Data

Management
 Key Concepts of Statistics
a.Population
➢ Defined as an entire group of people, things, or events
having at least one trait in common
➢ A common trait is the binding factor in order to group a
cluster and call it a population.
Ex.: A group of students (the common trait is “students”)

b. Parameter
➢ A number describing a whole population (the size of
population)
 Key Concepts of Statistics
c. Sample
➢ The small number of observations taken from the total
number of population

d. Statistics
➢ Any measure obtained from the sample

e. Graph
➢ Another way to visually show the behavior of the data
 General Fields of Statistics
A.Descriptive Statistics
➢ Summarize and organize characteristics of a data set.
In quantitative research, after collecting data, the first step of
statistical analysis is to describe characteristics of the
responses, such as the average of one variable (ex., age), or
the relation between two variables (ex., age and creativity)

Types of Descriptive Statistics

a. distribution = frequency of each value
b. central tendency = averages of the values
c. variability/dispersion = how spread out the values are
 General Fields of Statistics
A. Descriptive Statistics
Types of Descriptive Statistics
 General Fields of Statistics
B. Inferential Statistics
➢ Help you come to conclusions and make predictions based on your data
Has the ability to “infer” and to generalize and it offers the
right tool to predict values that are not really known

Two Main Uses

a. making estimates about populations

b. Testing hypotheses to draw conclusions about populations

 Types of Data and Measurement Scales
Variable = something that can be measured and observed to vary
Constant = something that does not vary, and it only maintains a single value

Scales of Measurement
A. Nominal Scale
➢ Concerns with categorical data
➢ Using names and numbers to label categories
Examples:
EYE COLOR = brown, black, blue

Marital Status = using numbers “1” for single, “2” for married
Scales of Measurement
B. Ordinal Scale
➢ Concerns with ranked data
➢ Conveys the order of the variables
Examples:
Academic Grades = A, B, C, .. so on

Happiness on a scale of 1-10

Level of Education Completed :

High School, Bachelor’s Degree, Master’s Degree
Scales of Measurement
C. Interval Scale
➢ It deals with measurement data
➢ There is meaning and weight on the value of points between intervals
Examples:
Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius
IQ Score
Scales of Measurement
D. Ratio Scale
➢ Use in measurement only in one aspect
➢ Has a TRUE ZERO POINT (complete absence of the attitude being measured)
Examples:
Weight

Age

Salary

Score
 FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
TABLE
 DEFINITION OF TERM:
RAW DATA
IS THE COLLECTION IN ORIGINAL FORM.
RANGE
IS THE DIFFERENCE OF THE HIGHEST VALUE AND THE
LOWEST VALUE IN A DISTRIBUTION.
CASS LIMITS (APPARENT LIMITS)
IS THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST VALUES DESCRIBING A
CLASS.
 DEFINITION OF TERM:
CLASS BOUNDARIES (REAL LIMITS)
IS THE UPPER AND LOWER VALUES OF CLASS FOR GROUP
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION WHOSE VALUE HAS ADDITIONAL
DECIMAL PLACE MORE THAN THE CLASS LIMITS AND END WITH
THE DIGIT 5.
INTERVAL (WIDTH)
IS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE CLASS BOUNDARY AND THE
CLASS UPPER BOUNDARY AND IS DENOTED BY THE SYMBOL I.
 DEFINITION OF TERM:
FREQUENCY (F)
IS THE NUMBER OF VALUES IN A SPECIFIC CLASS OF
A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION.
RELATIVE FREQUENCY (RF)
IS THE VALUE OBTAINED WHEN THE FREQUENCIES IN
EACH CLASS OF THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION IS DIVIDED
BY THE TOTAL NUMBER OF VALUES.
 DEFINITION OF TERM:
PERCENTAGE
IS OBTAINED BY MULTIPLYING THE RELATIVE
FREQUENCY BY 100%.
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY (CF)
IS THE SUM OF THE FREQUENCIES ACCUMULATED UP TO
THE UPPER BOUNDARY OF A CLASS IN A FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION.
 DEFINITION OF TERM:

MIDPOINT
IS THE POINT HALFWAY BETWEEN THE CLASS LIMITS
OF EACH CLASS AND IS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE DATA
WITHIN THAT CLASS.
 Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables
STEP 1: Determine the range
Range = Highest Value - Lowest Value
= 29 - 5 = 24

STEP 2: Determine the number of classes

The objective is to use enough classes. We can Determine the
number of classes (k) using “2 to the k rule”. Since n=30, if we try k= 4
then 2 = 24 = 16, somewhat less than 30. if w apply k=5 then 2 =
25 = 32, which is greater than 30. Therefore the recommended
number of classes is 5.
 Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables

STEP 3: Determine the class interval (or width).

Range 24
Suggested Class Interval = = = 4.8 ~ 5
number of classes 5

STEP 4: Select a starting point for the lowest class limit

The starting point can be the smallest data value or any
convenient numbers less than the smallest data value. In our case 5 is
used.
 Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables
STEP 5: Set the individual class limit
We need to add the interval to the lowest score taken as the
starting point to obtain the lower limit of the next class.
Upper Limit = (Lower limit + 5)- 1 = 5 + 5 = 10 - 1=9

Class limits
5-9
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
 Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables
STEP 6: Set the class boundaries.
To obtain we need to subtract 0.5 from the lower and upper
limits.

Class limits Class boundaries

5-9 4.5 - 9.5
10 - 14 9.5 - 14.5
15 - 19 14.5 - 19.5
20 - 24 19.5 - 24.5
25 - 29 24.5 29.5
 Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables
STEP 7: Determine the relative frequency. It can be found by dividing
each frequency by the total frequency.
Class limits Frequency Relative Frequency
5-9 3 0.1
10 - 14 6 0.2
15 - 19 8 0.27
20 - 24 8 0.27
25 - 29 5 0.16
n 30
 Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables
STEP 8: Determine the percentage. It can be found by multiplying 100%
in each relative frequency.
Class Frequency Relative Percentage
limits Frequency
5-9 3 0.1 10%
10 - 14 6 0.2 20%
15 - 19 8 0.27 27%
20 - 24 8 0.27 27%
25 - 29 5 0.16 16%
n 30 100%
 Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables
STEP 9: Determine the cumulative frequencies. The cumulative
frequency can be found by adding the frequency in each class to the
total frequencies of the classes preceding that class.
Class limits Frequency Cumulative Frequency
5-9 3 3
10 - 14 6 9
15 - 19 8 17
20 - 24 8 25
25 - 29 5 30
n 30
 Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables
STEP 10: Determine the midpoints. The midpoint can be found by
getting the average of the upper limit and lower limit of each class.

Class limits Frequency Midpoints

5-9 3 7
10 - 14 6 12
15 - 19 8 17
20 - 24 8 22
25 - 29 5 27
N 30
 Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables
Class limits Frequency Class Midpoints Relative Percentage Cumulative
boundaries Frequency Frequency

5-9 3 4.5 - 9.5 7 0.1 10% 3

10 - 14 6 9.5 - 14.5 12 0.2 20% 9
15 - 19 8 14.5 - 19.5 17 0.27 27% 17
20 - 24 8 19.5 - 24.5 22 0.27 27% 25
25 - 29 5 24.5 - 29.5 27 0.16 16% 30
n 30 100%
 Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables
Class limits Frequency Cumulative Percentage/ Relative
Frequency % Cumulative Frequency
Frequency
5-9 3 3 10% 0.1
10 - 14 6 9 20% 0.2
15 - 19 8 17 27% 0.27
20 - 24 8 25 27% 0.27
25 - 29 5 30 16% 0.16
n 30 100%