TITLE OF THE PROJECT

(Height of the Institute Emblem at the front cover page is 2”)

(Interim Project Report)

Submitted by
What Is Horn Antenna?
• A Horn Antenna or microwave Horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped
like a Horn to direct radio waves in a beam.
• Horns are widely used as antennas at UHF and microwave frequencies, above 300 MHz.
• A Horn Antenna is used to transmit radio waves from a waveguide(a metal pipe used to carry radio
waves) out into space, or collect radio waves into waveguide for reception.
• Extension of waveguide in form of horn is called Horn Antenna.
Working
• Waveguide as the Feeding Structure:
-> The waveguide is the starting point of the antenna, where electromagnetic waves propagate in a specific
mode, typically the TE10​ mode for rectangular waveguides.
-> The horn functions as an impedance transformer, gradually matching the low impedance of the waveguide to the
high impedance of free space (377 ohms). This minimizes reflections back into the waveguide.
• Role of the Flared Section:
-> The pyramidal shape of the horn provides a gradual widening of the waveguide in both the electric (E) and
magnetic (H) planes.
-> This flaring allows the waves to expand uniformly and decreases abrupt changes that would otherwise cause
energy loss due to reflections.
• Field Distribution and Radiation:
-> Within the horn, the electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields are evenly distributed and gradually spread as the wave
transitions to free
space.
-> The smooth transition minimizes phase distortion, resulting in a uniform radiation pattern with a well-defined
main lobe.
Steps to Design a Horn Antenna using HFSS:
1. Create a New Project : Open ANSYS HFSS and create a new
design. - Set the units to your desired measurement system
inches.

2. Draw the Waveguide(Box) :

Position: (-0.795,0.395,0)
X-Size: 1.59
Y-Size: 0.795
Z-Size: 1

3. Create the Horn Flare :

=> Select face and waveguide face -> Modeler -> Surface -> Create
object from face -> connect and then unite

4. Set Wave port Excitation to waveguide(Box) :

=> Select the waveguide’s feed face. -> Go to HFSS -> Excitation ->
Assign wave port
5. Assign Boundaries:
=> Select the radiation box outer surfaces. ->
Assign boundaries -> Apply Perf E.

6. Add the Radiation Box :

=> Surround the entire antenna with vacuum box.

7. Set up Simulation :
=> Add solution set up -> set the frequency 5 GHz.
Add frequency sweep -> sweep type fast ->
set the start and end frequency and stop size.

8. Validation Check:
=> Check the validation if everything is fine then proceed.
9. Analysis the Model :
=> Click Analyse to run simulation.

10. View Results :

=> Go to results:
1. S – Parameters : Reflection coefficient (S11). 2. Z – Parameters :
S-parameters express how much power is: Z-parameters relate the voltages and currents at the ports of a
Model
-> Reflected back from a port (reflection coefficient). network. They are particularly useful for low-frequency circuits
-> Transmitted between ports (transmission coefficient). where impedance and Ohm's law concepts dominate.

S - Parameters Z - Parameters
3. 3 D Polar Plot : A 3D polar plot is often used to visualize the radiation pattern of an antenna. It represents how the
antenna radiates energy in different directions, showing the power distribution in three-dimensional space.

Db(Gain Plot)

4. Radiation Pattern :
The radiation pattern of an antenna describes the variation in
strength of the electromagnetic waves radiated by the antenna
in space. It is a crucial characteristic that provides information
about the directionality, gain, and efficiency of the antenna.
• Advantages:
• High Gain: Focused beam for long-range communication.
• Wide Bandwidth: Supports varied frequencies.
• Low Reflection Loss: Smooth impedance matching.

• Applications
• Radar systems
• Satellite communications
• RF testing and calibration
• Microwave link systems

Conclusion :
This project successfully analyzed the radiation patterns of antennas, highlighting their directionality, gain,
and efficiency in specific applications. The insights gained are critical for optimizing antenna design in
communication, radar, and IoT systems. Future work can focus on adaptive designs and real-world
environmental factors to enhance performance.
Folded Dipole Antenna Design
INTRODUCTION:
• A Folded dipole antenna is a half-wave dipole
antenna with an additional parallel wire or rod
connecting its two ends and folded to form a
cylindrical closed shape.
• One pole (rod) is continuous with a length of λ/2
and the other is split at the center. During
transmission, the antenna is fed at the center
terminals of the two rods.
• Folded dipole antennas usually operate in the
frequency range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz and are
ideal for use where an optimum power transfer
and large input impedance is required.
• There are two types of Folded Dipole :
1. Unequal conductor Folded Dipoles
2. Multi-Conductor Folded Dipoles
Working of Folded Dipole Antenna:
• When a sinusoidal signal at a certain frequency is applied to
the folded dipole antenna, it results in the back-and-forth
movement of the electrons .
• Due to the oscillating charges, time-varying electric and
magnetic fields are created between the conductors and
propagate away from the antenna. The radiation patterns of
half-wave folded dipole antenna and half-wave dipole
antenna are almost the same.
• A conventional dipole antenna is a type of antenna that
features two identical wires or rods . The length of each rod is
equal to the quarter wavelength (λ/4) of the operating
frequency and the two rods are separated by an insulator at
the center.
• A dipole antenna is also known as a half-wave dipole antenna
because the length of the dipole is half of the operating
wavelength (λ/2).
 Steps to Design Folded Dipole Antenna using HFSS:
1. Create a New Project : Open ANSYS HFSS and create a new design. - Set the units to your desired measurement system
meters.
2. Design Properties: Set the design variables like operating Frequency, length of dipole arms, spacing between
the elements and wire radius.
3.Draw the Antenna Geometry : Use the Draw tool to create two parallel conductors to form the folded structure.
Ensure the arms are connected at the end to complete the loop . Set the total length of the dipole approximately half of the
Operating wavelength.
4. Assign Materials : Assign a conductive material (e.g : pec) to the dipole arms to ensure realistic simulation.
5. Create the Feed Point : Insert a small gap at the centre of one arm to create a feed point. Placed a lumped port at this gap
to simulate the feed.
6. Assign Excitation : Assign a radiation boundary around the antenna to simulate an open space. Ensure the
boundary is at least(λ/4) away from the antenna for accurate results.
7. Set up Simulation :
Add solution set up -> set the frequency 5 GHz. Add frequency sweep -> sweep type fast -> set the start and end frequency
And stop size.

8. Validation Check: Check the validation if everything is fine then proceed.

9. Analysis the Model : Click Analyse to run simulation.

10. View Results :

Go to results:

S – Parameters : Reflection coefficient (S11)

S-parameters express how much power is:
1. Reflected back from a port (reflection coefficient).
2. Transmitted between ports (transmission coefficient)

Z– Parameters :
Z-parameters relate the voltages and currents at the ports of a network.
They are particularly useful for low-frequency circuits where impedance and Ohm's law concepts dominate.
11.Radiation pattern : Reflects the sensitivity of the Antenna in different direction.Knowledge of this allows the antenna to
be oriented in the optimum direction to ensure the required performance.
12. 3D polar plot :
Plot that indicates the magnitude of the
response in any direction.

13. Smith chart :

It represents the impedance characteristics
across frequencies ,showing how well the
antenna matches the transmission line it helps
visualize the return loss, reactance, resistance.
Advantages:

• Higher input impedance

• Wider Bandwidth
• Improved Matching
• Low VSWR
• Compact Design

Disadvantages:
• Higher cost
• Limited Directionality
• Matching challenges
• Complex Constructions
• Larger size
• Applications:
• Television Antennas
• FM Radio Broadcasting
• Wi-fi and wireless Communication System
• Antenna Arrays

• Conclusion: This project successfully analyzed the radiation patterns of antennas, highlighting their
directionality, gain, and efficiency in specific applications. The insights gained are critical for optimizing
antenna design in communication, radar, and IoT systems. Future work can focus on adaptive designs and real-
world environmental factors to enhance performance.