Report

LATHE MACHINE

UNDER SUPERVISIN:
DR- ARABY
 BY GROUP MEMBERS:

- Asmaa Rizq Fathy Asr -

- Mariam Ahmed Selim Ahmed -

- Mostafa Mahmoud Hanafi Abdellatif -

- Menna Allah Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour -

- Yassin Mohamed Abdelhamid Ibrahim -

- Youssef Ahmed Youssef Sharif -

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CNC (Computer Numerical Control) lathe machines are advanced machining
tools used to transform raw materials into precise components through turning
operations. Turning is a machining process where a workpiece rotates against
a cutting tool, which removes excess material to create the desired shape.

Key Steps in CNC Lathe Operation; -

1. Setup: Securing the workpiece and adjusting machine settings.
2. Tool Selection: Choosing the appropriate cutting tools.
3. Program Loading: Uploading CNC instructions to control movement.
4. Machining: Rotating the workpiece while shaping it according to the
programmed design.
5. Monitoring: Ensuring accuracy and quality throughout the process.

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 Major CNC Lathe Operations
 Turning
Description: The process of shaping a cylindrical workpiece by removing
material using a single point cutting tool.

Rough Turning: Quickly removes excess material.

Finish Turning: Produces a smooth surface with precise dimensions.

Taper Turning, Step Turning, and Contour Turning for specialized shapes.

Applications: Manufacturing shafts, pins, and rotating components.

 Tapping & Threading

Tapping: Creates internal threads inside pre-drilled holes using a tap tool.

Threading: Produces external threads on a rotating workpiece.

Applications: Used in fasteners, screws, and industrial assemblies.

 Boring
Description: Expands and improves the accuracy of existing holes using a
single point cutting tool.

Applications: Commonly used for bearings, shafts, and precision-machined

holes.

 Knurling
Description: Creates textured patterns on the surface of a workpiece to
enhance grip and aesthetics.

Applications: Used in tool handles, mechanical components, and non-slip

surfaces.

 Reaming
Description: Finishes and perfects hole dimensions for high precision.

Applications: Essential for bearing housing and precision-fit holes.

 Drilling

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Description: Creates cylindrical holes in the workpiece using a rotating drill
bit.

Applications: Used for fasteners, pins, and assembly components.

 Grooving & Parting

Grooving: Cuts functional or aesthetic channels around the workpiece.

Parting: Separates finished parts from the raw material.

Applications: Used for O-ring seats, snap rings, and detachable

components.

Why Are CNC Lathe Machines Important?

✅Provide high precision and fast production.

✅Capable of manufacturing complex and varied designs.
✅Widely used in automotive, aerospace, and mechanical industries.

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Types of Lathes ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

Lathes are manufactured in a variety of types and sizes, from very small
bench lathes used for precision work to huge lathes used for turning large
steel shaft. But the principle of operation and function of all types of lathes is
the same. The different types of lathes given as

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1. Engine Lathe
It is the most common type of lathe and is widely
used in workshops. It is manually operated .The
engine lathe has got all the basic parts, e.g. bed,
headstock, tailstock, carriage, and tool post.

Engine lathes are versatile and can perform

various operations such as turning, facing, drilling,
boring, and threading.

-Operation: The engine lathe is manually operated. The operator controls

the cutting tool, feed rate, and spindle speed using handwheels and levers. It
is versatile and used for turning, facing, threading, and other operations.

-Process: The workpiece is mounted on the chuck or between centers, and

the cutting tool is moved along the workpiece to remove material.

Applications:
 Manufacturing shafts and cylindrical components
 Producing screws and threads
 General machining work in workshops

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2. Automatic lathe
CNC (Computer Numerical Control) These are high speed, heavy duty, mass
production lathes with complete automatic control. These lathes ensure high
precision, consistency, and efficiency in machining complex parts. They are

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widely used in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and medical device
manufacturing.

-Operation: CNC (Computer Numerical Control)

lathes are automated and programmed using
CAD/CAM software. The operator inputs the
design and machining parameters, and the
machine executes the program.

-Process: The workpiece is mounted on the chuck, and the CNC system
controls the movement of the cutting tool along multiple axes (X, Z, and
sometimes C) to perform precise operations.

Applications:
 Mass production of precision components
 Manufacturing aircraft and automotive parts
 Creating complex designs with high accuracy

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3. Turret Lathe
These types of lathes have provisions to hold several tools and can be used
for performing a wider range of operations .

These are particularly suitable for mass production

of identical parts in minimum time.

It features a turret tool holder that allows multiple

cutting tools to be used sequentially without
manual changes.

-Operation: Turret lathes are semi-automatic or fully automatic. They have a

turret (rotary tool holder) that holds multiple tools, allowing for quick tool
changes.

-Process: The workpiece is mounted on the chuck, and the turret rotates to
bring the required tool into position. The machine can perform multiple
operations without manual tool changes.

Applications:
 Mass production of identical parts
 Machining operations that require multiple tools

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  Reducing machining time for large-scale production

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4. Speed Lathe
Speed lathe is the simplest type of lathes.

This lathe operates at high speeds, and it is mainly used for wood working,
spinning, centering and polishing etc...

It has a simple construction with a headstock,

tailstock, and tool rest and there is no food
box, lead screw or carriage making it easy to
use.

-Operation: Speed lathes are manually

operated and have high spindle speeds but limited tooling options. They are
used for light-duty tasks like polishing and woodworking.

-Process: The workpiece is mounted on the chuck or between centers, and

the operator manually guides the cutting tool.

Applications:
 Polishing and finishing work
 Woodturning and artistic shaping
 Lightweight machining tasks

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5. Vertical Lathe
A vertical turning lathe is a standalone lathe that has both a top and bottom. It
consists of two spinning bars, which are attached by a spindle assembly.
Unlike conventional lathes, the vertical lathe holds the workpiece vertically. It
is used for machining large and heavy workpieces, such as gears and turbine
parts.

-Operation: Speed lathes are manually operated and have high spindle
speeds but limited tooling options. They are used for light-duty tasks like
polishing and woodworking.

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 -Process: The workpiece is mounted on the chuck or between centers, and
the operator manually guides the cutting tool.

Applications:
 Machining large-diameter components
 Manufacturing gears and turbine components
 Heavy-duty industrial machine
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6. Special Purpose Lathe

They are used for special purposes and jobs which cannot be accommodated
or conveniently machined on a standard lathe. These lathes are designed for
specific tasks, such as crankshaft lathes (used in engine manufacturing) and
wheel lathes (for railway wheels).
Duplicating lathe is used for duplicating the
shape of a flat or round template on to the
workpiece.

-Operation: Special lathes are designed

for specific tasks, such as crankshaft machining or watchmaking. They may
have unique configurations and automation features.

- Process: The operation depends on the specific design and purpose of the
lathe. For example, a crankshaft lathe will have specialized tooling to machine
crankshafts.

Applications:
 Custom machining tasks in specialized industries
 High-precision component manufacturing
 Production of railway and automotive parts
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7. Bench lathe
This type of lathe is usually mounted on a bench. It has practically all the parts
of engine lathe and it performs all the operations, its only difference being the
size. This lathe is used for small and precise work

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8. Tool room lathe
A tool room lathe has features like an engine lathe and is much more accurate
and has a wide range of speed from very low to 2500 rpm. It is used for
manufacturing precision components, dies ,tools, jigs etc. and hence it is
called as tool room lath.

Important points ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

1. The height of the centers measured from the lathe bed.
2. Swing or diameter of the carriage.
3. Distance between centers maximum job length in mm that may be held
between the centers.
4. The overall length of the bed is the red length in meters which includes the
headstock length.
5. Bed is the base or the foundation of the lathe.
6. It supports the other parts of the lathe.
7. Inverted V-bed and flatbed way provide support for carriage and tailstock
movement.
8. Headstock provides a mechanical means of rotating a workpiece.
9. Headstock consists essentially of hollow spindles.
10. It also consists of a mechanism for driving and altering spindle speed.
11. The back gear arrangement is used for reducing spindle speed which is
necessary for thread cutting and knurling.
12. There is a stepped cone pulley on the lathe which can freely rotate.
13. A pinion gear (P1) rotates along with the pulley.
14. Back gears not engaged.
15. Power is transmitted from P1 (pinion gear) to G1 (Bull gear) and spindle.
16. The spindle rotates at normal speed.
17. Back gears engaged; lock pin released.
18. Power transmitted from P1 to G1, B1, B2 and spindle.
19. The spindle rotates at a reduced speed.
20. Tailstock is a non-rotating part of the lathe.
21. It supports the right of the workpiece.

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22. Dead center supports the workpiece.
23. Tailstock can be moved right or left over the bed ways.
24. When supporting heavy jobs, live centers are used which rotate along with
the job.
25. Saddle is an H-shaped casting, slides along the bed.
26. Cross slide gives cross feed motion to the cutting tool
27. Compound rest supports the cutting tool.
28. Tool post clamps the tool.
29. Apron is attached to the saddle. It has gears, control levers and clutches
for moving carriages and cross slides.
30. In the lathe, the work piece is held in a chuck or between the centers and
rotated around its axis at a uniform speed.
31. The cutting tool held in tool post is fed in the workpiece to the required
depth and in the desired direction.
32. The workpiece is rotated (turned) and the cutting tool is moved relative to
the workpiece, that is why, the lathe is also called "Turning machine."
33. Facing is an operation which produces flat surfaces.
34. It reduces the length of the workpiece.
35. Turning is the machining operation in which excess material is removed by
rotating the workpiece against the cutting tool.
36. Knurling is the process of indentation of various forms on cylindrical
surfaces.
37. A knurling tool is held in a tool post and pressed against the rotating work.
38. It is done to provide grip holders and screw heads.
39. Grooving is also known as recessing, under cutting or necking.
40. The cutting tool is fed crosswise against the rotating workpiece.
41. A groove is the location of an indentation in the part. This indentation can
be square, round, or angular in the shape.
42. The function of a groove is usually to allow room for a fitting part such as a
rubble O-ring.
43. It can also be the place where another part fits in this part.
44. Grooves also provide a relief on the back side of a thread where the
thread terminates.
45. Drilling is the process of making holes in the workpiece.
46. The drill is fed slowly into the workpiece which is revolving in a chuck.
47. The drill is held stationary (non-rotating) in the tailstock spindle.
48. Reaming is the process of finishing and sizing a hole which has been
previously drilled or bored.
49. The reamer is held on the tailstock spindle, either direct through a drill
chuck and is held stationary (non-rotating) while the work is revolved at a
very low speed.

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50. The feed varies from 0.5mm to 2mm per revolution. Hence the reaming is
done.
51. Boring is the operation of enlarging the previously drilled hole with the aid
of a single point cutting tool called boring tool.
52. Parting-off is the operation of separating the finished workpiece from a bar
stock.
53. The operation involves feeding the cutting tool into the workpiece.

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