Wave Optics

One Shot

Wave Optics
For 2025 Board Exam
-
X
 Wave Optics

Let’s Explore

❏ Wavefront AA
❏
❏
Huygens’ Principle
Interference light object- Ray
❏ Young’s Double Slit Experiment
❏
❏
Diffraction
Problem Solving
night lobject -> wave

light interacts with

metal
7-sparkle
 Wave Optics

Wavefront
 Wave Optics

Wavefront
❏ It is the locus of points (wavelets) having the same phase (a surface
-
of constant phase) of oscillations.
❏ Wavelet is the point of disturbance due to propagation of light.
-
❏ A line perpendicular to a wavefront is called a ray.
-
 IXA Wave Optics

Wavefront types
-Aat PA= I *jz
bulb I=
-
❏ Spherical Wavefront → Point light sourceEx=Y

❏ Cylinder Wavefront → Linear light Source Ex=stubelight II, Axis

-
-Plane Wavefront → Source at infinity
❏

-
- RI -
E
5490 -
 Wave Optics

Huygen’s Principle
-
 Wave Optics

Huygens’ Principle
❏Each point on a wavefront acts as a
-fresh Source of new disturbance,
called Secondary waves or wavelets.

❏ The Secondary wavelets Spread out

- in all directions with the speed of light
in the given medium.
secondary
->

ieee
-

~ Prima Y
Xt x
=

x5

-
=
 Wave Optics

Huygens’ Principle
❏ A common envelope or tangent to these
-
Secondary wavelets at any later time gives
-

Secondary wavefront at that time

-

Drawback
fronts.
considered front
wave
I
only
 Wave Optics

Reflection Laws
-
 Wave Optics

Reflection Law
● Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
● The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal are all in the same
plane.
● Also ∠i, ∠r and normal all lie in the same plane.
 Wave Optics

Reflection Law by Huygens’ Principle

● Consider a plane wavefront AB incident on the plane reflecting surface xy.
● The tangent B'A' represents reflected wavefront after time t.
● For every point on wavefront AB, a corresponding point lies on the reflected
wavefront A'B'.
 Wave Optics

Reflection Law by Huygens’ Principle

● Comparing two triangle ΔBAB' and ΔB'A'Β.
● AB' = A'B = ct,
● BB' = common
● ∠A = ∠A’ = 90°
● Two triangles are congruent.

● ∠i = ∠r : Proves first Law Of Reflection

● ∠i, ∠r and normal all lie in the same plane. : Proves second law of
reflection.
 Wave Optics

Refraction Laws
 Wave Optics

Refraction Law
● The law is about how light refracts when passing from one medium to
another with a different refractive index.

n₁ sin Ө₁ = n2sin Ө2

● n₁ = index of refraction of first medium

● Ө₁ = angle of incidence
● n₂ = index of refraction of second medium
● Ө2 = angle of refraction

Seeher
 Wave Optics

Refraction Law by Huygens’ principle

● Consider a plane wavefront AB incident on the plane refracting surface xy.
● Tangent B'A' represent refracted wavefront after time t.

-
 Wave Optics

Refraction Law by Huygens’ principle

● For every point on primary wavefront AB, a corresponding point lies on the
refracted wavefront A'B'.
● From ΔABB' and ΔA'B'B, Snell's law can be proved.

-
 Wave Optics

AAA
When a wave passes from one medium to another
->
Speed v - changes medium
xx1
●
● Wavelength λ- changes
Frequency γ - remains the same.-depends
on source
● -
 Wave Optics

A sin(kn -wt)
y Ynet y,+yz
=

Amplitude
Interference Of
Light
Condition "Same source -> coherent

testiniane
 Wave Optics

Superposition Principle
● According to this principle, at a particular point in the medium, the
resultant displacement (y) produced by a number of waves is the
vector sum of the displacements produced by each of the waves.

■ y = y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + …
-
->
 Wave Optics

Interference Of Light Waves-

● When two light waves of exactly equal frequency having constant phase
difference w.r.t. time travelled on same direction and superimpose
(overlap) with each other, then intensity of resultant wave does not
remain uniform in space.
 Wave Optics

Interference Of Light Waves

● The phenomenon of formation of maximum intensity at some points and
minimum intensity at some other points by two identical light waves
travelling in same direction is called the interference of light.
 Wave Optics

Theory Of Wave Interference

● When the waves from two sources of Light interfere, the resultant
amplitude

● a, b = Amplitudes of interfering waves due to two

coherent sources ↓
● ф = constant phase difference between two waves I
at any point P
 Wave Optics

Theory Of Wave Interference

● When the waves from two sources of Light interfere, the resultant
Intensity

-
I1 , I2 = Intensities of interfering waves due to two coherent sources
 Wave Optics

Constructive Interference
-
● At the points, where the resultant intensity of light is maximum,
interference is said to be constructive.

-
 Wave Optics

Constructive Interference
● I should be maximum, for which
cosф = maximum = 1 ;
■ Phase difference, φ = 0, 2, 4π, …
■ -φ = 2nπ, where n = 1, 2, …

● Path difference between the interfering waves,

● Δx = nλ
 Wave Optics

Condition for Constructive Interference-

● The phase difference between the two waves reaching the point should be
zero or an even integral multiple of 2π.

● Equivalent path difference between the two waves reaching the point
should be zero or an integral multiple of full wavelength.
 Wave Optics

Destructive Interference-
● At the points, where the resultant intensity of light is minimum, the
interference is said to be destructive.

-
- -
 Wave Optics

Destructive Interference ~
● I should be minimum, for which
-
■ Cos φ = minimum = -1
● Phase difference, Φ = π, 3π, 5π, …
■ Φ = (2n - 1) π
■ n = 1, 2, … -
● Path difference between the interfering waves,

1
 Wave Optics

Condition for destructive Interference

● The phase difference between the two waves reaching the point should be
-
an odd integral multiple of π

● The path difference between the two waves reaching the point should be
an odd integral multiple of half wavelength.

·
-
 Wave Optics

Sources Of Light
 Wave Optics
-
plan
Coherent Source y Asin (kx-wt)
=

=>
>
I
↓frequences
The sources of light, which emit
continuous light waves of the
-
● same wavelength,
● same frequency and~
● in same phase
-
Or
● having a constant phase
difference
-

-
 Wave Optics

Coherent Source -

● Two sources of light which do not emit light waves with a constant phase
difference are called incoherent sources.
-
-

-
 Wave Optics

Young’s Double Slit

Experiment
 Wave Optics

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Young's double slit arrangement to produce interference pattern

Monochromatic source

I
*

-> one

s
Cohorent
*
source source

d I
·
↑light (object-wave
S2

D>d
*
Zie
 Wave Optics

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

The separation between two consecutive bright fringes is

The separation between two consecutive dark fringes is

 Wave Optics

Fringe Width
The distance between two consecutive bright or dark fringes is called fringe
width W.

W = Dλ / d

● Fringe width is directly proportional to λ.

I-

● Fringes of red light (longer wavelength)

are broader than the fringes of blue light
(shorter wavelength).
 Wave Optics

Intensity Of Fringes
● For a bright fringe, ф = 2nπ
■ cos ф = cos 2n𝝿 = 1

■ So, IR = Imax = I1 + I2 + 2√(I1 I2) = 4 I

■ Thus, Intensity of a bright fringes = 4 I

● For a dark fringe, φ = (2n - 1)π

■ Cos φ = -1

■ IR = Imin = I1 + I2 - 2√(I1 I2) = 0

■ Intensity of a dark fringe = 0

 Wave Optics

Relation among Intensity, Amplitude of the Wave

and Width of the Slit
● If W, and W₂ are widths of two slits from which intensities of light I1 ,
and I2 , then

-
 Wave Optics

Sustained Interference
● A well-defined observable interference pattern, where the intensity at
points of constructive and destructive interference must be maintained
maximum and almost zero, respectively.
-

-
-
 Wave Optics

Condition for sustained Interference

❏ The two sources producing interference must be coherent.
-
❏ The two interfering waves must have the same plane of polarisation.
-
❏ The two sources must be very close to each other and the pattern must
~ be observed at a larger distance to have sufficient width of the fringe
-

(Dλ / d)

-
❏ The sources must be monochromatic.
-

❏ The
- two waves must be having same amplitude for better contrast
between bright and dark fringes.
-
-

- -
 Wave Optics

Fringe Shift AAA

=>-
● If refracting slab of thickness t is placed in front of one of the two slits
of Young's double slit experiment, then fringe pattern gets shifted by n
fringes
(μ - 1) t = nλ -

● If both slits are covered by refracting surfaces of thicknesses t1 and t₂

and refractive indices (μ₁, μ₂), then fringe pattern gets shifted by n
fringe
-

!
A (μ2 - μ1) t = nλ
-
 Wave Optics

Diffraction
-
 Wave Optics

Diffraction
● It is the phenomenon of bending of light around corners of an obstacle or
aperture in the path of light.

-
())
 Wave Optics

Diffraction due to single slit

● A parallel beam of light with a plane wavefront is made to fall on a
single slit.

-
Ax=
since

Eit
-

Binge Gringe
Dark

n= asinc
Canti) =asino
R =1, 2----
n 112,3....
=
 Wave Optics

Diffraction due to single slit - Bright Fringe

● The wavelets from the single wavefront reach
the centre C on the screen in same phase -
central maximum.

● The diffraction pattern obtained on the I

-

screen consists of a central bright band,

having alternate dark and weak bright bands
of decreasing intensity on both sides.

-sina ↓= asino

a0=
 Wave Optics

Diffraction due to single slit

● Condition for nth secondary maximum is
-

-
■ Path difference

■ where n = 1, 2, 3,....... -

● Condition for nth secondary minimum is

-

■ Path difference = a sin Өn = nλ

-

■ where n = 1, 2, 3,........
 Wave Optics

Diffraction due to single slit

● Width of secondary maxima or minima B 1
=

where a = width of slit

D = distance of screen from the slit

● Width of central maximum Bc 213

=
 Wave Optics

Diffraction due to single slit

● Angular fringe width of central maximum

● Angular fringe width of secondary maxima or minima

-

-Ad Os
> O
A
 Wave Optics

Thank You
 Wave Optics

-
-
~

-
-
- -

- -

-
-
 Wave Optics

-
-

- -
- -

- -
 Wave Optics

--
 Wave Optics

DS SS DS S
-
 Wave Optics

Corpuscular of Newton
theory
Collection
-> of particles
-
line
Travels
=>
in a
straight
different medium
If
v=
-
Different speed in

-
Particles ->
->

Corpuscles SinYsiuM
Li(w
propagation of light
=

-> law Reflection, Refraction, Rectilinear

of
-
Elastic collision - conserved enter
have different sizes
>Differents
 Wave Optics

Drawback
Interfence
->
-

-> Diffraction

Polarization
->
 Wave Optics

of
Huygen's wave
theory light
travels
->
as waves ↑x I
-
travels in all direction different velocities
with
->
>Differents have wavelength
different

Explained election, refraction, evence, dation,

->
Recklinear
propagation
mechanical
-> wave [other]
↓
M
medium
 Wave Optics

Drawback
Photoelectric effect
->

->
Compton's effect
Polarisation
->
 Wave Optics

Huygens. Principle
medium, in

allarticles vibrating
in a
The lowes
= >

of
the
same phase

water

re the
wavefront.
direction
of wave
propagation - to
 Wave Optics

Spherical mirrors
ens

Faf ierwas
ray"
aEt mile
= >

oul length a
=

lavs
spherice

e
plane

spherical
intointerica
 Wave Optics
Law of Reflection -

t
I
-
↑
a

Here
ABC S AADC

(B AD
=
I LB LD 90:
= =

N N
x xt=

CB AD=

CB ADx xt
= =
=

( 2 =
 Wave Optics
Law
of 0
Refraction
②

in N
c BN
+ SinY= BD

"
-

a
-
B

i
D
Y
A
sinc-
- I
C

time I i ==e
= e

for same

t =
BD ct =

c xt
A =
 Wave Optics

y =A,sin(ky-wt)
Yz Azsin(k2 -wt)
=
IYnet= Anet sin(kx-wH)

K= wave number=1
↓

2f
=
w =
 Wave Optics

Nochchange
#

I*
180Pa, Ale
 Wave Optics
W 21f
=

Coherent
-

source
Phase different 4 Ap
=

I:Same
~d P =
02-4,
(kn, -wt)
y =A, sin =Rxwt)-(k4-wI
Yz Arsin
= (kuz-wt dz t
=knz-t-knit
e

An
-KUz-kx
difference
=

K(nz path
9 KAR
=
 Wave Optics
Aza
9 =

* Al > Anet

An
4
=

O > Al
-

A, SA2=> Amplitude Anet AALoP

Vector Addition IXA2
Anet=
*

A
=A+ALCAAd
Inet=I,+Iz+2I wip
 Wave Optics

Constructive Interference Destructive Interference

In
*

phase out
*
of phan 180.

Maximum
*
[Cosp=i Minimum
* [cosp=-i
9 0,24,4π, bit.....
=

9 T,34,54/7H....
=

9An en P
a
au
0
=

A
= An =

q =

*n
An

an
=

yx*212,
=
14en-1)
*2=

=
0 F(2n -13
=

-EEe
q n2π
=

+1,
n 1, 2, 3,
=

4, 5:An (2n =
=
1) 1
nn=
...

n
0,1,2,3...
=
Al =

n 1,2,3....2
=
 Wave Optics

Imin= Int-2
Imax IMI +2 r
=

A
M
=(VI, -V)
Imax (I, +VI
=

Amax=A,-Az
Amax=(AiAc)
 Wave Optics

righteen
thee

=a= ee 6 since

An dO
tano

=
-0 A
=

B
= 14/d
 Wave Optics

Young's double slit

Minimum
6 =-1(DF)
Maximum ↓=1 Brightfinge
-

An= (2n-1)
= dsinc
-

n)
Ax= dsino- n
=>

since n

I Bd
=

A (2n 1)
-

n= position of BF.

Bn=
B cen-1)
=
 Wave Optics
I
B ntD
=
n
(2n 1) 1D
·
mum B = -

max 2d
n +1
=
-...

tral
cen f =
B R1 =

.
. . .

A
-

Mi M
DF BF

deine

I
④Is bit 0

Ne
a

Ad= dsinc=
0
B
=
 Wave Optics

I I,2+2
= clos
I I, Iz Io
=

=
=

2Ip
=

+2,
2I0+2ICoD
=>

2Io(1+2)
I 4
=

Icoit