COGENT ENGINEERING

2024, VOL. 11, NO. 1, 2345524

https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2024.2345524

CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | RESEARCH ARTICLE

Technology and innovation management methodology for the

development of recyclable bioplastics from organic waste
Santiago Quiceno Ciroa , William Urrego Yepesb , Juan Carlos Posada Cb and
Alejandro Valencia-Ariasc
Master in Management of Technological Innovation, Cooperation and Regional Development, Instituto Tecnolo
gico
a

Metropolitano (ITM), Medell
ın, Colombia; bGrupo de Investigaci
on en Calidad, Metrolog
ıa y Producci
on, Instituto Tecnol
ogico
~or de Sip
an, Chiclayo, Per

Metropolitano (ITM), Medell
ın, Colombia; cEscuela de Ingenier
ıa Industrial, Universidad Sen u

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

The article discusses the issue of plastic waste pollution and the need to create biodegrad- Received 3 October 2023
able biomaterials from organic waste. It emphasizes the worldwide scale of plastic produc- Revised 1 March 2024
tion and its impact on the oceans, highlighting the magnitude of the challenge. The article Accepted 16 April 2024
specifically focuses on Colombia, a country with high annual plastic consumption and
KEYWORDS
unique waste management challenges. The aim of this study is to propose a methodology Pollution; plastics;
for managing technology and innovation that promotes the use of biomaterials in the pack- biomaterials; technology
aging and plastics industry. The proposed methodology is based on the classification of key management (TM);
factors and groups of tools, which are designed to guide the development and implementa- innovation management
tion process of biomaterials. Additionally, this text details the key findings resulting from the (IM); sustainability
validation of the methodology with experts and entrepreneurs in the sector. Notably, the
findings highlight the feasibility and relevance of the proposed methodology in promoting REVIEWING EDITOR
the transition towards renewable and sustainable raw material sources. It is emphasized that Marco Montemurro, Arts et
Metiers ParisTech – Centre
practical implementation of this methodology in a real business environment is crucial to de Bordeaux-Talence,
validate its effectiveness and promote its large-scale adoption. France

SUBJECTS
Environmental Sciences;
Sustainable Engineering &
Manufacturing;
Sustainability

1. Introduction From the previous figure, approximately 10% of all

plastic discarded on the planet ends up in the
The high level of pollution caused by the overflowing
oceans, of which 94% remains on the seabed and
quantities of plastic and packaging waste, mostly
only 1% is found floating near the ocean surface
derived from non-renewable fossil resources such as
and the 5% drifts on beaches (Ministry of
oil and its derivatives, is a global problem that has
Environment and Sustainable Development, 2022).
been around for some time. Years ago, it was consid- Global plastic production has increased rapidly
ered unsustainable (Jaffur et al., 2023; Mapelli et al., over the last 50 years, especially in the last few
2022). decades. According to the Plastics Manufacturers
The calculations carried out on the issue of plastic Association of Europe (PlasticsEurope), approximately
waste at a global level show alarming results, 8.3 billion tons of plastics have been produced since
because if the current production and consumption production began around 1950. In 2019, global plas-
dynamics in this regard continue, it is estimated that tic production reached almost 370 million tons. In
by the year 2050 there will be 12 billion tons of plas- Europe, plastics production reached nearly 58 million
tic waste in the environment. natural and landfills. tons. Much of the waste generated by finished

CONTACT Alejandro Valencia-Arias [email protected] Escuela de Ingenier
ıa Industrial, Universidad Se~

nor de Sip
an, Chiclayo
14001, Per

u;.
ß 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow
the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.
2 S. QUICENO CIRO ET AL.

products made of plastic ends up in the oceans and, From then on, that is, since 1985, technological
worryingly, constitutes between 60% and 80% of resources and assets have become fundamental
marine litter (Oliveros & Zambrano, 2020). components for the achievement of the strategic
In complementary and specific figures for Colombia, organizational objectives outlined, allowing the
an annual consumption of about 1,250,000 tons of emergence of value-added innovations in business
plastic is established in 2018, that is, on average it is dynamics that create and transform products, proc-
estimated that each Colombian uses 24 kilos of plastic esses and services, giving a more explicit place and
per year, mostly from raw materials that are difficult to context to technology and IM (Jaimes et al., 2011).
biodegrade (Cl
ınica Jur
ıdica de Medio Ambiente Chiaromonte (2004) and Lichtenthaler (2003)
Pu
blica Salud (MASP) – Faculty of Law Universidad de reveal three stages that implicitly show first steps
Los Andes & Greenpeace Colombia, 2019). towards the very notion of technology management
Considering the previous problem, it is gaining (TM) in first world countries, which in turn also
strength and relevance to use less intensive conven- tacitly show components of IM. The first stage is
tional plastics and instead use biodegradable biomate- located at the end of the Second World War and
rials as raw materials for the production of bioplastics was characterized by the promulgation of public pol-
and biopackaging, which in turn come from renewable icies to stimulate science and technology by devel-
sources (Mishra et al., 2023; Shevchenko et al., 2022). oped countries, where these advanced economies
However, to achieve this, the implementation and financed basic scientific initiatives, expecting in
management of technology and innovation in this return the technological and social progress.
area of using reincorporatable organic waste for the In the second stage, towards the 1970s and 1980s,
biopolymer and biopackaging industry must take into there was a variation in the notion of innovation, mov-
account the scientific and technological limitations of a ing from a focus on radical transformations (punctual
country like Colombia that is just venturing into the and discontinuous innovation) to process innovation,
development of biomaterials and bioplastics (Go
mez prioritizing the transversal dynamics between products
Ayala & Yory Sanabria, 2018, p. 69–70). and organizational processes. In the second stage, the
Based on the needs raised above, the authors pre- focus was shifted from radical transformations (punc-
pared this research article, in which a technology tual and discontinuous innovation) to process innov-
and innovation management (IM) methodology is ation (incremental and continuous innovation), making
proposed that contributes to the development of innovation a component of the participatory business
biodegradable biomaterials from organic waste that domain and not just of exclusive use and exploitation,
can be reincorporated into industry and the understanding that this is crucial for strategic develop-
‘packaging’ and plastics market. Therefore, below a ment and market penetration (Ganesh Saratale et al.,
background description will be made to delve into 2021; Patti & Acierno, 2022). Moving to the third stage,
the conceptual components that give line to the which occurred in the 1990s, the main event stands
proposed methodology, then the methodological out as the important link between TM and organiza-
development will be found, to then present the tional R&D programs in terms of interaction between
results and conclusions of this research exercise. corporate management and management. techno-
logical areas, which in turn involved the activities and
needs of innovation (Jim
enez et al., 2007).
1.1. Background
Specifically in Latin America, at the level of the first
The management of technology and innovation has steps towards more tangible practices of technology
its beginnings between the year 1945 until approxi- and IM, some parities are identified with respect to the
mately the year 1985, in this period, the feelings of close implementations of the three stages related
uncertainty and instability were not as demanding above (Castellanos & Jim
enez, 2004). In the case of
as they are today, which is why, in terms of the Colombia, these first advances are incorporated late
management of technology and innovation, there when comparing them with the realities that have
were no fully established foundations or implemen- occurred in the global development poles and in terms
tations on the subject; however, a strategic approach of the general Latin American panorama, since it is
to the commercial and marketing resource manage- identified that it is just beginning its immersion in
ment markets was developed, and human resource issues of TM and innovation in 1980, and at that time
management was strengthened as a strengthening the developed countries were already approximately
element of companies (Jaimes et al., 2011). 35 years ahead.
 COGENT ENGINEERING 3

Regarding the Colombian context on the map of practice at the business level as a strategic soft tech-
technology and IM, when making comparisons with nology towards increasing levels of competitiveness
Latin America and other more developed latitudes, it is presented as one of the shortcomings of biotech-
is concluded that despite the progress made in nology-based companies. Precisely, this weak pres-
CT þ I, the lag is evident, since in the vast majority ence of technology and IM makes it unlikely to
of indicators related to science, technology and consider the clear existence of a technology and IM
innovation, the country hardly stands out, unlike methodology in Colombia that is visible, inclusive,
nations such as South Korea, China, Ireland, Brazil, consistent with the environment and accessible. in a
Finland, among others, which have significant transversal and generalized manner to all compo-
resources of various kinds for these activities nents of biotechnological organizations (Pen ~a
(Perfetti, 2016). By 2012, the country reached 153 Gonz
alez & Petit Torres, 2016) or is used exclusively
biotechnology companies, represented in the agri-
in a few organizations (Villa & Jim
enez, 2017).
cultural sector with 38%, the food and alcoholic bev-
erages sector with 33%, biofuels contribute 8%, the
pharmaceutical sector reaches 5%. Universities and 2. Conceptual dimensions
research centers complete the figures with 16%.
Based on the data consulted at the Latin American Next, we will develop the conceptual elements
level, not only are the differences marked when that constitute this methodological proposal. By
making comparisons with North America or with the taking theoretical and procedural support from the
main European countries, since these comparisons management of technology and innovation, we can
also show significant gaps between countries of the contribute to establishing parameters that align with
same region in terms of the growth of the existing national and regional objectives related to issues of
biotechnology industry and the emergence and con- the bioeconomy. This will serve as a source of guid-
solidation of initiatives in this field (Anllo
& Fuchs, ance and consultation for new industries (BIOintropic,
2013). Universidad EAFIT, & Silo 2018), while also considering
The development of recyclable biomaterials from existing ones. The proposal will not only serve as a
organic waste presents a promising avenue for mitigat- source of business guidance and consultation, but
ing the environmental impact of conventional plastics also as a reference for academic and research consult-
in the packaging industry. Recent research has high- ation material.
lighted innovative techniques and material sources for
these biomaterials’ production. Samir et al. (2022) dis-
cusses the potential of recyclable polymers derived 2.1. Technology and innovation management
from natural and synthetic sources, emphasizing agri- Technology and innovation, like other organizational
cultural waste’s importance for production. Cubas et al. resources, need to be optimized, making the best
(2023) explore how bacterial cellulose from kombucha
use of them and taking a transversal approach, since
could offer a sustainable and cost-effective alternative
they do not produce the results outlined above on
for the circular economy. Szeluga and Adamus (2023)
their own. This is where the leading role of manage-
demonstrate the development of packaging films
ment arises, which, when it comes to technology
based on polyhydroxybutyrate, using ultrasonic weld-
and innovation, implies that they are interdependent
ing. Furthermore, Ochoa-Herrera and Philippidis (2021)
and that their correlation and synergy determine the
highlight the recyclable source potential of microalgae
for biomaterials in biorefineries. Additionally, Westlake degree of efficiency and development that products
et al. (2023) discuss the need for alternative packaging and services can offer to satisfy the expectations cre-
materials, emphasizing recyclable biopolymers. ated and expected (Robledo, 2017).
In addition to the conditions of underdevelop- In today’s competitive and technological world,
ment in which the country finds itself in terms of organizations that fail to delegate the management
biotechnology industry, in Colombia there is no cat- of technological assets to produce innovation will be
egorical, consistent and coherent discussion or docu- outcompeted and may even face extinction (Bauz
a,
mentation on the management of biotechnology 2016). Successful IM allows organizations to add
and innovation for the development of biodegrad- value to their products and services, which in turn
able biomaterials. from reintegrable organic waste provides these organizations with the necessary
for the packaging and plastics industry and market; returns to compensate for the risks assumed through
furthermore, its implementation and sustained ~o
IM (Solleiro & Castan
n, 2016).
4 S. QUICENO CIRO ET AL.

2.2. Management of biotechnology and the The constructed methodology was subjected to a
bioeconomy functional validation in its documentary theoretical
promulgation before experts and businessmen from
The development of biodegradable biomaterials
the packaging and plastics industry, through a
from recyclable organic waste can be approached
detailed socialization of its own sequential systemic
through the concepts and implications of bioecon-
contents. In addition, interviews were conducted
omy and biotechnology. Bioeconomy is a strategic
with the same experts and businessmen, with ques-
pillar in policies and guidelines of both organiza-
tions that contributed to obtaining objective results
tional and governmental nature, promoting the use
in order to be able to determine the validation and
of biomaterials to progressively replace fossil sources
(Lamers et al., 2016). Biotechnology contributes to adjustments that can be made for the proposed
the bioeconomy by efficiently utilizing the biological methodology.
resources of a region, including the industrial use of The TM and IM models and their generational
renewable biological materials (Cubas et al., 2023; stages were explored to extract elements, compo-
Rodr
ıguez, 2017). nents, and tools for the proposed Technology and
From the above, it is important to keep in mind Innovation Management Methodology. This method-
that the Technology and innovation management ology aims to contribute to the development of bio-
(TIM) in the development of biodegradable biomate- degradable biomaterials obtained from organic
rials from recyclable organic waste and the manage- waste that can be used in the packaging and plastics
ment of biotechnology and the bioeconomy are industry. The proposed methodology is distinct from
mutually inclusive, since according to Villa and other methodologies and will be developed in a
Jim
enez (2017), when they state that ‘the manage- documentary manner.
ment of technologies such as biotechnology requires The elements, components and tools, among
support from transversal processes of TM such as: others, that will become an integral part of the
technological monitoring, competitive intelligence, methodology to be proposed as the main objective
foresight and adequate management of intellectual of this article, will be stated with their respective
property’. In addition, these actions reflect the need attributes and peculiarities in subsequent chapters
for biotechnology-based companies to incorporate a and in accordance with the dynamics of the same
technology and IM area for the adequate execution proposal. methodology to be developed.
of the same management towards the achievement
of the proposed strategic objectives. Moreover, such 4. Construction of the methodological
companies would also need to establish procedures proposal
to optimize the responsibility of managing technol-
ogy and innovation with the aim of supporting its Below are the key determinants of the characteriza-
viability, growth, permanence and evolution in an tion of TM and IM processes in the plastics industry
increasingly changing and competitive environment in relation to the development of biodegradable bio-
(Garc
ıa Gonz
alez, 2019; Moshood et al., 2022). materials, complemented with the characterization
and correlation in the dynamics of productivity, com-
petitiveness, human resources, environment, R&D&I,
3. Materials and methods technology and regulations in terms of their capabil-
The development of this article is approached from ities, opportunities/challenges and deficiencies to be
a Exploratory- descriptive qualitative (EDQ) research strengthened that have been identified in plastics
approach, which is based on the construction of the sector studies. Then, the key factors identified during
methodological proposal through the identification the field work and literature review are presented.
of various processes and components that are sys- The field work consisted of submitting the pro-
temic and that account for essential parameters to posed methodology to a validation in its theoretical
describe the context and the implications of this for and documentary implementation before experts in
the deployment of the proposal; for this purpose, order to identify qualities, corrections and adjustments
initially relevant articles and literature on the topic to be made so that its functionality can be more
were identified and review; then a matrix was devel- objectively defined with respect to its theoretical and
oped that allowed a classification in order of impor- documentary promulgation and to its conceptual con-
tance and impact of the key factors identified struct, both argumentative and schematic, based on
(Hunter et al., 2019; Karahan et al., 2022). the different elements incorporated to each construct.
 COGENT ENGINEERING 5

In the selection of each of the validators, it was 4.4. Determinant R&D&i

initially considered that their area and expertise
For the determinant R&D&i (see Table 4), it is identi-
should be related to R&D&I activities/projects and to
fied that companies get access to technology from
the development of materials and/or biomaterials
other countries (Europe, Asia and North America) to
(sustainable manufacturing), in order to obtain
obtain better efficiencies in production processes
objective validation results in accordance with the
and that favors the application of better innovation
methodology developed.
practices in the local market. In addition, the cap-
acity is the availability of research, innovation and
4.1. Productivity determinant prototyping laboratories for the sector in Cali,
Bogot
a, Medell
ın and Cartagena, which allows high
Concerning the productivity determinant (see Table
levels of automation.
1), it was found that its development will allow to
reduce the cost of recycled raw materials for compa-
nies that have alliances with collection networks. In 4.5. Step-by-step and schematic layout of the
this sense, it is necessary to Colombia is already a tools/elements/processes of the proposed
manufacturer of high value-added products such as methodology
plates, sheets, tubes, panels, tiles, leather, among A schematic arrangement of the elements/processes/
other products, which also has potential in terms of tools identified from the TEMAGUIDE and ISO
technological capabilities to expand to the manufac- 56002:2019 models is presented, plus those annexed
ture of products for other industries such as con- as a specific complement to the methodology to be
struction materials. construction, agriculture, auto formulated, and the key factors identified, consti-
parts, among others. tuted as the foundations/pillars/categories/structural
dimensions of these same elements/processes/tools,
are also presented.
4.2. Determinant competitiveness
The coupling of the components, among many
This determinant (see Table 2) for the Colombian others, in the context of Technology Management
case, has a broad portfolio of diversified export and Innovation Management, is obtained through
products, which gives it the ability to have a high the implementation of a series of key factors, which
level of specialization to compete in the global mar- are constituted as the foundations/pillars/categories/
ket; Likewise, its geographical location allows large structural dimensions of the methodology to be for-
players to have a presence throughout South mulated, supported by other complementary facilita-
America and Central America. tors that would be the elements/processes/tools.
The key factors have been infused/adapted, con-
tributed and chosen from the TEMAGUIDE and ISO
4.3. Environmental determinant
56002:2019 Models that have been the basis and
In the environmental determinant (see Table 3), it is have contributed significantly in the construction
identified that its capacity is given by the increase in and implementation of the theoretical and docu-
awareness about the responsible use and consump- mentary methodology in question; additionally and
tion of raw materials and plastic manufacturers, con- in relevance to the specifics of the subject, key fac-
sidering new sustainable productive alternatives. tors such as CHARACTERIZATION OF RECYCLABLE

Table 1. Productivity determinants.

Capabilities Opportunities/challenges Deficiencies to strengthen
Productivity Low cost of recycled Replace plastics with metal and rubber In Colombia, stakeholders import 90% of their
materials for allies. components. raw materials from countries such as the
Technological capacity to Exporting plastics to markets with small United States, China and Brazil, with the
expand into other industries. remaining 10% being purchased locally. Thus,
markets. Replacing imports with local raw materials. the import of plastics in primary forms
There are few substitutes in the food represents more than 65% of the sector’s total
packaging market. imports.
Promote the adoption of continuous
improvement and innovation
management practices (Lean Six Sigma,
Scrum, etc. in the production chain).
Source: Author’s calculations based on Productive Colombia (2019) and GQSP & UNIDO (2020).
6 S. QUICENO CIRO ET AL.

Table 2. Determinants of competitiveness.

Capabilities Opportunities/challenges Deficiencies to strengthen
Competitiveness In the case of Colombia, Free trade agreements with other countries. Low availability of transportation
there is a diversified Development of complementary chemical providers.
portfolio to compete additives or plasticizers. Low availability of multimodal
globally. Investment in the development of transportation prevents
multimodal transportation infrastructure. improvement of transportation
Advantages to promote exports. and logistics costs in the sector.
High competitiveness of products against Tariff barriers on raw materials.
imported substitutes. High logistics and service costs.
Participation in forums, conferences, talks Imports in the sector are growing
with strong opinion leaders. at a higher rate than exports,
Establishment of an observatory to monitor which has led to a steady
circular economy implementation increase in the trade deficit.
strategies.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on Productive Colombia (2019) and GQSP & UNIDO (2020).

Table 3. Environmental determinant.

Capabilities Opportunities/challenges Deficiencies to strengthen
Environmental Raise awareness of responsible Implementing the circular economy requires Lack of measurement controls for the
use and consumption of plastic investment in plastics processing implementation of the circular
raw materials and products, machinery to develop new products. economy.
and consider new sustainable Despite initiatives by global and local Low implementation of strategies
production alternatives. public bodies to reduce and ban certain related to culture for the use of
types of plastics, current substitutes have plastic waste.
higher costs and environmental impacts. Low education that allows a correct
Open academic spaces where entrepreneurs final disposal of plastics, recycling.
can educate consumers about the uses, Low disclosure of the environmental
impacts and benefits of the plastics and sustainability benefits of
industry. adopting the principles of green
Create financial resources to promote and chemistry and circular economy.
implement sustainable development
programs.
Source: Own elaboration based on productive Colombia (2019) and GQSP & UNIDO (2020).

RENEWABLE BIOMATERIALS and ASSESSMENT AND side of the corresponding matrix (Table 6. Matrix.
MEASUREMENT OF IMPACTS have been added. Categories of Key Factors and Classification of GT-GI
These key factors are classified into Fundamental Tools), enter the scene at one side of the scheme of
Key Factors, Strategic Key Factors, First Level Key the methodology.
Factors and Second Level Key Factors.
After the above, as far as the structure is con-
4.6. Key factors
cerned, the substantial headline referring to the
main and specific topic, such as the Technology and The key factors developed below have been infused/
Innovation Management Methodology that contrib- adapted, contributed and selected from the
utes to the development of recyclable biomaterials TEMAGUIDE and ISO 56002:2019 models that have
from organic waste that can be reincorporated for supported and contributed significantly to the theor-
the packaging and plastics industry and market, is etical documentary construction and implementation
set out as the central axis. of the Technology Management Methodology. and
To the above, the Fundamental Key Factor (FCF), innovation that contributes to the development of
the Strategic Key Factors (FCE), the First Level Key biodegradable biomaterials from reintegrable
Factors (FCPN); consecutively, the different Second organic waste for the packaging and plastics indus-
Level Key Factors (FCSN) are coupled, and to these, try and market.
the different identified tools are integrated, and as a Table 5 shows the selected key factors, which are
final surrounding element, the Strategic Key Factor classified into fundamental key factors, strategic key
called IMPACT ASSESSMENT appears. factors, first-level key factors, and second-level key
After this arrangement, the corresponding factors.
Classification Groups (CG) and/or origin (P), which
can be given to the tools according to their classifi- 4.6.1. Ongoing management commitment
cation and/or use distributed in sets or groupings in The commitment of the top management is, in itself,
blocks according to what is shown on the far left the most important element in the implementation
 COGENT ENGINEERING 7

Table 4. R&D&i determinants.

Capabilities Opportunities/challenges Deficiencies to strengthen
R&D&i Companies gain access to Designing biodegradable components or chemicals and Acquisition of technology in other
technology from other modifying manufacturing recipes can reduce the cost of countries requires high financial
countries (Europe, Asia and producing bags, containers, packaging, and other resources.
North America). materials. Low investment in research and
They gain greater efficiency in Developing smart plastics with special properties as a development by companies in
production processes, which finished product. the sector.
encourages the application of Investing in state-of-the-art machinery to increase Low synergy between laboratories,
best innovation practices in the production capacity and transform plastics. universities and companies for
local market. Designing automatic tax/financial incentives for companies the development of analytical
Research, innovation and that fund R&D projects. methods for the plastics sector.
prototyping laboratories are Developing other biodegradable applications: using The majority of MSMEs do not
available. biomass from other natural resources to create have the capacity to develop
biodegradable or compostable plastics. plastic products at the speed
Inward strategies. required by the international
Achieve a mature ecosystem in close coordination with market.
government innovation support institutions, research
centers, academia and the private sector.
Intellectual property strength and agility.
Government funding and incentives for the technological
transformation of companies in the sector.
Creation of a platform linking national and/or international
research groups.
Creation of a scrapping program for machines in the
sector.
Create laboratory tests to evaluate or certify
biodegradability.
Promote technology transfer through international
suppliers and/or national experts.
Promote the adoption of continuous improvement and
innovation management practices.
Source: Author’s calculations based on Productive Colombia (2019) and GQSP & UNIDO (2020).

of a management system and guarantees greater Table 5. Key factors.

chances of success if there is strong support and Fundamental Constant commitment from
key factor senior management
sustained commitment from all levels of the organ-
Key strategic Organizational context and
ization. An adequate level of trust must be achieved factors Business Needs
in the intention that managers, and especially top Impact Assessment
Characterization of renewable,
management, keep in mind that the management biodegradable biomaterials
system is important enough for this same higher Top-level key Biotech strategy
body to guarantee the necessary resources. in the factors Biotech Acquisition
Bio-process innovation
execution of all phases of a project (SiSiCOM, 2019). Bioproducts Development
The TM and IM is not only about technology, it Second level Look out
key factors Focus
also categorically refers to business management. Train
Such a statement requires that internal and external Implement
Learn
resources are managed appropriately. Resources
Source: Preparation and adaptation of the Cotec Foundation for
such as human, financial and technological must be Technological Innovation (1999), AENOR (2006) and Pignani (2022).
planned, organized and developed in a strategic and
integrated manner, the above constitutes the first
concern of TM, and must be led and internalized in identify the opportunities and challenges that lead
the organization by the first line of senior manage- to generate R&D&i activities (Carrillo, 2021).
ment. direction (Cotec Foundation for Technological In the field of technology, market analysis calls for
Innovation, 1999). two main applications, the first is suitable for identify-
ing new business opportunities, in this sense, the
4.6.2. Organizational context and market needs objectives already determined for R&D can be
The organization is in the task of constantly monitor- focused on satisfying those needs. already existing in
ing the problems, the implicit and explicit messages the market, which will lead to demand-driven innov-
that trends show in both external and internal envi- ation. Secondly, it supports the appropriate transform-
ronments, such as consumer preferences, techno- ation of new technological knowledge into new
logical developments and analysis of its own internal products, i.e. the type of innovation driven by tech-
capabilities, this in order to promptly or early nology, which requires a correct assessment of the
 8

Table 6. Matrix. Categories of key factors and classification of TM-IM Tools.

TM and IM matrix: Categories key factors Key factors
Contributes to the development of FKF LEARN ONGOING MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT
S. QUICENO CIRO ET AL.

biomaterials from biodegradable

organic waste for the packaging KSF ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT AND MARKET NEEDS
and plastics industry and market KSF CHARACTERIZATION OF RENEWABLE, BIODEGRADABLE BIOMATERIALS
KFFL BIOTECHNOLOGY ACQUISITION INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGY BIO-TECHNOLOGY BIO PROCESSES BIO PRODUCTS
KFSL LOOK OUT FOCUS GET TRAINED IMPLANT
KSF IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Classification Groups (CG) and/or Origin (O) Technology and Innovation Management Tools (TIMT) Applicability of the tools (complete and/or possible)
Information from external sources Bio-Technological Prospective X x LEARN
Biotechnology Benchmarking and Biotechnology Intelligence X x
Patent Analysis X X
Biotechnology Surveillance X X
Internal Information Biotechnology Audits x X
Control changes and record information and milestones x X X X
Management of intellectual and industrial property rights X X
Environmental Assessment x X
Work and Resources Portfolio management or biotech portfolio X LEARN
Project Evaluation X x
Project Management X X
Biotechnology Transfer X X X
Ideas and problem solving Creativity x X X X
Value Analysis x X
Identify and analyze problems and opportunities X X
Analysis and selection of R&D&I ideas x X
Team work Interface Management X X
Networking x x X X
Team Functioning x X X
Increase efficiency and flexibility Change Management X
Tight operation x X
Continuous improvement x X X
Development and Marketing Development of solutions - Bio-Product R&D&i X
Solution Deployment - Marketing X x X
 COGENT ENGINEERING 9

market potential in order to avoid commercial failure In line with the current sustainable economy
of the new product. One of the fundamental tasks of approach, research on renewable biomaterials of
market analysis is to identify and evaluate the specifi- natural origin for the production of various bioprod-
cations of the new product (Cotec Foundation for ucts is the subject of relevant attention. Biomass,
Technological Innovation, 1999). such as marine, wood and agricultural wastes, consti-
tutes one of the most abundant renewable materials
4.6.3. Impact assessment on the planet and shows a hopeful potential as an
It consists of the identification and measurement of alternative to fossil resources (Fernandes et al., 2013
the potential positive and negative impacts, both
internal and external to the organization, with the 4.6.5. Biotechnology strategy
determination of the possible ‘stakeholders’ affected The company must formulate biotechnological strat-
at the social, economic, environmental, organiza- egies integrated with the global strategy and at the
tional, etc. level, based on the production, use and same level as other specific strategies, such as those
final disposal of the bioproducts produced as a of a financial nature or those of marketing and com-
result of the R&D&I processes. The identification and mercial in an interdependent interaction, this is how
measurement of the potential positive and negative the bio-technologies t go knowledge and mastering
impacts, both internal and external, with the deter- will allow the development of new bio-products, At
mination of the possible ‘stakeholders’ affected at the the same time, the strategic decision to engage in
social, economic, environmental, organizational, etc. new activities requires having what are called
level, based on the production, use and final disposal technological competencies, that is, skills and know-
of the bioproducts produced as a result of R&D&I ledge that allow the company to stand out in a fun-
processes; and their subsequent comparison with the damental aspect such as differentiation through
actual results obtained, which will provide feedback the mastery of technological capabilities (Hidalgo,
for the purposes of continuous improvement. 1999).
Biotechnology, by definition, refers to the devel-
4.6.4. Characterisation of renewable biodegrad- opment and production of bioproducts and/or
able biomaterials bioprocesses mainly for commercial purposes; conse-
‘Characterization’ in the context of biodegradable quently, the different strategies in biotechnology
materials refers to the process of identifying the programs must be focused on specific industries or
properties and behavior of these materials when productive sectors. This is the case of the plastics
exposed to specific environmental conditions. industry and its manufacturing sector, since these
Biodegradable materials are those that can be are not biotechnology industries per se, but existing
decomposed by living organisms such as bacteria, sectors that incorporate biotechnology into their
fungi and other microorganisms. This degradation processes and productive activities.
process converts materials into simpler components
that can be absorbed by the soil. Characterization 4.6.6. Biotechnology adoption
may include evaluating how long this decomposition Understanding the concept of TM and IM leads to a
process takes and how it affects the environment clear characterization; therefore, it is defined as the
(Zapata et al., 2022). process of managing all those activities that allow
The utilization qualities of biodegradable biomate- the company to make more efficient use of technol-
rials are multiple and largely depend on their spe- ogies generated internally and those acquired from
cific components; therefore, their characterization is third parties, as well as incorporating them into new
essential to discover through exploration the differ- products (product innovation) and the ways in which
ent possibilities and applications that they can offer they are produced and introduced to markets (pro-
(Hernandez-Izquierdo and Krochta, 2008). cess innovation). This process allows for increased
To know the potential of a material, it is neces- knowledge, which leads to better innovation capabil-
sary to understand its properties and components ities and the generation of competitive advantages,
and the way in which it can be processed and used which in turn makes it possible to anticipate the
for subsequent transformation, and with the acquisi- reactions of customers, users and competitors
tion of such knowledge and learning, new processes, (Hidalgo, 1999).
products and services will be achieved with new According to Aristizabal and Biointropic (2018),
forms and particularities (Fern
andez, 2022). Colombia must face the following opportunities/
10 S. QUICENO CIRO ET AL.

challenges in terms of acquisition/transfer and bio- importance and relevance, that bioplastics are one
technological development: of the main bioproducts marketed within the bio-
economy based on biomass.
 Weakness in technology transfer/acquisition
mechanisms to generate sources of advanced 4.6.8. Development of bioproducts
biotechnological knowledge. According to Conference Series (2017), citing
 Low strength in technology transfer/acquisition Aristizabal and Biointropic (2018), as the need to
mechanisms to generate sources of advanced curb the production and consumption of conven-
biotechnological knowledge and access channels. tional plastics becomes evident, the biopolymers/
 Weakness in agreements with internationally
bioplastics industry is increasing; which have been
accredited laboratories for the development of
widely accepted in different industries due to their
national products.
positive environmental properties; due to this, bio-
 Lack of accredited laboratories with good manu-
polymers/bioplastics are raw materials for any sector
facturing practices.
such as food technology, nanotechnology, chemistry,
 Long R&D&I times for new solutions. As a sector
medicine, agriculture, among others.
with accelerated growth, development and innov-
This means that biotechnologies are incorporated
ation, there is a need to reduce the time to mar-
ket for new solutions. as a source of competitive advantage in line with
 Few sources of advanced biotechnological know- the needs of customers and users. Needs that are
ledge to share with universities and international and can be covered by new bioproducts, which for
centers in more advanced countries. the Colombian productive environment is attractive
 Low use of biomass-based technologies that are thanks to the diverse and abundant biological
environmentally friendly. Biomass can be used to resources available, allowing the country to have
produce chemical products with high added important comparative advantages. in the sustain-
value, where the technical and economic feasibil- able development of high added value bioproducts
ity is integrated, called biorefinery. such as bioplastics and biopackaging.
 It is necessary to develop new technologies
based on nanomaterials, which implies the ana- 4.6.9. Monitor the signs
lysis of their properties and requires an assess- It is the exploration and search of both internal and
ment of the risks during their production external environments to identify and process signals
and use. or indications of a potential innovation that involves
significant interests for the organization. These signs
4.6.7. Bio-process innovation can refer to needs of different characteristics, as well
According to Wang et al. (2016), plastics are an as opportunities derived from research activities,
essential commodity in human daily life; they are obligations to adapt to regulatory and legislative dis-
even consumed more than other essential raw mate- cretions, signals provided by the behavior of custom-
rials in human life, such as steel. Considering the ers/users and the competition; together they
above, the global plastics industry is facing transcen-
represent a group of promoters to which the organ-
dental environmental challenges in terms of the
ization must give clear responses.
processes involved, the inputs used and, conse-
quently, the products developed; in all of this, it is
of considerable importance to find viable alterna- 4.6.10. Focus
tives. that can ensure the sustainable development Developing a strategic response; means strategically
of this industry. Therefore, the plastics industry and selecting from the group of potential innovation
its manufacturing must incorporate new ways into drivers those that represent the best opportunities
its current productive dynamics through innovative for the organization and therefore the highest level
bio-processes that effectively add value to bioplastics of commitment in the management and allocation
and biopackaging, generated in a transition from the of resources, regardless of the type of organization,
current economy based on fossil resources to a sus- from the most limited to the most solvent, they
tainable economy based on biodegradable biomate- must strategically define courses of action, selecting
rials (Sleenhoff et al., 2015), also considering, the most profitable alternatives that can guarantee
according to European Bioplastics (2018), with refer- higher levels of success and obtain differential com-
ence to Garc
ıa et al. (2022), and as data of utmost petitive advantages.
 COGENT ENGINEERING 11

4.6.11. Get trained show an uninterrupted cyclical structural relationship.

Acquire the necessary knowledge: after having selected In this way, the architecture developed is intended to
the alternatives that could represent better results, the convey the possibility of accessing multiple options of
organization acquires the unavoidable obligation, if it continuous R&D&I processes with permanent feedback
wishes to continue, to provide the necessary capabil- through relationships of interdependence, chaining,
ities and resources through its R&D&I activities, gearing, coupling.
whether generating or transferring the defined techno- The dotted structural lines that surround the key
logical assets with their adequate implementation and factor LEARN denote the fluidity and permeability
appropriation. Training may involve, for example, the between the different dimensions, allowing the shar-
simple purchase of a technology, the exploitation of ing of knowledge and experience acquired both
the results of previous research, or the need for exten- internally and externally, in favor of continuous
sive research to identify the most appropriate resour- improvement through constant organizational learn-
ces. The issue is not only the inherent knowledge of a ing that can be obtained from the entry into action
technology, but also the mastery of the set of adjacent of the different categories that articulate the meth-
knowledge, often tacit, that is required for the technol- odological architecture presented.
ogy to function. The proposed TM and IM methodology is defined
from the classification of the different key determi-
4.6.12. Implement the solution nants identified during the study, each of these fac-
Finally, organizations must implement the innovative tors is identified with a color through the pentagon,
solution generated/acquired, starting from the initial which correspond to:
idea and following the different phases of develop-
ment, its implementation, until its final launch con-  FKF: Fundamental Key Factor
verted into a new process, product or service  KSF: Key Strategic Factors
available. the market both internally and externally.  KFFL: Key Factor of First Level
 KFSL: Key Factor of Second Level
4.6.13. Learning  ICR: Inception of the Cycle and Reading
This key factor manifests the need for constant and
transversal feedback on the previous key factors, In addition, the proposed methodological scheme
evaluating the learning from successes and failures presents on the left side in a vertical arrangement, the
with the firm intention of extracting the relevant Classification Groups (CG) and/or Origin (O), this con-
knowledge from the experience gained. TM and IM figuration presents the groupings that contain different
refers to learning about the most relevant solution sets of tools according to their approach and dynamics
to the problem of managing this process consist- of use, such as Information from External Sources,
ently, carrying out actions in the most appropriate Internal Information, Work and Resources, Ideas and
way in line with business realities. Problem Solving, Group Work, Increasing Efficiency and
Flexibility, and Development and Marketing.
For the implementation of the proposed method-
5. Structure and architecture of the
ology, the information that could be used must be
proposed TM and IM methodology
analyzed and defined according to the TM and IM
The approach of the TM and IM methodology devel- matrix shown in Table 6. In this matrix, the main deter-
oped in the present work is shown in Figure 1, the mining factors, the Classification Groups (CG) and/or
scheme and architecture of the methodology was Origin (O) are categorized and, finally, those tools that
defined in the shape of a pentagon, this geometry was must be fully used in accordance with the KFSL, which
chosen because it allows the collection and distribution is the reason for the analysis and/or execution, are dis-
of the main titles of the methodology in a precise and played in blue with a corresponding capital letter x,
coherent way in its use in different types of construc- and in gray, with the lower case letter
tions, both human and by different types of natural
agents; It reflects in itself, solidity, virtuosity, aesthetics,
6. Theoretical implementation case -
constant communication, cyclical relationships, among
Hypothetical company
other characteristics that are considered to make it suit-
able for the schematic representation of the proposed Below, a hypothetical theoretical company imple-
methodology, this way, for example, it allows the differ- mentation is presented with the purpose of simulat-
ent elements that make it up (to the pentagon) to ing the application of the methodology through
12 S. QUICENO CIRO ET AL.

some of its components already described previ- methodological structure; Because the development
ously; thus expanding the margin of understanding or modification of this imported material of organic
in its implementation and potential application. origin can imply a potential innovation of relevant
The hypothetical company located in Colombia is interests at the organizational level due to the valu-
‘Biofactor’, the company imports from Europe a vir- able opportunities that can be derived from it, for
gin input of organic origin, considered expensive. In this reason it implies exploration and monitoring
this way, the company wants to design, develop and activities, both internal and external, because the
implement a solution that allows modifying this current markets, beyond the legislation that is being
imported raw material and, consequently, signifi- adopted regarding eco-responsible consumption
cantly improve the cost-benefit ratio; therefore, it regarding plastics, encourage and/or force the differ-
proposes the scope of the following project: ent productive lines and ideas to be immersed in
Modification of a virgin material of imported organic eco-productive compliance that, in addition to satis-
origin that allows the optimization of the cost-benefit fying the needs of usufruct of consumers.
variables in combination with a waste material of Together with the KFSL VIGILAR, the following
organic origin that can be re-incorporated to be proc- tools must be linked from the matrix in correlation
essed in BioFactor, the final result of which will be with the project to be developed and according to
mainly used in the plastics and packaging industry. the previous characterization already given to each
As a first step, BioFactor must activate the FKF of of them; whether they are full or possible of applica-
Constant Commitment of Senior Management, since tion with their respective Classification Group (CG)
its primary function is to promote the scope of the and/or Origin (O):
described project. Senior Management is constituted Fully applicable tools and their classification
as the focal point for making decisions that are clas- group and/or origin:
sified as above the authority delegated to the R&D&I
area. In addition, senior management must provide  Biotechnological perspective: GC and/or P:
sufficient and diverse resources to enable the other Information from external sources
areas involved to satisfactorily achieve the required  Biotechnology Benchmarking and Biotechnology
objectives. Intelligence: GC and/or P: Information from exter-
Next, and according to the nature of the project, nal sources
together with the R&D&I area, the BioFactor directives  Patent analysis: GC and/or P: information from
as KFFL must establish an appropriate biotechnological external sources
strategy in direct accordance and with prior designa-  Biotechnology monitoring: GC and/or P: informa-
tion and analysis of the FCE related to the organiza- tion from external sources
tional context and market needs, this KSF must be  Problem and Opportunity Identification and
mainly in charge of middle and/or senior management Analysis: GC and/or P: ideas and problem solving
in joint work with the marketing area.
Secondly, with more competence and involvement Possible applicable tools and their classification
on the subject by the R&D&I area, the KSF related to Group and/or origin:
the characterization of renewable biodegradable bio-
materials must be considered, since from there come  Biotechnology audits: GC and/or P: Internal
the fundamental conclusions to determine with cer- information
tainty what type of biodegradable biomaterials can be
developed from the most suitable reincorporable By using this tool it will be possible to determine if
organic waste for subsequent contact with the virgin it is necessary or not, or if the implementation of other
biodegradable biomaterial to be imported; where, in key factors such as the KFFL related to biotechno-
addition, it must be determined with absolute certainty logical acquisition and the KFSL is partially carried out.
that such combination of biomasses, both those of vir- TRAIN YOURSELF with the proper use of the most
gin origin and those derived from organic waste, will appropriate tools provided by this KFSL. In addition, it
maintain the optimal characteristics required according will give rise or not to the possible use of other tools,
to the expected results. such as, for example, Bio-Technological Transfer, and
The KFFL referred to Biotechnological Strategy for whose GC and/or P is Work and Resources.
the scope of the described project must begin the The KFFL related to innovation in bioprocesses
cycle in the KFSL called VIGILAR, which in turn con- and development of bioproducts must be imple-
stitutes one of the first links of the proposed mented, and for logical reasons of scope of the
 COGENT ENGINEERING 13

Figure 1. Structure and architecture of the proposed TM and IM methodology.

Source: own elaboration, based on Cotec Foundation for Technological Innovation (1999), SiSiCOM (2019, p. 18) and Pignani (2022).

formulated project, with its consequent KFSL  Developing solutions – biomanufacturing

IMPLEMENTATION and the corresponding tools of this R&D&i: GC and/or P: Development and
KFSL, which may be those listed below. continuation: commercialization
Fully applicable tools and their classification  Solution deployment – Marketing: GC and/or
group and/or origin: P: development and commercialization

 Depending on the results obtained, the investiga- The KFSL APRENDER and the KSF Impact
tions, the analyses and conclusions reached, and Evaluation, due to their nature of transversality,
the intentions of management, the Intellectual interrelation and constant feedback with the differ-
and Industrial Property Management tool may be ent dimensions and components according to what
implemented: GC and/or P: Internal Information; was proposed in the construction of the method-
and the Biotechnology Transfer tool: GC and/or P: ology, it is suggested that they be implemented in
Work and Resources all projects, research, etc.; also taking into account
 Change control and registration of informa- that these FC are applicable both internally and
tion and milestones: GC and/or P: Internal externally to the organization.
Information
 Project Management: GC and/or P: Work and
7. Validation
Resources
 Creativity: GC and/or P: Ideas and Problem The previously proposed methodology is subjected to
Solving validation in its theoretical documentary implementa-
 Value Analysis: GC and/or P: ideas and prob- tion before experts with the purpose of identifying
lem solving qualities, corrections and adjustments that may be
 Interface Management: GC and/or P: Group necessary, so that in this way its functionality can be
work more objectively defined in terms of its theoretical
 Networking: GC and/or P: Group work documentary promulgation and its conceptual con-
 Team Functioning: GC and/or P: Group work struct, both argumentative and schematic, based on
 Change Management: GC and/or P: Increasing the different elements incorporated in each dimension.
Efficiency and Flexibility The four experts considered that the proposed
 Lean Operations: GC and/or P: Improve effi- methodology, in its theoretical-documentary
ciency and flexibility deployment and implementation, meets the main
 Continuous Improvement: GC and/or P: intention raised; however, one of them states that
increase efficiency and flexibility although it can meet the proposed objective and
14 S. QUICENO CIRO ET AL.

is well formulated, he stresses that it must be and encourage the adoption of sustainable practices
based on standards. current international regula- in the industry.
tions, since the one taken as a reference is there- Finally, Delaplace and Kabouya (2001) provide a
fore outdated and therefore invalidated by the perspective on the interactions between regulation
latest version, and in this regard it is proposed to and technological innovation in the context of bio-
reconsider it (adjustment made according to your degradable materials in Germany. This highlights
observations). The other experts do not make or the significance of considering the regulatory
request similar adjustments, considering them framework in the development of sustainable bio-
well-founded. materials. These studies provide a strong founda-
Three of the four experts rated the relevance of tion to support the findings on innovation in
the methodology as excellent and the remaining biomaterials from waste, demonstrating the impor-
expert rated it as very good. The four experts believe tance and relevance of this research field in the
that the methodology can be applied at the com-
pursuit of sustainable solutions for resource and
pany level by those who intend to start or
waste management.
strengthen their R&D&I processes in the field of bio-
plastics and biopackaging.
8. Conclusions
7.1. Other studies The choice of proposing a methodology that can
To support the findings on innovation in biomateri- contribute to mitigate the weaknesses of technology
als from waste, we can refer to various scientific and IM mainly in the biopackaging and bioplastics
studies that address this topic from different per- industry in Colombia is due to the fact that it also
spectives. For instance, Poz et al. (2022) provide a serves as a source of consultation, guide and busi-
detailed analysis of the innovation markets for bio- ness research, in addition to also It can be consti-
materials derived from waste, emphasizing the sig- tuted as one of the primary inputs that lay the
nificance of the circular economy in the valorization foundations for a next or subsequent phase, that is,
of these resources. The authors present a circular the development of biodegradable biomaterials from
approach as a fundamental strategy to promote the use of reintegrable organic waste for the
environmental sustainability and economic efficiency ‘biopackaging’ and bioplastics industry.
in waste management. In addition, the review and selection of these
Additionally, Mishra et al. (2023) propose an innova- determinants clarifies the current situation of the
tive circular bioeconomy strategy for the valorization plastics sector in Colombia, including containers and
of agroindustrial waste into biomaterials, emphasizing
packaging, in terms of capabilities, opportunities and
the need to make the most of available resources and
scientific-technological deficiencies both at the level
reduce waste in production processes. The study
of production and traditional use, as well as the
emphasizes the technical and economic feasibility of
challenges, challenges and deficiencies that the pro-
this approach, reinforcing the importance of exploring
duction of biodegradable bioplastics implies, which
new avenues for waste management.
can serve as a reference for the Latin American
In contrast, Chakrapani et al. (2022) as well as
Lizundia et al. (2022) investigate the valorization of region.
food waste for value-added biomaterials and sustain- The plastics sector is highly dependent on raw
able biocomposites, respectively. These studies materials of petrochemical origin (especially resins),
emphasize the significance of utilizing accessible but the available resources will be exhausted in the
resources and promoting sustainable practices in coming decades and the use of renewable raw
biomaterial production. This contributes to reducing materials will undoubtedly have to increase.
the environmental footprint and promoting the cir- Therefore, in order to reduce the waste generated
cular economy. by the development of biomaterials, the following
Ofterdinger et al. (2021) and KeRdzia et al. (2022) measures are highlighted
investigate innovation processes oriented towards
the circular economy and waste management. The  Designing biodegradable components or chemi-
studies emphasize the necessity of implementing cals and modifying manufacturing recipes can
multi-solution and social innovation approaches to reduce the cost of producing bags, containers,
enhance compostable packaging waste management packaging and other materials.
 COGENT ENGINEERING 15

 Develop other biodegradable applications: Utilize About the authors

biomass from other natural resources to create
Santiago Quiceno Ciro Master in Management of techno-
biodegradable or compostable plastics.
logical innovation, Cooperation and regional development.
 Promote research and development of biomass Instituto Tecnolo
gico Metropolitano (IT M), Campus
for the production of bio-based and/or bio- Robledo, Calle 73 N 76A-354, Medell
ın, Colombia.
degradable products, especially those that replace
William Urrego Yepes Master’s degree in engineering. PhD
recurrently used products: straws, bags, cutlery,

n en Calidad,
student in engineering. Grupo de Investigacio
plates, containers, etc. Metrolog
ıa y
n,
Produccio Instituto Tecnolo
gico
 Create a platform that connects national and/or Metropolitano (ITM), Campus Robledo, Calle 73 N 76A-
international research groups to share knowledge 354, Medell
ın, Colombia. Research interest in sustainable
and experiences that facilitate the transfer of development, circular economy, waste recovery, new
knowledge, best practices and capacity building materials, manufacturing processes.
to achieve the production in the country of bio- Juan Carlos Posada Master’s degree in engineering. Grupo
degradable plastics, easy to produce, degradable
n en Calidad, Metrolog
ıa y Produccio
de Investigacio
n,
and low cost, without affecting food security. Instituto Tecnolo
gico Metropolitano (ITM), Campus
 Establish laboratory tests in Colombia to assess or Robledo, Calle 73 N 76A-354, Medell
ın, Colombia.
certify biodegradability. Research interest in polymer processing, sustainable devel-
opment, use of agro-industrial, post-industrial and post-
consumer waste, automation and control.
This methodology will serve not only as a guide
for business research and development, but also as Alejandro Valencia-Arias Doctor in engineering – Industry
a foundation for future phases of development of and Organizations. Escuela de Ingenier
ıa Industrial,
Universidad de Sen ~or de Sip
an, Chiclayo, Peru
.
biodegradable biomaterials. The current situation of
Postgraduate and undergraduate University Professor,
the plastics sector in Colombia, which is largely Senior Researcher in Minciencias (Colombia), Recognized
dependent on petrochemical feedstocks, is high- as a Distinguished Researcher by RENACYT (Peru). He has
lighted and the urgency of transitioning to renew- 12 years of experience in University teaching, with 92 pub-
able sources is emphasized. lications in Scopus (in journals in English and Spanish),
Several strategies are proposed to advance in this with a HIndex ¼ 36 in Scholar Metrics. Additionally, he has
direction, including the design of biodegradable participated as a speaker at academic events in Japan,
Turkey, Morocco, United Arab Emirates, United States,
components, the development of new applications,
Spain, Poland, Brazil, Mexico, Ecuador, Argentina, among
the promotion of research and development, the
others.
creation of a collaborative platform for knowledge
transfer, and the implementation of laboratory tests
to certify the biodegradability of products. ORCID
Finally, it is proposed, for a next stage in terms of Santiago Quiceno Ciro http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5120-
functional deployment of the proposed method- 5514
ology, to implement it in a real business/organiza- William Urrego Yepes http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2279-
895X
tional environment that can give it a greater level of
Juan Carlos Posada C http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8526-
scope in terms of validation and improvement. to 4544
the technology and innovation management meth- Alejandro Valencia-Arias http://orcid.org/0000-0001-
odology (TIM) that contributes to the development 9434-6923
of biodegradable biomaterials from reintegrable
organic waste for the packaging and plastics indus-
try and market. Data availability statement
The data that supper the findings of this study are avail-
Consent to participate able from the corresponding author, upon reasonable
request.
Consents were obtained from the participants’
parents to maintain the ethical standards within this
study. References

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