Dansk standard DS/EN ISO 7211-2:2024

2024-09-11

Tekstiler – Metode til analyse af vævede

stoffers konstruktion – Del 2: Bestemmelse
af antal tråde pr. længdeenhed
Textiles – Methods for analysis of woven fabrics
construction – Part 2: Determination of number of
threads per unit length (ISO 7211-2:2024)

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 © Danish Standards Foundation

DS/EN ISO 7211-2:2024

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DS projekt: M381640
ICS: 59.080.30

Første del af denne publikations betegnelse er:

DS/EN ISO, hvilket betyder, at det er en international standard, der har status både som europæisk og dansk standard.

Denne publikations overensstemmelse er:

IDT med: ISO 7211-2:2024
IDT med: EN ISO 7211-2:2024

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Denne publikation erstatter: DS/EN 1049-2:1994

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 © Danish Standards Foundation

DS/EN ISO 7211-2:2024

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 7211-2

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM September 2024

ICS 59.080.30 Supersedes EN 1049-2:1993

English Version

Textiles - Methods for analysis of woven fabrics

construction - Part 2: Determination of number of
threads per unit length (ISO 7211-2:2024)
Textiles - Méthodes d'analyse de la construction Textilien - Verfahren zur Analyse des Aufbaus
des tissus - Partie 2: Détermination du nombre von Webwaren - Teil 2: Bestimmung der Anzahl
de fils par unité de longueur (ISO 7211-2:2024) der Fäden je Längeneinheit (ISO 7211-2:2024)

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 September 2024.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving
this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre
or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Türkiye and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2024 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1049-2:1993: E
worldwide for CEN national Members
 © Danish Standards Foundation

DS/EN ISO 7211-2:2024

EN ISO 7211-2:2024(EN)

Contents Page

European foreword...................................................................................................................................................... 3

2
 © Danish Standards Foundation

DS/EN ISO 7211-2:2024

EN ISO 7211-2:2024(EN)

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 7211-2:2024) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 38 "Textiles"
in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 248 “Textiles and textile products” the secretariat
of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2025, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2025.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 1049-2:1993.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body/
national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic
of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.

Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 7211-2:2024 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 7211-2:2024 without any modification.

3
© Danish Standards Foundation
 © Danish Standards Foundation

DS/EN ISO 7211-2:2024

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 7211-2

Second edition
2024-08

Textiles — Methods for analysis of

woven fabrics construction —
Part 2:
Determination of number of threads
per unit length
Textiles — Méthodes d'analyse de la construction des tissus —
Partie 2: Détermination du nombre de fils par unité de longueur

Reference number
ISO 7211-2:2024(E)

© ISO 2024
 © Danish Standards Foundation

DS/EN ISO 7211-2:2024

ISO 7211-2:2024(E)


COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2024, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
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[email protected]
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DS/EN ISO 7211-2:2024

ISO 7211-2:2024(EN)


Contents Page

Foreword........................................................................................................................................................................ iv
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references.................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions.................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Principle............................................................................................................................................................. 1
5 Minimum measuring distance.................................................................................................................... 2
6 Conditioning and testing atmosphere...................................................................................................... 2
7 Preparation of test specimens.................................................................................................................... 2
8 Method A — Dissection of fabric................................................................................................................ 2
8.1 Apparatus.................................................................................................................................................................. 2
8.2 Procedure.................................................................................................................................................................. 3
9 Method B — Counting glass......................................................................................................................... 3
9.1 Apparatus.................................................................................................................................................................. 3
9.2 Procedure.................................................................................................................................................................. 3
10 Method C — Traversing thread counter................................................................................................... 3
10.1 Apparatus.................................................................................................................................................................. 3
10.2 Procedure.................................................................................................................................................................. 4
11 Calculation and expression of results...................................................................................................... 4
12 Test report......................................................................................................................................................... 4

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DS/EN ISO 7211-2:2024

ISO 7211-2:2024(EN)


Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www​.iso​.org/​directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www​.iso​.org/​patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www​.iso​.org/​
iso/​foreword​.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 38, Textiles, Subcommittee SC 24,
Conditioning atmospheres and physical tests for textile fabrics, in collaboration with the European
Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 248, Textiles and textile products,
in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7211-2:1984), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— in Clause 5, two columns from the former Table have been deleted;
— in Clause 12, "Test report", mandatory items have been added;
— the Annex has been deleted.
A list of all parts in the ISO 7211 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www​.iso​.org/​members​.html.

iv  © ISO 2024 – All rights reserved

 © Danish Standards Foundation

DS/EN ISO 7211-2:2024

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7211-2:2024(E)

Textiles — Methods for analysis of woven fabrics

construction —
Part 2:
Determination of number of threads per unit length

1 Scope
This document specifies three methods for the determination of the number of threads per centimetre
in woven fabrics. Any of the three methods can be used, the choice depending on the character of the
fabric. However, in case of dispute, method A takes precedence.
— Method A: Dissection of fabric, suitable for all fabrics. This is the most laborious method but has
fewer limitations than the others; in particular, it is the only one that is really suitable for the
examination of certain folded structures and other complicated weaves.
— Method B: Counting glass, suitable for fabrics with more than 50 threads per centimetre.
— Method C: Traversing thread counter, suitable for all fabrics.
Where the number of threads per centimetre is low, it can be convenient to express the results as the
number of threads per decimetre.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 139, Textiles — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing​

3 Terms and definitions

No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://​w ww​.iso​.org/​obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://​w ww​.electropedia​.org/​

4 Principle
Three methods of determining the number of threads per centimetre are specified, any of which can be
used, the choice depending on the character of the fabric. The principles are as follows:
Method A: A section of fabric of dimensions in accordance with those given in Clause 5 is dissected
and the number of threads counted. The threads that are to be counted are preferably short, 10 mm or
20 mm being suitable.
Method B: The number of threads visible within the aperture of a specified counting glass is determined.

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DS/EN ISO 7211-2:2024

ISO 7211-2:2024(E)


Method C: The number of threads per centimetre of the fabric is determined with the aid of a traversing
thread counter.

5 Minimum measuring distance

Use the appropriate minimum measuring distance specified in Table 1.

Table 1 — Minimum measuring distance

Minimum measuring
Number of threads per distance
centimetre
cm
Less than 10 10
10 to 25 5
25 to 40 3
More than 40 2

For the method A, take test specimens containing at least 100 threads.
For narrow fabrics having a width of 10 cm or less, count all warp threads including the selvedge ends
and express the result as threads per full width.
When fabrics are patterned by areas of large differences in the density of thread spacing, select test
specimens containing at least one weave repeat (see Clause 11).

6 Conditioning and testing atmosphere

The atmosphere for conditioning and testing shall be as specified in ISO 139.

7 Preparation of test specimens

No test specimens shall be selected from within 150 mm of either edge of the laboratory sample.
No specially prepared test specimens are required except for method A (see 8.2). Count the threads in
at least five different places in the fabric so that they do not contain the same yarns (ends and picks) and
represent the fabric as fully as possible. The count of threads is based on the number of the individual
threads that are actually present.
Condition the fabric or test specimens in the standard atmosphere (see Clause 6) for a minimum of 16 h,
prior to testing in a tension free state.

8 Method A — Dissection of fabric

8.1 Apparatus

8.1.1 Clamp, holding two short pins parallel and with their points being within ±0,2 mm of the
minimum measuring distance specified in Clause 5.

Alternatively, when a clamp is not available:

8.1.2 Two dissecting needles,

8.1.3 Heavy steel rule, graduated at 0,5 mm,

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ISO 7211-2:2024(E)


8.1.4 A pair of pointed forceps.

8.2 Procedure
Take five test specimens at random (see Clause 7) 4 mm to 6 mm longer than the minimum measuring
distance specified in Clause 5 and sufficiently wide to facilitate handling. Take care not to disturb the
distribution of threads, especially in a loosely woven fabric.
Pass the pins in the clamp (8.1.1) through a test specimen 2 mm to 3 mm from each end. Remove the
shorter threads (those in the direction to be counted) from the test specimen outside the two pins, so
that the measuring distance of fabric between the pins remain. Then remove the short threads from
the test specimen and count them. Count any threads impaled on a pin as half a thread. It is usually
convenient to employ a pair of pointed forceps (8.1.4) to remove the threads. The threads may be
arranged in groups of ten for convenience in counting.
An approved alternative method where a clamp is not available is to insert two dissecting needles
(8.1.2) the required distance apart by sliding their points down the appropriate graduation marks of a
heavy steel rule (8.1.3) placed on edge.

9 Method B — Counting glass

9.1 Apparatus
Counting glass, the aperture width of which shall be (20,00 ± 0,05) mm or (30,00 ± 0,05) mm at all
places. The thickness of the base plate at the edges of the aperture shall not exceed 1 mm.

9.2 Procedure
Use a measuring distance in accordance with Clause 5.
Lay the fabric flat on a horizontal surface and place the counting glass (9.1) on the fabric so that one of
the edges of its aperture is parallel to the warp threads.
In some fabrics, it is possible to see and count every thread. If this is not possible, weave repeats may be
counted. Select a thread in the weave pattern which can be identified readily and position the counting
glass so that this thread is adjacent to one side of the aperture of the counting glass. Count the number
of whole repeats in the measuring distance, plus the remaining individual threads. Determine the
number of threads in a pattern by analysis of the weave or dissection of the fabric.
Count the number of warp threads, or the number of weave repeats, or the number of warp thread units
and fractions of a unit bounded by the appropriate pair of opposite sides of the aperture. Repeat with
one of the edges of the aperture parallel to the weft threads, and count the number of weft threads or
weave repeats or number of weft thread units in a similar manner.
If the face of the fabric is composed mainly of one set of threads, as with certain twills, satins, etc., it may
be found easier to count on the back of the fabric, where the weave design is more readily recognizable.

10 Method C — Traversing thread counter

10.1 Apparatus
Traversing thread counter, incorporating a low power microscope, of x4 to x20, mounted so that it
can be traversed by means of a screw over a graduated base sufficiently long to meet the minimum
measuring distance requirements of Clause 5. Types with an index line in the eyepiece or a pointer
traversing with and visible through the microscope are equally suitable.

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ISO 7211-2:2024(E)


10.2 Procedure
Use a measuring distance in accordance with Clause 5.
Lay the fabric flat on a horizontal surface and place the thread counter (10.1) upon it in such a way that
when the screw is turned the microscope moves across the fabric in a direction that is either parallel to
the warp or parallel to the weft, depending on which set of threads is being counted. Count the number
of threads over the appropriate minimum measuring distance.
In some fabrics, it is possible to see and count every thread passed by the pointer or index line as it
moves across the fabric. If this is not possible, weave repeats may be counted. Begin counting from
a thread in the weave pattern which can be readily identified. Count the number of whole repeats in
the measuring distance, plus the remaining individual threads. Determine the number of threads in a
pattern by analysis of the weave or dissection of the fabric.
If the face of the fabric is composed mainly of one set of threads, as with certain twills, satins, etc., it may
be found easier to count on the back of the fabric, where the weave design is more readily recognizable.

11 Calculation and expression of results

Calculate the number of warp and weft threads individually per centimetre. Quote the mean of
individual results for each direction, that for the warp threads as ends per centimetre and that for the
weft as picks per centimetre. If required, the number of threads per square centimetre is given by the
sum of the mean ends and picks per centimetre.
When the number of threads is lower than 10 threads per centimetre, the results may be expressed and
reported as the number of threads per decimetre.
For narrow fabrics (see Clause 5), report the results as the number of threads per full width.
When fabrics are patterned by areas of large differences in the density of thread spacing, if required,
determine the number of threads in each area and report the number of threads per centimetre for
different areas of the pattern.
EXAMPLE Fabrics, involving fancy weaving, with small area patterns of two or more types of yarns in the
warp and weft directions.

12 Test report
The test report shall include at least the following particulars:
a) a reference to this document, i.e. ISO 7211-2:2024;
b) the atmosphere used for conditioning and testing;
c) identification of laboratory sample;
d) the actual method used (A, B or C);
e) the measuring distance used;
f) the number of measurements made;
g) the number of warp ends per centimetre and weft picks per centimetre, and the mean value of
warp ends per centimetre and weft picks per centimetre. If the fabric is patterned by broad areas of
greater and lower density, and if required, this information can be given for each different portion
of the pattern.

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ISO 7211-2:2024(E)


Where the number of threads is lower than 10 threads per cm, it is permissible to express and report
the results as the number of threads per decimetre. For narrow fabrics (see Clause 5), report the results
as the number of threads per full width;
h) if required, the number of threads per square centimetre (or square decimetre);
i) any deviations from the procedure;
j) any unusual features observed;
k) the date of the test.

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DS/EN ISO 7211-2:2024

ISO 7211-2:2024(EN)


ICS 59.080.30

 © ISO 2024 – All rights reserved