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Exploring Differential Equations: Analyzing Transient and Steady-State

Responses in Second-Order RLC Series Circuits

Article · November 2024

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Indian Journal of Natural Sciences www.tnsroindia.org.in ©IJONS

Vol.15 / Issue 86/ Oct / 2024 International Bimonthly (Print) – Open Access ISSN: 0976 – 0997
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Exploring Differential Equations: Analyzing Transient and Steady-State Responses

in Second-Order RLC Series Circuits

Saifullahi Muhammad Ali1, Salim Al Hudafi2 and Khursheed Alam1*

1Department of Mathematics , The A. H. Siddiqi Centre for Advanced Research in Applied Mathematics
& Physics (CARAMP), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
2Department of Mathematics and IT Center for Preparatory Studies, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat,

Oman.

Received: 20 Jun 2024 Revised: 09 Jul 2024 Accepted: 08 Aug 2024

*Address for Correspondence

Khursheed Alam
Department of Mathematics ,
The A. H. Siddiqi Centre for Advanced Research in Applied Mathematics & Physics (CARAMP),
Sharda University,
Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Email: [email protected]

This is an Open Access Journal / article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited. All rights reserved.

ABSTRACT

Differential equations (DEs) are used in many engineering domains. In electrical engineering, differential
equations are utilized to model various control systems and circuit problems. For analyzing and
understanding electrical circuits, differential equations are essential, particularly in Resistor-Inductor-
Capacitor (RLC) circuits. This research investigates the use of differential equations with an emphasis on
the transient and dynamic characteristics of RLC series circuits. A second-order differential equation that
models the RLC series circuit was derived, considering three cases, with the underdamped case being the
main focal point of study, while the other two cases were briefly covered. The response of the current
flowing through the circuit and the behavior of the oscillating current in an underdamped RLC series
circuit, showing both exponential decay and sinusoidal oscillations, were analyzed, and conclusions were
drawn based on the nature of the current derived from the circuit.

Keywords: Series connection, circuit model, Transient response, steady-state response, sinusoidal
oscillations, transient analysis, steady state, amplitude.

INTRODUCTION

Across various fields, differential equations can be used to model real-life problems. The characteristics of such
problems can be represented with the help of differential equations, extending their use to various disciplines. For

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Vol.15 / Issue 86/ Oct / 2024 International Bimonthly (Print) – Open Access ISSN: 0976 – 0997
Saifullahi Muhammad Ali et al.,

example, differential equations are employed in forensic science to estimate the time of death, in economics to
analyze changes in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) over time, and in electrical engineering for the analysis and
formulation of circuit models.

In electrical engineering, several key components include:

 Capacitor: An electronic component used in circuits for energy storage and filtering, storing energy in an
electric field between two conductive plates separated by an insulator.
 Inductor: A passive component that stores energy in a magnetic field created by current flowing through a wire
coil, frequently used in circuits for impedance matching and energy storage.
 Resistor: A passive component used in circuits to control voltage, limit current, and dissipate power by
opposing the passage of energy.

Other important concepts include

 Voltage Drop: The decrease in voltage across a component due to impedance, resistance, or other factors, which
is crucial for circuit design to ensure proper device performance.
 Circuit Connection: The physical or electrical linkage of electronic components within a circuit to form a
complete path for current flow, established through methods like soldering or wire bonding.
 Dampness: The presence of moisture or humidity in electronic systems, posing risks of corrosion, short circuits,
and component failure, necessitating protective measures for system reliability.

The demand for electrical power is increasing due to its essential role in powering machinery and appliances that
make our lives easier. In electrical engineering, circuit analysis plays a vital role in various areas, such as
transmission lines, radio receivers, and control systems. RLC (Resistor-Inductor-Capacitor) circuits provide a flexible
framework for energy storage, filtering, and signal processing. Understanding the behavior of RLC circuits is crucial
for developing reliable and efficient electronic systems. Solving electrical circuits can be tedious and lengthy work,
but this is where differential equations come into play. Differential equations offer a mathematical framework for
modeling voltage and current relationships over time, making them an effective tool for studying the dynamic
behavior of RLC circuits. Using Kirchhoff’s current law (the sum of all currents flowing in and out of a node is zero)
and Kirchhoff’s voltage law (the total voltage around a loop or mesh is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops
across the components within the same loop), along with Ohm’s law (the voltage drop across a resistor is equal to the
product of the current and the resistance in the circuit), differential equations capture the interactions between
resistive, inductive, and capacitive elements. This allows for the prediction of frequency characteristics, stability
criteria, and transient responses. Engineers and researchers can study alternate circuit configurations, parameter
values, and input conditions using differential equations, gaining insights into how an electrical system would
behave in various situations. Differential equation-based analysis is further empowered by experimental validation,
numerical or MATLAB simulations, and analytical solutions. In this report, a circuit analysis will be conducted, and a
model will be introduced to determine the behavior of the circuit used, its state, and dampness, as well as the graph
of the model using MATLAB dimensional plots.

Problem Statement
In the field of electrical engineering, undamped oscillation in resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) circuits is a basic yet
intricate phenomenon. It is the central component of many electronic systems, including those that distribute power
and process signals. Understanding the complexities of undamped oscillation is essential for improving the
performance, stability, and dependability of circuits. In this report the undamped oscillation in RLC circuits is to be
examined, focusing on its foundational ideas, difficulties, and consequences. The other two cases namely over
damped and critically damped motions will be discussed in brief.

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Vol.15 / Issue 86/ Oct / 2024 International Bimonthly (Print) – Open Access ISSN: 0976 – 0997
Saifullahi Muhammad Ali et al.,

METHODOLOGY

RLC circuit Diagram under any given time(t), the current I, will flow in every point of the circuit, this current is
denoted by = ( ), since the current depends on time(t). We say ( ) > 0 if the current flows from positive terminal
of the source to the negative terminal while the reverse of this case will be when ( ) < 0. Similarly, if ( ) = 0 then
no current is flowing in the circuit at the given time(t) [9]. On the sides of every circuit component, we labelled it as
positive(+ve) and negative(-ve). The voltage drops , , across the circuit components is determined by taking
the difference between the potential on the positive (+ve) side of the circuit component and the potential on the
negative side. Thus, the voltage drops across resistor is given by
= (1)
The above equation is the representation of Ohm’s law, the I describe in the equation above is the current and R is the
resistance associated to the resistor. In the Induction coil, the voltage drop is given by
= = ′ (2)
where ′ = and L is called the inductance of the coil which at the same time is a positive constant.
A capacitor is an energy storage component in a circuit that stores electrical charge
= ( ), the relationship between the charge and the current is given by
( ) = +∫ ( ) (3)
where denotes the charge at = 0 on the capacitor. the voltage drop in this component is given by
=
Where C is the capacitance of the capacitor, which is a positive constant.
According to KVL "In any close loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage
drops within the same loop, which is also equal to zero.
Let be the total voltage around the loop, then
= + +
= + +
(5)
= ′+ +
′
= + +
Those equation involves two unknown parameters; the current flowing in the circuit and the charge on the
capacitor.
We can recall that from equation (3) we have
( )= + ( )

by differentiating equation (3) we have

′ = ∴ ′ = ″ then equation (5) becomes
″+ + = (6)
the required current flowing in an RLC circuit can be obtained by solving equation (6) and differentiating the
solution ( ) to obtain the current.

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Vol.15 / Issue 86/ Oct / 2024 International Bimonthly (Print) – Open Access ISSN: 0976 – 0997
Saifullahi Muhammad Ali et al.,

Free Oscillation
An RLC circuit is said to be having for > 0 is said to be in free oscilation. and thus equation (6) can be rewritten
as
″+ + = 0 (7)

This is a homogeneous system with characteristic equation + + = 0 having the root = and

= these yield three cases to consider.

Under damped
The oscillation is said to be under damped if < , where from characteristic equation of (7) are complex
root which can be expressed as
= + and = − and

= thus the general solution of equation(6) is now

= ( + )
= ( − ) (8)
where = + , = and = When R=0, equation (8), becomes = −
√
An actual RLC circuits are mostly under damped, so this case is the most important

Over damped
The Oscillation is said to be over damped if > , Whereby the roots of the characteristic equation are both real
having < < 0, the general solution is
= + (9)

Critically damped
In critically damped case, we have = thus = = and so the solution of the equation (6) is

= ( + ) (10)
Suppose ≠ 0, the exponential in equation (8) in case 1, equation (9) in case 2 and lastly equation (10) in case 3 are
negative, the solution of any homogeneous initial value problem (IVP)
″ ′ (0) =
+ + = 0, , ′(0) =
approaches or tends to zero exponentially whenever → ∞. Thus, the solutions are transient in nature.

Example 1
An RLC circuit with resistance = 60 ohm, inductance = 0.25 henrys and a capacitance = 10 4farads have a
current of 2 amperes flowing in at = 0, if the capacitor has a 1 coulomb charge, find the circuit’s current flowing at
> 0 for any > 0, assume that ( ) = 0

Solution
The equation for charge q is
″+ ′+ =0
given L=0.25, R=60ohms and = 10

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Vol.15 / Issue 86/ Oct / 2024 International Bimonthly (Print) – Open Access ISSN: 0976 – 0997

Saifullahi Muhammad Ali et al.,

1
″ + 60 ′ + 10000 = 0
4
which can be rewritten as
″ + 240 ′ + 40000 = 0
to find the current flowing in the circuit, we have to solve the following initial value problem (IVP)
″ + 240 ′ + 40000 = 0,

(0) = 1, ′(0) = 2
The required current is the derivative of the solution of the above problem
Now the auxiliary equation of the above problem is
+ 240 + 40000 = 0; so, the solution of the equation is
−240 ± (240) − 4(40000)
=
2
−240 ± √−102400
=
2
−240 320
= ± = −120 ± 160
2 2
∴ = −120 + 160 = ( 160 + 160 )
′=− ((120 − 160 ) 160 + (120 + 160 ) 160 )

= −120 − 160
which is complex root and thus the solution is
At the given initial = 0
(0) = = 1 ′(0) = 120 − 160 = 2
3
⇒ = ( 160 + 160 )
4
3 3
∴ = (−160 160 + (160) 160 ) − 120 ( 160 + 160 )
4 4
∴ = −250 160

Example 2
An RLC circuit with resistance = 2 ohm, inductance = 0.1 henrys and a capacitance = farads has a current of
2 ampere flowing in at = 0, if the capacitor has a 1 coulomb charge, find the circuit’s current flowing at > 0 for
any > 0, assume that = 100 60

Solution
By using the equation that represent the relationship between current and charge; Given = , =2 ℎ , =
and = 100 60 the differential equation of the form;
+ 20 + 2600 = 1000 60 is obtained.
since the given charge at = 0 is 1 coulomb, and the initial current = 2 then initial conditions
(0) = 1; and ′(0) = = 2
so the auxiliary equation will be of the form + 20 + 2600 = 0
the roots of this equation are complex conjugates = −10 + 50 and = −10 − 50; which is in the form of = ±
. the complementary function is
= ( + )
⇒ = ( 50 + 50 )
So now we are going to apply the method of undetermined coefficient to find the particular integral, then we have
=( 60 + 60 )
−5 −3
⇒ = , =
122 61
The charge q is the solution of the differential equation, which has the form

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Vol.15 / Issue 86/ Oct / 2024 International Bimonthly (Print) – Open Access ISSN: 0976 – 0997
Saifullahi Muhammad Ali et al.,

= +
(0) = 1 ′(0) = 2
5 3
= ( 50 + 50 ) − 60 − 50
122 61
381 64 5 3
= 50 + 50 − 60 − 60
1525 61 122 61
15238 150 180
= ′= 2 50 − 50 − 60 + 60
305 61 61

CONCLUSION

The compliment function is the term that determine the transient response and the term is the term that
determine the steady response of the circuit. An RLC circuit experiences a transient reaction when it is first turned on
or when there is a quick change in input. The capacitor acts as a short circuit at first, letting a sudden increase in
current flow through the circuit. Because the inductor resists changes in current, the current gradually increases. As
the circuit approaches steady state, the oscillations in current and voltage are caused by the energy stored in the
inductor and capacitor and gradually diminish. In an RLC circuit, damping is the term used to describe the gradual
loss of energy that influences the transient response’s oscillation decay. Under damped circuits show oscillations that
amplify more slowly than over damped circuits, which show oscillations that decay slowly. In the shortest amount of
time, critically damped circuits achieve steady state with little oscillation.

Amplitude: The oscillations in the current have an amplitude of 250 amperes in example 1. This is the circuit’s
current oscillation at their greatest magnitude.

Exponential Decay: With a decay constant of 120, the term denotes exponential decay. This exponential term is
responsible for the circuit’s dampening effect. The oscillations’ amplitude decays exponentially with time signifying a
decaying oscillation.

Sinusoidal Component: The current oscillations’ sinusoidal component is denoted by the notation sin(160t). At a
frequency of 160 cycles per second (Hz), the oscillatory behavior is introduced by this sinusoidal function.

Nature of Oscillation: The exponential term causes the current to fluctuate sinusoidally, albeit with a declining
envelope. This pattern is characteristic of an under damped RLC circuit, in which the oscillations’ amplitude
decreases as a result of energy being progressively wasted over time. The circuit’s transitory reaction is represented
by the exponential decay, and its steady-state oscillations are represented by the sinusoidal component. Generally, I
represent the behaviors of an RLC circuit.

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