with.
The smuggler captain passed gloomily and thoughtfully through the
joyous population, whose bursts of laughter echoed far and wide,
and whose merry songs escaped in gay zambacuecas from all the
spirit shops which are so frequent at Valparaíso. In this way he
reached Señor Crevel's inn, who uttered a cry of joy on perceiving
the captain, and ran out to hold his horse.
"Are my men here?" Leon asked civilly, as he dismounted.
"They arrived nearly two hours back," Crevel answered, respectfully.
"It is well. Is the green chamber empty?"
Every landlord, in whatever country he may hang out his sign,
possesses a separate room adorned with the names of blue, red, or
green, and which he lets at a fabulous price, under the excuse that it
is far superior to all the others in the house. Señor Crevel knew his
trade too well not to have adopted this habit common to all his
brethren; but he had given the name of the green room to a
charming little quiet nook, which only his regular customers entered.
Now, as we have said, the smugglers were very old friends of Crevel.
The door of the green room, perfectly concealed in the wall, did not
allow its existence to be suspected; and it was in this room that the
bold plans of the landlord's mysterious trade, whose profits were far
greater than those which he drew from his avowed trade, were
elaborated.
On hearing Leon's question, the Banian's face assumed an
expression even more joyous than that with which he had greeted
the young man's arrival, for he scented, in the simple question asked
him, a meeting of smugglers and the settlement of some affairs in
which he would have his share as usual. Hence he replied by an
intelligent nod, and added aloud, "Yes, señor; it is ready for your
reception."
After handing the traveller's horse to a greasy waiter, whom he
ordered to take the greatest care of it, he led Leon into the interior
of the inn. We are bound to confess that if the architect who
undertook to build this house had been more than saving in the
distribution of ornamentation, it was admirably adapted for its
owner's trade. It was a cottage built of pebbles and beams, which it
had in common with the greater portion of the houses in Valparaíso.
Its front looked, as we know, upon the Calle San Agostino, while the
opposite side faced the sea, over which it jutted out on piles for
some distance. An enormous advantage for the worthy landlord,
who frequently profited by dark or stormy nights to avoid payment
of customs dues, by receiving through the windows the goods which
the smugglers sold him; and it also favoured the expeditions of the
latter, by serving as a depôt for the bales which they undertook to
bring in on account of people who dealt with them.
This vicinity of the sea also enabled the Frenchman, whose
customers were a strange medley of all sorts of men, not to trouble
himself about the result of the frequent quarrels which took place at
his house, and which might have caused an unpleasantness with the
police, who at Valparaíso, as in other places where this estimable
institution is in vogue, sometimes found it necessary to make an
example. Hence, so soon as the squadron of lanceros was signalled
in the distance, Señor Crevel at once warned his guests; so that
when the soldiers arrived, and fancied they were about to make a
good haul, they found that the birds had flown. We need scarce say
that they had simply escaped through the back window into a boat
always kept fastened in case of need to a ring in the wooden
platform, which served as a landing stage to the house. The lanceros
did not understand this sudden disappearance, and went off with a
hangdog air.
Differing from European houses, which fall back in proportion to
their elevation from the ground, Señor Crevel's establishment bulged
outwards, so that the top was spacious and well lighted, while the
ground floor rooms were narrow and dark. The landlord had always
taken advantage of this architectural arrangement by having a room
made on the second floor, which was reached by a turning staircase,
and a perfect ear of Dionysius, as all external sounds reached the
inmates, while the noise they made either in fighting or talking was
deadened. The result of this was that a man might be most easily
killed in the green room without a soul suspecting it.
It was into this room, then, witness of so many secret councils, that
the landlord introduced, with the greatest ceremony, the captain of
the smugglers, who walked behind him. On regarding the interior of
the room, nothing indicated the origin of its name; for it was entirely
hung with red damask. Had this succeeded a green hanging? This
seems to be a more probable explanation.
It received light from above, by means of a large skylight. The walls
were hung with pictures in equivocal taste, representing subjects
passably erotic and even slightly obscene. A large four-post bed,
adorned with its tester, occupied all one side of the room, and a
mahogany chest of drawers stood facing it: in a corner was a small
table covered with the indispensable toilette articles—combs,
brushes, &c. A small looking glass over the table, chairs surrounding
a large round table, and, lastly, an alabaster clock, which for the last
ten years had invariably marked the same hour between its two
flower vases, completed the furniture of this famous green room. We
must also mention a bell, whose string hung behind the landlord's
bar, and was useful to give an alarm under the circumstances to
which we have referred. Leon paid no attention to these objects,
which had long been familiar to him.
"Now, then," he said, as he took off his hat and poncho, and threw
himself into an easy chair, "bring me some dinner at once."
"What would you like, captain?"
"The first thing ready: some puchero, some pepperpot—in short,
whatever you please, provided it be at once, as I am in a hurry."
"What will you drink?"
"Wine, confound it! and try to find some that is good."
"All right."
"Decamp then, and make haste to bring me all I require."
"Directly, captain."
And Señor Crevel withdrew to attend to the preparation of the young
man's dinner. During this time Leon walked up and down the room,
and seemed to be arranging in his head the details of some plan he
was meditating.
Crevel soon returned to lay the table, which he performed without
opening his lips for fear of attracting some disagreeable remark from
the captain, who, for his part, did not appear at all disposed for
conversation. In an instant all was arranged with that coquettish
symmetry which belongs to the French alone.
"Dinner is ready, captain," said Crevel, when he re-entered the
room.
"Very well. Leave me; when I want you I will call you."
The landlord went out. Leon sat down to the table, and drawing the
knife which he wore in his boot, vigorously attacked the appetizing
dishes placed before him.
It is a fact worthy of remark, that with great and energetic natures,
moral sufferings have scarce any influence over physical wants. It
might be said that they understand the necessity of renewing or
redoubling their strength, in order to resist more easily and more
victoriously the griefs which oppress them, and they require all their
vigour to contend worthily against them.
Chilian meals in no way resemble ours. Among us people drink while
eating, in order to facilitate the absorption and digestion of the food;
but in America it is quite different—there people eat without
drinking. It is only when the pastry and sweets have been eaten that
they drink a large glass of water for digestion; then comes the wines
and liqueurs, always in small quantities, for the inhabitants of hot
countries are generally very sober, and not addicted to the
interminable sittings round a table covered with bottles, in an
atmosphere impregnated with the steam of dishes.
When the meal was ended, Leon took his tobacco pouch from his
pocket and rolled a cigarette, after wiping his fingers on the cloth.
As this action may appear improper to the reader, it is as well that
he should know that all Americans do so without scruple, as the use
of the napkin is entirely unknown. Another custom worth mentioning
is that of employing the fingers in lieu of a fork. This is the process
among the Americans. They cut a piece of bread crumb, which they
hold in their hand, and pick up with it the articles on their plate with
great rapidity and cleanliness.
Nor must it be thought that they act in this way through ignorance
of the fork; they are perfectly well acquainted with that utensil, and
can manage it as well as we do when required; but though it is
present on every table, both rich and poor regard it as an object of
luxury, and say that it is far more convenient to do without it, and
remark that the food has considerably more flavour when eaten in
this fashion.
Leon lit his cigarette, and fell again into his reflections. All at once he
rose and rang the bell, and Crevel at once appeared.
"Take all this away," said Leon, pointing to the table.
The landlord removed all traces of the meal.
"And now bring me the articles to make a glass of punch."
Crevel gazed for a moment in amazement at the man who had given
this order. The sobriety of the smuggler was proverbial at Valparaíso;
he had never been seen to drink more than one or two glasses of
Pisco, and then it was only on great occasions, or to please his
friend Diego, whom he knew to be very fond of strong liquors, like
all the Indians. When a bottle of aguardiente was served to the two
men, the Indian finished it alone, for Leon scarce wet his lips. Hence
the landlord was almost knocked off his feet on receiving his guest's
unusual order.
"Well, did you not hear me?" Leon resumed, impatiently.
"Yes, yes, sir," Crevel replied; "but—"
"But it surprises you, I suppose?"
"I confess it."
"It is true," Leon said, with a mocking smile, "that it is not my habit
to drink."
"That it is not," said Crevel.
"Well, I am going to take to it, that's all. And what do you find
surprising in that?"
"Nothing, of course."
"Then bring me what I asked for."
"Directly, directly, captain."
"On my soul, something extraordinary is taking place," Crevel said to
himself as he descended to his bar. "The captain never had a very
agreeable way with him, but, on the word of Crevel, I never saw him
as he is tonight; it would be dangerous to touch him with a pair of
tongs. What can have happened to him? Ah, stuff, it concerns him,
after all: and then, who knows; perhaps he is on the point of
becoming a drunkard."
After this aside, the worthy landlord manufactured a splendid bowl
of punch, which he carried up to Leon so soon as it was ready.
"There," he said, as he placed the bowl on the table; "I think that
will please you, captain."
"Thanks! but what is this?" Leon said, as he looked at what Crevel
had brought—"there is only one glass."
"Why, you are alone."
"That is true; but I trust you will do me the pleasure of drinking with
me."
"I should be most unwilling, captain, to deprive myself of the honour
of drinking with you, but—"
Crevel, through his stupefaction, was unable to complete his
sentence, for the invitation which the captain gave him surprised
him beyond all expression. Let us add that it was the first time such
an honour had been done him.
"In that case bring a glass for yourself."
Crevel, without further hesitation, fetched the glass, and seated
himself facing the captain.
"Now, my dear Crevel," Leon said, as he dipped into the bowl and
filled the glasses to the brim, "here's to your health, and let us talk."
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