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Frequency Distribution

The document explains frequency distribution as a statistical tool for organizing and summarizing data by classifying individual data items into categories. It outlines the steps for constructing frequency distributions for both ungrouped and grouped data, including tallying procedures and calculating class intervals. Additionally, it describes graphical representations such as histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives to visualize the data distribution.

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burntchilde63
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5 views

Frequency Distribution

The document explains frequency distribution as a statistical tool for organizing and summarizing data by classifying individual data items into categories. It outlines the steps for constructing frequency distributions for both ungrouped and grouped data, including tallying procedures and calculating class intervals. Additionally, it describes graphical representations such as histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives to visualize the data distribution.

Uploaded by

burntchilde63
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FREQUENCY

DISTRIBUTION
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
A STATISTICAL DEVICE THAT EFFECTIVELY CLASSIFIES AND
ASSEMBLES INDIVIDUAL DATA ITEMS IN ORDER TO GAIN A
COMPREHENSIVE MESSAGES ABOUT THE PATTERN OF
VARIATION IN THE DATA
THE TABULATION OF RAW DATA OBTAINED BY DIVIDING IT
INTO CLASSES OF SOME SIZE AND COMPUTING THE NUMBER OF
DATA ELEMENTS (OR THEIR FRACTION OUT OF THE TOTAL)
FALLING WITHIN EACH PAIR OF CLASS BOUNDARIES.
 ITS PURPOSE IS TO SUMMARIZE AND ORGANIZE A SET OF
DATA.
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS CAN BE STRUCTURED AS A
TABLE OR A GRAPH, PROVIDED YOU PRESENT:

1. THE SCORE VALUES THAT MAKE UP THE ORIGINAL SCALE OF


MEASUREMENT.

2. A RECORD OF THE FREQUENCY OF OBSERVATIONS IN EACH


CATEGORY.
CONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
1. FOR UNGROUPED DATA

UNGROUPED (OR RAW) DATA – Data which are


not organized in any specific way.

RAW DATA - Data as originally collected


Following Are The Recommended Steps For Constructing
Frequency Distribution For Ungrouped Data:
1. Arrange the observations in rank order – either from lowest
to highest or vice versa.
2. Tallying procedure is required.
3. When the values in the array have been tallied and counted,
record count as the frequencies.
CONSIDER THE SCORES OF 24
STUDENTS ON A MATHEMATICS TEST
GIVEN IN THE FOLLOWING TABLE.

35 33 37 48 41 32 15 40 29 34

38 36 42 36 39 34 26 44 40 26

43 36 35 36
1. Arrange The Observations In Rank Order – Either From
Lowest To Highest Or Vice Versa.

15 26 26 29 32 33 34 34 35 35

36 36 36 36 37 38 39 40 40 41

42 43 44 48
2. Tallying Procedure Is Required.
3. When The Values In The Array Have Been Tallied And Counted, Record
Count As The Frequencies.
Frequency Distribution Table of the Math Scores of 24 Students

Score Tally Frequency Score Tally Frequency


15 I 1 38 I 1
26 II 2 39 I 1
29 I 1 40 II 2
32 I 1 41 I 1
33 I 1 42 I 1
34 II 2 43 I 1
35 II 2 44 I 1
36 IIII 4 48 I 1
37 I 1
NOTE :
The score 15 is much smaller than the other scores, that is, 15 is
called an outlier.
(an outlier is a number that is much larger or much smaller than
the rest of the data.)

No data from 16 – 25, also from 45 – 47. these are gaps in the
distribution of the data.

The scores 34, 35, and 36 occurred more frequently than the other
scores. hence these scores are referred to as cluster points
2. FOR GROUPED DATA

GROUPED DATA - Data that are presented in the form of a


frequency distribution

CLASS - Every possible value of the variable within the


range of observation

CLASS INTERVAL (I)- A grouping or category defined by a


lower limit and an upper limit
CLASS SIZE - Refers to the quotient of the computed range and class frequency
of the desired class interval
CLASS MARK (X) - The midpoint between the upper and lower class
boundaries or class limits of a class interval
CLASS BOUNDARIES (CB) - The true class limits which is situated between
the upper limit of one interval and the lower limit of the next interval
CLASS LIMITS (CL) - Are found by rounding class boundaries to the same
decimal places as the observations
CLASS FREQUENCY (F) - Refers to the number of observations belonging to
a class interval
RANGE (R) - It is determined by the difference of highest and
lowest values
RELATIVE FREQUENCY (RF) - Shows the proportion in the percent of
each frequency to the total frequency

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY (CF) - The total frequency of all values


less than the upper class boundary of a given class interval
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A GROUPED
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
1. Array the data in either ascending or descending order.
2. Determine the range (R) by getting the difference between the highest and
lowest value in the data. R = HV - LV
3. Determine the number of class interval using sturges’ rule:
K = 1 + 3.33 LOG N
WHERE: K = NUMBER OF CLASS INTERVAL
N = TOTAL NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS
LOG N = COMMON LOGARITHM OF N
4. Divide the range (R) by the number of class intervals (k) to
obtain the size of the class interval (i).
R HV  LV
i 
k 1  3.33 log N
5. Starting from the largest integer less than or equal to the
lowest value, construct class intervals of size i until the
highest value is reached. Tally the scores in tabular form.
EXAMPLE 1:
The following data represents the scores
of 30 students in math analysis class.

83 87 70 76 80 87 75 84 85 76

82 89 81 77 84 86 71 80 80 79

86 93 84 83 85 88 72 84 84 92
I. RANGE (R) = HV - LV = 93 – 70 =23

II. NUMBER OF CLASS INTERVALS


K = 1 + 3.33 LOG N
K = 1 + 3.33 LOG (30)
K = 1 + 3.33(1.4771)
K = 1 + 4.9188
K = 5.9188
R
i
k
III. SIZE OF CLASS INTERVAL 23
i
5.9188
i  4.6759  5
EXAMPLE 1: FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

CI CB CM Tally f
70-74 69.5-74.5 72 III 3
75-79 74.5-79.5 77 IIIII 5
80-84 79.5-84.5 82 IIIII-IIIII-II 12
85-89 84.5-89.5 87 IIIII-III 8
90-94 89.5-94.5 92 II 2
N = 30
EXAMPLE 1: FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

CLASS MARK (X) - The midpoint between the upper and lower
class boundaries or class limits of a class interval
CI CB x f

70-74 69.5-74.5 72 3
75-79 74.5-79.5 77 5
80-84 79.5-84.5 82 12
85-89 84.5-89.5 87 8
90-94 89.5-94.5 92 2
EXAMPLE 1: RELATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
RELATIVE FREQUENCY (RF) - Shows the proportion in the
percent of each frequency to the total frequency
CI CB F RF %RF
70-74 69.5-74.5 3 3/30 = 0.10 10.00
75-79 74.5-79.5 5 5/30 = 0.1667 16.67
80-84 79.5-84.5 12 12/30 = 0.40 40.00

85-89 84.5-89.5 8 8/30 = 0.2667 26.67


90-94 89.5-94.5 2 2/30 = 0.0667 6.67
EXAMPLE 1: CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY (CF) - The total frequency of all values less
than the upper class boundary of a given class interval

CI CB f < Cf >Cf
70-74 69.5-74.5 3 3 30
75-79 74.5-79.5 5 8 27
80-84 79.5-84.5 12 20 22
85-89 84.5-89.5 8 28 10
90-94 89.5-94.5 2 30 2
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
HISTOGRAM – Consists of a set of rectangles having bases on a
horizontal axis which centers on the class marks. The base widths
correspond to the class size and the heights of the rectangles correspond
to the class frequencies.

FREQUENCY POLYGON - A line graph of class frequencies plotted


against class marks; prepared by collecting the midpoints of
the rectangular tops in the histogram
OGIVE – Also called the cumulative frequency polygon, a
graph of the class boundaries and the cumulative frequencies.

• Less than cumulative frequency (LCF) - represented by a


graph of a less than ogive
• Greater than cumulative frequency (GCF) - represented by a
graph of a greater than ogive
EXAMPLE 1: HISTOGRAM

12

10

f 6

0
64-69 70-74 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95

Class Boundaries
EXAMPLE 1: FREQUENCY POLYGON

12

10

4
f 2

0
67 69.5 72.5 74.5 77.5 79.5 82.5 84.5 87.5 89.5 92.5 96

Class Marks
EXAMPLE 1: OGIVE

<CF >CF
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
69.5- 74.5- 79.5- 84.5- 89.5-
74.5 79.5 84.5 89.5 94.5

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