CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE
A database is a structured collection of data that is organized and stored in a way that
allows for efficient retrieval, manipulation, and management. It serves as a central
repository for storing and managing data for various applications, systems, or users. Most
database use structured query language (SQL) for writing and querying data.
Therefore, a database system can be seen as an electronic means of keeping files, which
requires systematic arrangement of the files.

IMPORTANCE OF A DATABASE SYSTEM

A database system holds immense importance in various domains due to its crucial role in
data management, organization, and utilization. Here's an overview of why database
systems are so important:
 Efficient Data Storage:
 Structured Data Management
 Data can be shared
 Standards can be enforced
 Decision Support
 Data Integrity and Consistency
 Conflicting requirement can be balanced.

COMPONENTS OF A DATABASE SYSTEM

The components of a database system include:
1. Data
2. Hardware
3. Software
4. Users

1. DATA
Data is a fundamental and central component of any database system. It is the primary
reason why database systems exist in the first place, as they are designed to store,
organize, manage, and provide access to data in a structured and efficient manner.
Data is the heart of a database system. It is the information that drives applications,
supports decision-making, and forms the basis for analysis. The other components of a
database system, such as the DBMS, schema, queries, and security mechanisms, all revolve
around the central concept of efficiently managing and utilizing data.
Data is that information related to an organization that should be stored for any purpose,
to the requirement of the organization. Data can be classified as
 Spatial data
 Non–spatial (attribute) data, and
 Geo–referenced data
a. Spatial data
This is the type of data that has a geographical location and occupies a space with reference
to the earth. Spatial data includes roads, buildings, rivers etc.
b. Non-spatial (attribute) data
This type of data neither has geographical location nor occupies a space with respect to the
earth surface. They have no dimension or coordinates. Rather, these data are used to
describe or characterize the spatial data. Examples include building location, building type,
date of construction, color, use, etc.
c. Geo-referenced data
This is a further refinement of the spatial data, which means data that is geo referenced.
2. HARDWARE
Hardware is a critical component of a database system that provides the physical
infrastructure necessary for storing, managing, and accessing data. It encompasses all the
tangible components that work together to support the functioning of the database
software and facilitate data operations.
In a database system, the hardware components work in conjunction with the database
software to create a functional environment for data storage, retrieval, and management.
The hardware's performance, capacity, and reliability greatly impact the overall
performance and availability of the database system.
3. SOFTWARE
Software is a crucial component of a database system that encompasses all the programs,
applications, and tools responsible for managing, organizing, and manipulating data stored
in the database. It provides the interface between users or applications and the physical
data stored in the hardware.
In essence, the software component of a database system enables users and applications to
interact with the underlying data stored in the hardware. It provides the necessary tools
and interfaces for data manipulation, retrieval, management, and analysis, ensuring that
data remains accessible, accurate, and secure.

4. USERS
The users of the database can best be considered in three broad ways:
 The first class of users is the end users. They access the database from a terminal.
 The second class of user is the application programmer who is responsible for writing
the application programs that uses the database.
 The third class of users is the database administrator or DBA. The DBA is the
household person of the database system. His responsibility is to ensure the up and
running of the system and its efficient performance at all time.
AIM
The aim of this practical exercise is to equip us with the skills and knowledge needed to
manage, analyze, and leverage data effectively in various professions. It supports informed
decision-making, efficient processes and innovation across multiple industries.

OBJECTIVES
1. To create a database structure
2. To query for database entities
3. To know how to link the tables

CHAPTER TWO
 PROCEDURES/ METHODOLOGY
EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS USED
The equipment and materials I used in creating this database are as follows:
1. Data
2. Computer system (DELL)
3. Computer software (Microsoft Access 2007)
4. Printer
5. Paper (A4)

PROCEDURES FOR CREATING DATABASE USING MICROSOFT OFFICE ACCESS

 Power the computer system
 Allow the system to boot to desktop level
 Click on start button
 Click on program
 Click on search and type Microsoft access
 Click on blank database
 A box appears, then type in the title you want to save the work as
 Click on create.

DATA ACQUISITION
The questionnaire method is the data gathering technique used in this practical. Based on
the field relation, queries were posed here and drawn out. These data were collected to
create the work's manuscript. In the manuscripts are unique identifiers such as IDENTITY,
NAME, LOCATION, GENDER, AGE, STATE, NATIONALITY, etc.
After obtaining the data, I used Microsoft Access 2007 to build a folder in which I generated
tables with feeds and their related data kinds. Following that, I created 7 queries for each
table, I connected the tables. The stages of database creation are examined as follows:
 Designing tables
 Querying from tables.
 Linking tables, and
LIST OF TABLE TO BE DESIGN
 Mechanical
 Water
 Concrete
 Structural

MECHANICAL
 S/N
SGENDER
SNAME
EEEE
YRPURC

LVL
MECHANICAL STLEVEL

SPNG/TLS
AGE

PHNO
STCOMS

ABBREVIATION MEANING

S/N = SERIEL NUMBER

SNAME = STUDENT NAME
SGENDER = STUDENT MATRICULATION NUMBER
STLEVEL = STUDENT LEVEL
AGE = AGE
STCOMS = STUDENT COMPLEXSION
PHNO = PHONE NUMBER
SPNG/TLS = SPRING TOOLS ON MECHANICAL LAB
LVL = LEVEL
YRPURC= YEAR OF PURCHASE
STEPS TO DESIGNING MECHANICAL TABLE
1. Power on your computer and allow it to boot to desktop window
2. Click on the start icon and navigate to Microsoft Access 2007 software and click.
3. Allow it to launch, locate blank database and click.
4. Where it displays “database 1”, replace with what you want to save folder and click
create.
5. Navigate to and click on create in menu bar.
6. Navigate to table design and click.
7. In the word space, it asks you to fill in the field names and their corresponding data
types. This I did starting with a unique identifier (ID). After writing a field name, I press
Tab to fill the data type from drop down arrow and double Tab to go to next line. This
procedure was repeated in all fields.
8 After entering all fields, close and select primary key, and file name (i save it as
MECHANICAL).

QUERY FOR MECHANICAL

 QUERY 1

 On the menu bar, click on create

 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM MECHANICAL depress the enter button
 Text WHERE STCOMPS =”FAIR”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.

QUERY 2
 On the menu bar, click on create
 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM MECHANICAL depress the enter button
 Text WHERE LVL = ”GOOD”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.

QUERY 3
 On the menu bar, click on create
 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM MECHANICAL depress the enter button
 Text WHERE SGENDER =”MALE”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.

QUERY 4
 On the menu bar, click on create
 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM MECHANICAL depress the enter button
 Text WHERE STLEVEL = ”OND”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.

WATER
 ID
SSEX
SNA

EXAMRST

HHTOOLS WATER AGE

TSTCOM MWLAB

LABFIELD
OC

ABBREVIATION MEANING

ID = NUMBER
SNA= STUDENT NAME
SSEX = STUDENT SEX
AGE= AGE
MWLAB= MACHINES IN WATER LABORATORY
OC= OUTCOMES
LABFIELD = LABORATORY FIELD
TSTOCOM= TEST OF CONCRETES
HHTOOLS= HAND-HELD TOOLS
EXAMRST= EXAMINATION RESULT

STEPS TO DESIGNING WATER TABLE

1. Navigate to and click on create in menu bar.
2. Navigate to table design and click.
3. In the word space, it asks you to fill in the field names and their corresponding data
types. This I did starting with a unique identifier (ID). After writing a field name, I
press Tab to fill the data type from drop down arrow and double Tab to go to next
line. This procedure was repeated in all fields.
4. After entering all fields, close and select primary key, and file name (this I saved as
Water).
 QUERY FOR WATER
QUERY 1

 On the menu bar, click on create

 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM WATER depress the enter button
 Text WHERE EXAMRST = ”CONTAMINATED”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.
 QUERY 2

 On the menu bar, click on create

 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM WATER depress the enter button
 Text WHERE OC = ”FAVOURABLE”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.
 QUERY 3

 On the menu bar, click on create

 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM WATER depress the enter button
 Text WHERE SSEX = ”FEMALE”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.
 QUERY 4

 On the menu bar, click on create

 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM WATER depress the enter button
 Text WHERE TSTOCOM =”PURIFIED”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.
 CONCRETE

S/N
NIN
SEN

RST

CONCRETE SST
PCF

DTCC AGE

WCON
MPUCON

ABBREVIATION MEANING
S/N = SERIAL NUMBER
SEN = STUDENT NAME
NIN = NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
SST= STUDENT STATUS
AGE= AGE
MPUCON = MATERIALS PLACED UNDER CONCRETE
WCON = WEIGHT OF CONCRETE
DTCC = DENSITY OF COMMON TYPES OF CONCRETE IN CONSTRUCTION
PCF= CEMENT CONDITION DETERMINED BY TEST
RST= REMARK
STEPS TO DESIGNING CONCRETE
1 Navigate to and click on create in menu bar.
2 Navigate to table design and click.
3 In the word space, it asks you to fill in the field names and their
corresponding data types. This I did starting with a unique identifier (ID).
After writing a field name, I press Tab to fill the data type from drop down
arrow and double Tab to go to next line. This procedure was repeated in all
fields.
4 After entering all fields, close and select primary key, and file name (this I
saved as CONCRETE).
 QUERY FOR CONCRETE
QUERY 1

 On the menu bar, click on create

 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM CONCRETE depress the enter button
 Text WHERE PCF = ”140g”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.
 QUERY 2

 On the menu bar, click on create

 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM CONCRETE depress the enter button
 Text WHERE WCON = ”HEAVY”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.
 QUERY 3

 On the menu bar, click on create

 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM CONCRETE depress the enter button
 Text WHERE RST =”INADEQUATE”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.
 QUERY 4

 On the menu bar, click on create

 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM CONCRETE depress the enter button
 Text WHERE SST = ”MARRIED”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.
 STRUCTURAL

S/N
AGE
NAM

AMT

WLEVEL STRUCTURAL MATNO

RST YBRITH
EQPTOOLS

SEX

ABBREVIATION MEANING

S/N = SERIEL NUMBER

NAM = NAME
AGE= AGE
MATNO = MATRICULATION
YBRITH= YEAR OF BIRTH
SEX = SEX
EQPTOOLS = EQUIPMENT TOOLS IN STRUCTURAL
RST = RESULT
WLEVEL = WORK LEVEL
AMT = AMOUNT OF EQUIPMENT
STEPS TO DESIGNING STRUCTURAL
1. Navigate to and click on create in menu bar.
2. Navigate to table design and click.
3. In the word space, it asks you to fill in the field names and their corresponding data
types. This I did starting with a unique identifier (ID). After writing a field name, I
press Tab to fill the data type from drop down arrow and double Tab to go to next
line. This procedure was repeated in all fields.
4. After entering all fields, close and select primary key, and file name (this I saved as
STRUCTURAL).
 QUERY FOR STRUCTURAL
QUERY 1

 On the menu bar, click on create

 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM STRUCTURAL depress the enter button
 Text WHERE EQPTTOOLS = ”CHISEL”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.
 QUERY 2

 On the menu bar, click on create

 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM STRUCTURAL depress the enter button
 Text WHERE WLEVEL =”HIGH”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.
 QUERY 3

 On the menu bar, click on create

 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM STRUCTURAL depress the enter button
 Text WHERE SEX = ”MALE”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.
 QUERY 4

 On the menu bar, click on create

 Click on query design
 A dialogue box showing table will display, click on the table you want then
add and click close
 Click on view on the top left
 Click on SQL
 Change SELECT; Edit to remove the (;) symbol and depress shift 8 to give
this (*) symbol in front of SELECT, E.g. SELECT*, depress the enter key
 Text in uppercase FROM STRUCTURAL depress the enter button
 Text WHERE RST = ”MECHNICAL”; depress enter key
 Click on the icon on the menu bar Run (!),
 Click on close (a dialogue box will appear demanding if you want to save or
not)
 Click on yes
 Enter query name
 Click ok.
 PROCEDURES FOR LINKING TABLES

 On the menu bar, click on database tool, there will be a drop down
 Click on relationship
 There will be a dialogue box displayed with the various tables
 Select the tables in the order of arrangement you want (MECHANICAL,
WATER, CONCRETE AND STRUCTURAL) and add them one after the other.
 Click on close
 Click on edit relationship
 A dialogue box will be displayed, click on create new from the display,
enter left table name and select unique identifier. Go to the right hand
table, select table name and select unique identifier.
 Click okay
 Click joint type
 Select the properties (I chose option 2).
 Click ok then
 Click on create.
 Click on edit relationship again
 A dialogue box will be displayed, click on create new from the display,
enter left table name and select unique identifier. Go to the right hand
table, select and select unique identifier.
 Click okay
 Click joint type
 Select the properties (I chose option 2).
 Click ok then
 Click on create.
With these, the four tables have been successfully linked.
 CONCLUSION
My knowledge of how to design database tables, links, and queries, as well as
how to utilize Microsoft Office Access, has improved as a result of this activity.