Chemistry

PERIODIC TABLE
EARLY CHEMISTS=

Doberneir -- Gro
Increasi
ups ong
f
order of amic delement
- Method did not hold true average fo ohter 2
Newland-- ILnawcreaofsinogt leav
- bailed
adese spac
atonic w ei
g ht
e for indiscoerenes.
Keils Mendelef- Monei forgi Periodic Tabel
3ohr
gave propertie if atonent guere carly periodic
- Propertic

tended Moseley-Atomic Numbers 1

version
of
ériodic
- tM oper i cemete wre previodio function fo
h e r atomic numbers.
Table: • Atomic no. is equal tothe no. of elections in the energy
shells of an atom— Fundamental Boperty of element.
MODERN PERIODIC LAW- Physical and chemical
s r o p e r t i e s . . o f a n elements are periodic functions
of their a t o m i c n u m b e r s
- 17 horizontal (periods) 1-8 vertical columns
r o w s (Groups)
GROUP5 IN
_ MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
,GROUP 1A/ISt →Allali metals, react with water and
sohible bases
water
form alkili
GROUP 1IA/2nd
in vies must 2their metal oxides are aburdan
form alkili with 1,0
G
R
OUP IIA/3t→ Boorn farmily /(TRIES-all elements hate
3 valence electrons
 2 0 1 3 4 1923930/22
GROUP II A/ 14Th →Carbon fanily /Tetracts) →
4 valence electer
GROUP J A / 15*→ Nitrogen family/Pentals →5 valence electra
-- PNICTOGENS →suffocating compounds
FER TILIZERS → Nitrogen, Phosphoru
GROUP II A/16th →O xygen family /Chalcogens →O s
- Most o r m e t a l i
er forming
- 6 v a l e n c e e l e c t rearth's
on crust exist as oxides
GROUP VII A/ITh →Halogens →Salt producer
-Yvalence electrons
GROUP VII A/1Sth → Noble gases →Unreactive
concentration ni
-Rare gases - lowatmosphere
- Svalence electron, Except feliuns
GROUP No. - no. of valence electrons
PERIOD NO. - no. of shells
PERIODS
MODERN PERIODiC TABLE
Elements
PERIODI - Shortest pperiod , 2
PERIOD2 - s h o r t eriod
IcoC0

PERIOD 3 - s h o r t perio
PERIODY - Long. p e r i o d 18
PERIOD 5 -
PERIOD 6 - Long perio2 18
PERIOD 7 - Longest period 32
32
Longest period

MAIN GROUP ELEMENTS = the elements of group 1, 2,13,

14, 15;16 a n d I T ' a r e k n o w n a s m a i n group elm ent
o r representative / normal elements.
IYPICAL ELEMENTS= The third perio elements No,
Mo, fees respéctive groups and are knowins e sathetybi
and ce s u m m a r
cal elmen
pro per ties

I U PA C - R E D BOO K

TS- 13 n e extent Rogen in groups 12 and

The flust as typests et each man group are
VALENCY -No. Socectrons
attain nelgained / lost / shared
r e s t stable noble
gas- electronic configuration
 PERIODICITY= The properties that reappear at regular

as periodiety of elements.
CAUSE - Cause of periodiery 1 the rec urr enc e of
smar depromis configure on i shang hte same
- CHEMICAL PROPERTIES depend on valence electrons
- Valeanrcee sclictrons
ame.
of elements ni the same group
Nucleus
ATO M I C RADIUS
The distance between the centre of the
n u c l u s t h t o the outermost s h e l l / v a l e n c e
shell is atoric radius.

Measured - Angstrom (A) nucteus

→ fileme
gradias

18 = 1ng or 10"m
10

Picometre ( p m )
1pm = 10-" m inter -niclear
distance
No: of shells 1 AR1. uN
icu cha ge g a n t o m
I R E N D S IN ATOMIC RADIUS o r t h e muckers
c a n m
o.ta
* 1 s tevlaqeui
ACROSS A PERION orT t h e a t o m i s1nun
L → R
Factors of atomic radius
No. of shells 1 A.Rp
Nuclear charge PA. RV
Period. 2 +3 +5 +6 +8 +9
elements, Li
e , B, C, N
,B F
o b l e dases d o A.R. Decreach
not follow the No. of shells- Same
T a n d across Nuclear charge - increase byt
beriod becaus
outermost E l ec u n r i t （
A
clectrostatie farce ofatraction (1)
•• N u c l e a r c h a r g e
is completed and Atoric Radius y
at with eletrens Atomic zesi （个）
 TRENDS IN ATOMIC RADIUS NCT but A.R also 1
DOWN THE GRO UP
ТОР — ВОТТОМ overpow
i n nuclear ch
Group I N u m b e r o f Shells- I n c r e a s e i
Lithium (3) steps% 1
Ataria Sodium (11)
Rudius Potassium (19)
pon Nuclear charge = Increasi
Atomic Radius 1
Increas Rubidium (31)
Caesium(55)
S i z eo fcation « P a r e n t atom beeause: -
i) distance between the nucleus and outermost
s h e l l is (V). ton
ii cectrostatic

Siz e of a n i o n > Parent a t o m b e c a u s e : -

ci) clectrostatic force of attraction between electrons
a n d p r o t o n s i s higher tha
n anion: ( T ) if
(ií) Electrons ( 4 ) , dectronic repulsion
size r e d u c e s " 89.-3 C . C
METALLIC CHARACTER
l h e t e n d e n c y o metals i s t o donate electrons
to attain stable nearest noble gas configuration
Enemple - N a - è → N( 2a, 8t !)
( 2 , 8 , 1) Metals
M g - 22
(2,8,2)
→M g +2 form →
(2,8.
I NS
CATO
NON- METALLIC CHARACTER
the tendency of non-metals is to acceft elemctron
o attain sta ble nearest noble gas configuration.
Enample - Cl+ é →c l
(2,8, T) → (28,8) Non-metals
0 +2 e 02-
(2,6) (2,8 form →ANIONS
 TRENDS NI METALLIC CHARACTER AND NON- METALLI
ACROSS A PERIOD - L→R
Period 3 - Na Al SI P
(11) (12) (13) 1 4 ) C 1 7 )
(2,5,1) (2,5,2) (2,8, y3 (2,514) (2,5,5) (2,8,6) (2,8,7)
Metal Metal Metal Metaloid Non Non Non
1• Atomic Metal Metal Metal
Size (V) No. of shells - remains same
Tendency ot € Nuclear charge - elect increases
to gain
outermost shell
el ec tr on s in c.
electrostatic once foatraction to sens
and losc dec. .. Metallic Character & DECREASES
Non. Metallic Charac ter INCREASES:
TRENDS N
I METALLIC ANDNON-METALLIC CHARACTER
DOWN A GROUP TOP - BOTTOM
least < L i (3) No. o f shells- increase in steps of I
-metallic No （11 ）
K (19) Nuclear charge- increase
Ro ( 3 7 ) • Atomic size 1
Most ce (55)
metallic •Tendency ot olse autermost shell electrons?
•M E
TAL
LE
I C
HAR
ACT
ER I
N CREASe
l el
e ct
roma
• Te n d e n c
u

NON M ETALLIC CHARACTER DECREASES

IONISATION ENTHALPY
The energy requered to remor on election
F into a
potentiali
MEg) +1. E. → Mt(g) t e
Eg-: eF (solid) etn→
t Fe(liquid) → ectrai
Fe(gus) heat, elemeral
ven
- Energy is giv e of
alueins cas
of.
I t i s measured u n electron volts per atom
eV/a
eV /atom SIun't; [KJmol
VIt can be understood is the amount foerogy
r e q u i r e d to a n erectron from /mo of g a s a t a m to f o r m I mul of que is
 T R E N D S IN IONISATION POTENTIAL
ACROSS A PERIOD (L→R)
P e r i o d 2→ Li Be B C . N O FA N e
(520) (899) (801) (1036) (1402) (1314) (168D) (2080)
vumber shells-Remains Same LA.R(V)
Valclear charge -Increase in steps of !)
Alkili More amount of energy required ot remove
ou t er most sh el l elect r ons
metals (G-I)
have :: 1.P. 2e Increases
least
I.P T R E N D S IN IONI SATI ON POTE NTIA L
while
noble (G-13) D O W N A GROUP (TOP →BOTTOM)
gases have Li (520) ovox Numo Shels- Increase ni stebs a t
V a ( 4 9 6 ) - porocri
highest K (4 1 9 ) Nuclear shells - I n c r e a s e
R6 (403)
CS (374)

shell amount
Less t remove outermos
cloctronsof chergy required o
I . P. Decreases

ELE CT RO N AFF INI TY

The a m o u n t o f energe 1 released when an atom i n
the. aseous state accepts a n eidon to f o u m an
M(g) + c →MEg) +E.A
Example-
n affinity t v e '
Electro
Exothermic M(g) +C →M(g) +energy released
(want to accept ele ctro ns)

endothermic
Co on' t wan t to accept ele ctr on)
 TRENDS I N ELECTRON AFFINITY
ACROSS A PERIOD ( L - R )
No. o f shells - Remains same 2A. Sixe →
Reduce
Nuclear charge - Increase in steps of l .
E ff e c t o f force of attraction from nucleus to outermast
Shel (N) •ELECTRON
is ability toAFFINITY
accept elect(1)rons(T).
Alkali
netals
G r o u p I (Halogens)
Group T
least E.A Highest E•A
TRENDS I N ELECTRON AFFINITY
D O W N T H E GROUP (TOP → BOTTOM).
No. of shels - Increase in steps of l ) LAJtom
< overpours a di
cu 个
Chlorine
has t h e Nuclear charge-Increases
highest Effeet of attraction of nucleus on outermost shell
electr on electrons (L) & hence: -
affinity; ELECTRON AFFINITY(L)
EXCEPTIONS OF E•A DOWN THE GROUP
Group!7 →Fluorine has lower E.A than Chlorine
ni grous 16 oxygen has lower F. Athan Sulphur
I vouse het sionine and oxygen aotm
-

there a r e s t r o n a i n t e r-
coctronic repulsions and theis incomin clection.
does not feel much attraction
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Florine the tenets
dencelectronega m in tomolecule ot atract
y I na aottivity
has the called
highest U N I T L E S S , DIMENSIONLESS PROPERTY
electro
TRENDS IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY
-negativity ACROSS A PERIOD (L→R)
No. of shells - same
Nucle ar charge - I n c r e a s e ni steps 01)
Effeet of nuclear charge increases & hence
tendencyt o attr act sha red pair of e" (1)
.• ELECTRONEGATIVITY
 Least TRENDS IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY
DOWN A GROUP ( T O P → BOTTOM
electione-
Number of Shells-Increase in steps o f l ART)
-gative
element Nu ch er charge - Inc rea se overpowe
nuclear charge (k) & tendency to
- Caesiu m Effect of
a tt ra c t shar ed pair of
•electrons ( 1 )
"ELECTRONEGATIVITY ( V )
Electronegativity is measured onS Pauling
cale.

DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP
t h e second a n d
exhibit similar properties. The elements show resemblan
GI G2 G13 G14 A•R.T
P 2 Ber
P3 SSi
N a
3Mg
A•RV EN . ^
effect
canscel out
Li-Mg, Be-Al, B-si
BRIDGE ELEMENTS
OXIDISING AND REDUCI NG POWER
Oxidising agent Oxidising agent →
N
I CREASE
DESREASE
Reducing agent →
oxidises others
(loss of electrons) Itselfgets
reduced
(gain e-)
oxidising agen=
t INCREASE
Reducting agent -DECREASE
Reducing agent
Red uces others
(Gain of elections) Itself gost.
Ordised
(lose e.)