PHYSICS 20

Chapter 3
a. Force and Newton’s First Law of Motion
b. Mass and Newton’s Second Law of Motion
c. Newton’s Third Law of Motion
d. Weight and Normal Force
e. Friction
f. Dynamics of Circular Motion
 -> cause of motion
-> either a push or a pull
-> interaction of two objects or of an object with its environment
-> vector quantity
-> SI unit (Newton, N)

Spring Balance -> common force-measuring device

3
 Contact Force -> causing motion by having physical contact
-> normal force, frictional force, tension force

Long-Range Force
-> causing motion without physical contact
-> electric force, magnetic force,
gravitational force (weight)

4
-> systems in equilibrium (zero net force on a body)
-> Law of Inertia

“An object at rest, remains at rest and an object in motion,

remains in motion, unless acted upon by a net external force”

-> A body acted on by no net force moves with zero acceleration

(constant or zero velocity) in a straight line.


F  0
5
-> non-zero net force on a system

“A net force acting on a body causes the body

to accelerate in the same direction as the net
force.”
 
 F  ma
x and y components

F x  ma x F y  ma y
equivalence of 1 Newton
m
1N  1 kg 2
s 6
-> Law of Action and Reaction

“For every action, there’s always an

equal and opposite reaction.”

 
FA on B   FB on A

7
Mass -> amount of matter in a body

Weight -> force exerted by gravity on a body due to its mass

m
w  mg
w  mg
Ex. A 60 kg person will experience a weight equivalent to:

w  mg
 (60kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )
w  588 N
8
-> force exerted by a surface on a body in contact with it
-> directed perpendicular to the surface




m m m


w w w

 0 w   w cos9
-> force exerted by a rope, cable or cord on a body



F  
f T1
m1

T 
  T2
T w1
 m2
T


 w2
F   
F T1  T2
10
-> force experienced by a body due to friction
-> always directed opposite to the direction of motion
 
-> directly proportional to normal force F
f
 
f  
coefficient of friction

Static frictional force -> force that acts on a body at rest

-> minimum force needed to move a body from rest
-> coefficient of static friction μs

f s   s
11
Kinetic frictional force -> force that acts on a moving body
-> coefficient of kinetic friction μk

f k   k
Rolling frictional force -> force that acts on a rolling body
-> coefficient of rolling friction μr

f r  r
12
Example: A constant force of 370 N is required to move
a 980 N cargo box on a level floor at a constant velocity. fk F
What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the 980N
box and the floor?
Solution:

 F 0 k 
F

fk  F
370N
 k  F 
980N
 k  0.38

14
1. Superman throws a 2400-N boulder at an adversary. What horizontal force must
Superman apply to the boulder to give it horizontal acceleration of 12.0m/s2?

Fx= ?
2400N 12m/s2

2. At the surface of Jupiter’s moon Io, the acceleration due to gravity is gIo = 1.81m/s2.
A watermelon weighs 44.0 N at the surface of the earth. (a) What is the watermelon’s
mass on the earth’s surface? (b) What are its mass and weight on the surface of Io?

15
-> 2D analysis of forces acting on a body 
-> treat the body as a single point at the origin
y f T
FBD for m1 :  m1

T T
f w1
x
m2

w1
w2

If this system is in equilibrium, then If this system is accelerating to the right, then

F x T  f 0 F x  T  f  m1a x

F y    w1  0 F y    w1  0
16
-> 2D analysis of forces acting on a body
-> treat the body as a single point at the origin 

y f T
FBD for m2 : m1
T
T
x w1
m2

w2
w2

If this system is in equilibrium, then If this system is accelerating downward, then

F  0
x F  0 x

F  T  w
y 2 0 F  T  w
y 2  ma y
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Problem #1
A 1130-kg car is held in place by a light cable
on a very smooth (frictionless) ramp, as shown
in the figure on the right. The cable makes an
angle of 31.0° above the surface of the ramp,
and the ramp itself rises at 25.0° above the
horizontal.
(a) Draw a free-body diagram for the car.
(b) What are the equations for the summation
of forces along the x-axis and y-axis based on
the FBD?
(c) Find the tension in the cable.
(d) How hard does the surface of the ramp push
on the car?
Problem #2
A 15.0-kg load of bricks hangs from one end of a
rope that passes over a small, frictionless pulley.
A 28.0-kg counterweight is suspended from the other
end of the rope. as shown in the figure on the right.
The system is released from rest.

(a) Draw two free-body diagrams, one for the load of

bricks and one for the counterweight including the
direction of the acceleration. Below the FBD’s, write
the summation of forces along x and y axis for each
masses.
(b) What is the magnitude of the upward acceleration
of the load of bricks?
(c) What is the tension in the rope while the load is
moving?
Problem #3
Blocks A, B, and C are placed as shown in the figure below and connected
by ropes of negligible mass. Both A and B weigh 25.0 N each, and the
coefficient of kinetic friction between each block and the surface is 0.35.
Block C descends with constant velocity.

(a) Draw two separate free-body diagrams showing the forces acting on A
and on B including the summation of forces along x and y axes.
(b) Find the tension in the rope connecting blocks A and B.
(c) What is the weight of block C?
(d) If the rope connecting A and B were cut, what would be the acceleration
of C?
Uniform Circular Motion
2
v
arad  radial or centripetal acceleration
R
Lateral acceleration -> maximum centripetal acceleration a body can
attain without skidding on its circular path
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velocity in uniform circular motion

2R
distance travelled (circumference) 4 R
2
v arad  2
T period (time for one cycle) T
Ex. An Aston Martin V8 Vantage sports car has a lateral acceleration of 0.96g=9.4m/s2. If the car is
travelling at a constant speed of 40m/s, what is the radius of curve it can negotiate?

Solution:

Ex. In a carnival ride, the passengers travel at a constant speed in a circle of radius 5.0m. They make
one complete circle in 4.0s. What is their acceleration?

Solution 1: Solution 2:
 magnitude of the net force
in a circular motion

v2
Fnet  marad m
R

FBD for a body in circular motion

A sled with a mass of 25.0 kg rests on a horizontal sheet of essentially
frictionless ice. It is attached by a 5.00-m rope to a post set in the ice.
Once given a push, the sled revolves uniformly in a circle around the post.
If the sled makes five complete revolutions every minute,
find the force F exerted on it by the rope.
An inventor proposes to make a pendulum clock
using a pendulum bob with mass m at the end of a
thin wire of length L. Instead of
swinging back and forth, the bob moves in a
horizontal circle with constant speed v, with the
wire making a constant angle β with the
vertical direction. This system is called a conical
pendulum because the suspending wire traces out a
cone. Find the tension F in the wire and the period
T (the time for one revolution of the bob) in terms
of β .
For a car traveling at a certain speed, it is possible to bank a curve at just the right angle so
that no friction at all is needed to maintain the car's turning radius. Then a car can safely
round the curve even on wet ice. Your engineering firm plans to rebuild the so that a
car moving at speed v can safely make the turn even with no friction. At what angle β
should the curve be banked if R = 230 m and v = 25 m/s?