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 Scattering Parameters
in RF and Microwave Circuit
Analysis and Design

6631 Book_R1.indb 1 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 For a listing of recent titles in the
Artech House Microwave Library,
turn to the back of this book.

6631 Book_R1.indb 2 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 Scattering Parameters
in RF and Microwave Circuit
Analysis and Design

Janusz A. Dobrowolski

artechhouse.com

6631 Book_R1.indb 3 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN-13: 978-1-63081-093-1

Cover design by John Gomes

© 2016 Artech House

685 Canton St.
Norwood, MA

All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this
book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks
have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this
information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity
of any trademark or service mark.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

6631 Book_R1.indb 4 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 Contents

Preface xv

1 Introduction 1

References 5

2 Theory of Uniform Waveguides 7

2.1 Modal Electromagnetic Fields 8

2.2 Power Transmitted in a Waveguide 9
2.3 Characteristic Impedance 11
2.4 Normalization of Waveguide Voltage and
Current 13
2.5 Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit of a
Waveguide 14
References 16

3 Theory of Transmission Lines 17

3.1 Lumped Element Circuit Model of a
Transmission Line 18

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 vi Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

3.2 Voltage and Current Wave Propagation in a

Transmission Line 18
3.3 Terminated Transmission Line 22
3.4 Terminated Transmission Line Special Cases 25
References 26

4 Wave Variables and the Scattering Matrix 27

4.1 Voltage Traveling Waves and the Scattering
Matrix 28
4.1.1 Physical Interpretation of Scattering
Parameters 29
4.1.2 A Shift in Reference Plane 31
4.1.3 Scattering Matrix Properties 33
4.1.4 Example 4.1 34
4.1.5 Conversions Between the Scattering Matrix
and Other Matrix Descriptions
of Microwave Networks 35
4.2 Normalized Voltage Traveling Waves and the
Generalized Scattering Matrix 35
4.2.1 Physical Interpretation of Generalized
Scattering Parameters 36
4.2.2 Example 4.2 37
4.3 Traveling Wave Intensities and the True
Scattering Matrix 38
4.3.1 Example 4.3 40
4.4 Pseudowaves and the Pseudoscattering Matrix 41
4.4.1 Pseudoscattering Matrix Properties 43
4.4.2 Example 4.4 45
4.4.3 Conversions Between the Pseudoscattering
Matrix and Other Matrix Descriptions of
Microwave Networks 47
4.4.4 Change of Reference Impedances 50
4.4.5 One-Port Reference Impedance
Transformation 52
4.4.6 Multiport Network Reference Impedance
Transformation 53
4.4.7 Two-Port Reference Impedance
Transformation 54

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 Contents vii

4.4.8 Three-Port to Two-Port Network

Scattering Matrix Transformation 55
4.4.9 Scattering Matrix of the Cascade of
Two-Port Networks 59
4.4.10 Scattering Matrix of an Embedded
Multiport Network 61
4.5 Generalized Multiport Network Cascade Matrix 63
4.5.1 T-Matrix to S-Matrix and S-Matrix to
T-Matrix Transformation for Multiport
Networks with the Same Number of
Input and Output Ports (Balanced
Networks) 66
4.5.2 T-Matrix to S-Matrix and S-Matrix to
T-Matrix Transformation for Multiport
Networks with Different Numbers of
Input and Output Ports (Unbalanced
Networks) 68
4.6 Load Impedance 70
4.7 Power Waves and the Power Scattering Matrix 71
4.7.1 Physical Interpretation of Power Waves 73
4.7.2 Physical Interpretation of Power
Scattering Parameters 76
4.7.3 Example 4.5 78
4.7.4 Conversions Between Power Wave
Scattering Matrix and Other Matrix
Descriptions of Microwave Networks 80
4.7.5 Power Scattering Matrix Properties 82
4.7.6 Port Connections 83
References 85

5 Signal Analysis of Multiport Networks 87

5.1 Wave Relations for Basic Elements of Multiport

Networks 88
5.1.1 Signal Source 88
5.1.2 Load 90
5.1.3 Signal Source Available Power 92
5.2 Microwave Network Analysis Using Scattering
Parameters and Signal Flow Graphs 94

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 viii Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

5.3 Signal Analysis of Two-Port Networks 97

5.3.1 Transducer Power Gain 98
5.3.2 Example 5.1 99
5.3.3 Power Gain 100
5.3.4 Available Power Gain 101
5.3.5 Stability Consideration for Active
Two-Port Networks 101
5.3.6 Maximum Power Gain 105
5.3.7 Constant Power Gain Circles 107
5.3.8 Constant Available Power Gain Circles 108
5.3.9 Insertion Loss 108
5.3.10 Voltage Gain 110
5.3.11 Voltage Transfer Gain 111
5.4 Multiport Network Analysis 112
5.4.1 Transducer Power Gain of Multiport
Networks 113
5.4.2 Power Gain of Multiport Networks 116
5.5 Multielement Multiport Network Analysis
Using Connection Scattering Matrix Approach 117
5.5.1 Transducer Power Gain of Multielement
Multiport Networks 120
5.5.2 Power Gain of Multielement
Multiport Networks 121
References 122

6 Mode Wave Variables and Mixed-Mode

Scattering Matrix of Differential Networks 123
6.1 Differential-Mode and Common-Mode
Definitions 124
6.2 Mode-Specific Waves and Impedances 126
6.3 Mixed-Mode Scattering Parameters 127
6.4 Transformation Between Standard-Mode and
Mixed-Mode Scattering Parameters 130
6.5 Generalized Mixed-Mode Pseudoscattering
Matrix 135
6.5.1 Example 6.1 146
6.5.2 Example 6.2 150
6.5.3 Example 6.3 152

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 Contents ix

6.5.4 Example 6.4 155

6.5.5 Example 6.5 156
6.6 Mixed-Mode Cascade Matrix 160
References 166

7 Signal Analysis of Differential Multiport

Networks 169
7.1 Wave Relations for Basic Elements of
Differential Multiport Networks 170
7.1.1 Differential Signal Source 170
7.1.2 Differential Load 181
7.1.3 Differential Signal Source Available
Power 190
7.2 Signal Analysis of Differential Two-Port
Networks 192
7.2.1 Transducer Power Gain of Differential
Two-Ports 193
7.2.2 Power Gain of Differential Two-Ports 196
7.2.3 Available Power Gain of Differential
Two-Ports 197
7.2.4 Differential Amplifier Maximum
Power Gain 198
7.2.5 Differential Insertion Loss 199
7.2.6 Differential Voltage Gain 200
7.2.7 Differential Voltage Transfer Gain 200
7.3 Differential Multiport Network Analysis 201
7.3.1 Differential Transducer Power Gain of
Multiport Networks 206
7.3.2 Differential Power Gain of Multiport
Networks 209
7.4 Differential Multielement Multiport Network
Analysis Using Connection Scattering Matrix
Approach 211
7.4.1 Transducer Power Gain of Differential
Multielement Multiport Networks 215
7.4.2 Power Gain of Differential Multielement
Multiport Networks 216
References 217

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 x Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

8 Noise Wave Variables and the Scattering

Matrix 219

8.1 Noise Waves 220

8.1.1 Noise Power Waves 220
8.1.2 Noise Pseudowaves 221
8.2 Noise Wave Representation of Microwave
Networks 222
8.3 Other Noise Representations of Noisy Networks
and Their Transformations to Noise Wave
Parameters 225
8.3.1 Chain Matrix Noise Representation 225
8.3.2 Cascade Matrix Noise Representation 229
8.3.3 Impedance Matrix and Admittance
Matrix Noise Representations 233
8.4 Noise Models of Microwave Network Elements 236
8.4.1 Noise Wave Correlation Matrices of
Passive Multiport Networks 236
8.4.2 Example 8.1 238
8.4.3 Noise Correlation Matrices of Passive
Multiport Networks Embedded in
Lossy Waveguides 239
8.4.4 Noise Wave Correlation Matrices of
Active Two-Port Networks 241
8.4.5 Example 8.2 241
8.5 Two-Port-to-Three-Port Network Noise Wave
Transformation 245
8.6 Noise Wave Correlation Matrices of Embedded
Multiport Networks 251
8.6.1 Example 8.3 253
8.7 Deembedding Noise Wave Parameters of
Cascaded Noisy Two-Port Networks 256
References 258

9 Noise Analysis of Multiport Networks 261

9.1 Basic Relationships for Noisy Multiport

Networks 262
9.2 Classical Two-Port Network Noise Theory 263
9.3 Noise Factor of Two-Port Networks 266

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 Contents xi

9.3.1 Constant Noise Factor Circles 268

9.4 Two-Port Network Noise Analysis Using Noise
Waves and Scattering Matrix 269
9.4.1 Example 9.1 273
9.5 Noise Analysis of Two-Port Networks Using
Noise Waves and Cascade (Transfer Scattering)
Matrix 274
9.5.1 Noise Wave Parameters of Cascade
Connected Two-Port Networks 277
9.6 Noise Analysis of Multielement Multiport
Networks Using Connection Scattering Matrix
Approach 278
9.6.1 Noise Factor of Multielement Multiport
Networks 281
9.6.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Multielement
Multiport Networks 285
9.7 Noise Analysis of Multiport Networks 286
9.7.1 Noise Factor of Multiport Networks 288
9.7.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Multiport
Networks 289
9.7.3 Example 9.2 290
9.7.4 Example 9.3 293
9.7.5 Example 9.4 294
References 296

10 Differential- and Common-Mode Noise Waves

and Correlation Matrices 297
10.1 Differential- and Common-Mode Noise Waves 298
10.2 Generalized Mixed-Mode Noise Wave
Correlation Matrix 306
10.3 Mixed-Mode Noise Wave Correlation Matrices
of Passive Networks 320
10.3.1 Mixed-Mode Noise Wave Correlation
Matrix of Passive Two-Port Networks 321
10.3.2 Mixed-Mode Noise Wave Correlation
Matrix of a Balun 323
10.3.3 Mixed-Mode Noise Wave Correlation
Matrix of Passive Four-Port Networks 325

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 xii Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

10.4 Mixed-Mode Noise Wave Correlation Matrices

of Active Differential Networks 327
References 329

11 Noise Analysis of Differential Networks 331

11.1 Noise Analysis of Differential Two-Port Networks
332
11.1.1 Noise Figure of Balanced Two-Port
Networks 332
11.1.2 Noise Figure of a Cascade of Balanced
Two-Port Networks 334
11.1.3 Noise Figure of Fully Differential Two-
Port Networks 336
11.1.4 Noise Figure of Power-Splitting Balun 338
11.1.5 Noise Figure of Power Combine Balun
Excited by Differential Signal Source 340
11.1.6 Single-Ended Noise Source and a Balun
as a Source of Differential- and Common-
Mode Noise Waves 342
11.1.7 Noise Figure of Differential Amplifier in
Single-Ended Environment 344
11.2 Differential Two-Port Network Noise Analysis
Using Mixed-Mode Scattering Matrix 350
11.2.1 Mixed-Mode Noise of Differential
Signal Source 350
11.2.2 Differential Noise Figure of a Differential
Two-Port Network in Terms of Mixed-
Mode Scattering Parameters 353
11.3 Noise Analysis of Mixed-Mode Multielement
Multiport Networks Using Connection
Scattering Matrix Approach 355
11.3.1 Differential Noise Figure of Mixed-Mode
Multielement Multiport Networks 360
11.3.2 Differential Signal-to-Noise Ratio of
Mixed-Mode Multielement Multiport
Networks 365
11.4 Noise Analysis of Mixed-Mode Multiport
Networks 367

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 Contents xiii

11.4.1 Differential Noise Figure of Mixed-Mode

Multiport Networks 372
11.4.2 Differential Signal-to-Noise Ratio of
Mixed-Mode Multiport Networks 372
References 374

12 Scattering Functions in Nonlinear Modeling of

Microwave Devices 375
12.1 Large-Signal Scattering Functions 376
12.2 Linearization of Scattering Functions 379
12.3 The Time Reference 384
12.4 Application of the Response Coefficients
Matrices S and S′ to Predict Nonlinear Device
Performance 386
12.5 Experimental Determination of the Response
Coefficients Matrices S and S′ 387
References 391

Appendix 393

Basics of Fourier Transform in Application-to-

Noise Waves 393

About the Author 397

Index 399

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6631 Book_R1.indb 14 4/21/16 3:17 PM
 Preface

The first edition of Microwave Network Design Using the Scattering Matrix was
published in 2010. Since the publication of the first edition, I have worked
extensively to prepare and write new material concerning full theory for appli-
cation of mode-specific signal waves, noise waves, generalized mixed-mode scat-
tering matrices, and generalized mixed-mode noise wave correlation matrices
to the analysis and design of microwave networks with any topology. Three
new chapters: Chapter 7—Signal Analysis of Differential Multiport Networks,
Chapter 10—Differential- and Common-Mode Noise Waves and Correlation
Matrices, and Chapter 11—Noise Analysis of Differential Networks cover this
material. The text from the first edition has been thoroughly revised.
The new edition presents complete and detailed presentation of the
wave approach to microwave network characterization, analysis, and design
using signal and noise wave variables, scattering parameters, and noise wave
parameters in application to the standard, single-ended multiport networks,
as well as to the differential multiport networks.
I believe that this book will continue serving the needs of many students
and microwave engineers.

xv

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6631 Book_R1.indb 16 4/21/16 3:17 PM
 1
Introduction

For the past 60 years, scattering parameters have been used very extensively
by the microwave community for characterization, modeling, and design of
microwave devices and networks. Because at RF and microwave frequen-
cies, impedance or admittance description of networks is in many aspects
abstraction since the voltages, currents, impedances, or admittances cannot
be measured in direct manner, and then using equipment called vector net-
work analyzer (VNA), we measure the wave reflection coefficient at particular
network ports or wave transmission coefficient through a network [1–3]. The
directly measurable quantities are magnitudes and phase angles of the waves
reflected or scattered from the junction relative to the incident wave magni-
tude and phase angle. Thanks to the linearity of the field equations and the
assumed linearity of such devices as transistors and diodes, the amplitudes
of scattered waves are linearly dependent on the amplitudes of the incident
waves. The matrix describing the linear relationship between the incident and
scattered waves at ports of a network is called the scattering matrix.
A vector network analyzer (VNA) measures the magnitude and phase
characteristics of microwave devices including passive and active components
of microwave networks, as well as multifunctional monolithic microwave
integrated circuits (MMICs) and radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs).
The scattering parameters and the network analyzer have equipped microwave
engineers and researchers with very valuable device information, transcending

6631 Book_R1.indb 1 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 2 Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

the role of test equipment and data to become vital component in the design
process.
The first introduction of the scattering representation of microwave net-
works took place many years ago [4, 5]. Since then, definitions of wave vari-
ables have been modified many times. In relation to this fact, it is important
to know, understand, and realize the consequences of different approaches to
the microwave networks scattering representation that are presented in the
literature of the subject [4, 6–12]. In particular, an understanding of scatter-
ing description based on wave variables referenced to complex impedances is
very important, because incorrect use of this tool may lead to unacceptable
results and mistakes.
This book presents, in detail, the theoretical foundation for the wave
approach to microwave network characterization, analysis, and design using
scattering parameters.
Chapter 1 is an updated introductory chapter.
Chapter 2 briefly presents theory of uniform waveguides helpful to
understand the microwave network concept of incident wave and reflected or
scattered wave, which is the basis for the scattering parameter description of
microwave networks. Modal electromagnetic field representation discussed
here will be used in Chapter 4 to define the wave variables and the scattering
matrix. Properly normalized modal fields are used to determine electromag-
netic power transmitted in a waveguide, to define characteristic impedance
of a waveguide, and to introduce normalized waveguide voltage and current.
At the end of this chapter, the reader will find considerations on transmission
line equivalent circuit of a single-mode waveguide.
Theory of transmission lines given briefly in Chapter 3 is of significant
importance in microwave network theory. As a bridge between field analy-
sis and microwave network theory, it is very helpful in many considerations
and developments of some basic relations applied to scattering parameters.
This will be demonstrated with examples given in Chapter 4. Starting from
lumped element circuit model of a transmission line, we present and discuss
voltage and current wave propagation, and impedance relations for terminated
transmission lines.
In Chapter 4, we introduce wave variables and the scattering matrix.
There are presented definitions of voltage traveling waves and scattering matrix,
normalized voltage scattering waves and generalized scattering matrix, traveling
wave intensities and true scattering matrix, pseudowaves and pseudoscattering
matrix, and finally power scattering waves and power scattering matrix. The
physical interpretation of these quantities is presented and compared. These
considerations are illustrated by examples, showing different approaches to

6631 Book_R1.indb 2 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 Introduction3

wave variables and the scattering matrix. In addition, the consequences of

the change of the reference impedance in the scattering matrix definition
and the relations among the scattering matrix, the pseudoscattering matrix,
the power scattering matrix, and other matrix representations of microwave
networks are discussed.
This book guides the reader through various applications of the scat-
tering matrix. The remaining chapters of this book are devoted to scattering
matrix–based methods of microwave network analysis and design.
Microwave network signal analysis methods based on scattering matrix
description of network elements are discussed in Chapter 5. Three approaches
to this problem are presented: (1) multiport network analysis based on signal
flow graph, (2) multiport network analysis, and (3) multielement multiport
network analysis using connection scattering matrix approach. Multiport
network analysis approach may be applied to networks considered as a single
multiport excited by one-port signal sources and loaded by one-port termi-
nations. The connection scattering matrix approach may be used to analyze
multiport multielement networks considered as a connection of many indi-
vidual multiport elements characterized by their individual scattering matrices.
Microwave networks with any arbitrary topology may be analyzed using this
matrix formalism. Algorithms for different network function calculations are
presented in detail.
In Chapter 6, we present the theory related to the mixed mode scatter-
ing matrix of differential networks. Based on differential mode and common
mode definitions, mode specific wave variables and mixed-mode scattering
parameters are introduced here. Also, discussed here are transformation rela-
tions between standard single-ended and mixed-mode scattering parameters
of multiport networks. A generalized mixed mode scattering matrix for mul-
tiport networks with single-ended and differential inputs and outputs is also
discussed. At the end of this chapter, the presented theory is applied to the
analysis of the differential amplifier.
Chapter 7 develops the complete theory for the signal analysis of dif-
ferential microwave networks, based on mixed-mode wave variables and
mixed-mode scattering matrices. There are presented three approaches to this
problem: (1) differential two-port network analysis based on mixed-mode scat-
tering matrix, (2) differential multiport network analysis and (3) differential
­multielement multiport network analysis using connection scattering matrix
approach. Differential multiport network analysis approach may be applied
to networks considered as single mixed-mode multiport excited by differential
signal sources and loaded by differential or single-ended terminations. The
connection scattering matrix approach may be used to analyze differential

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 4 Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

multiport networks considered as connections of many individual differential

multiport elements characterized by their individual generalized mixed-mode
scattering matrices. Microwave networks with any arbitrary topology may be
analyzed using this matrix formalism. Algorithms for different network func-
tions calculations are presented in detail.
In Chapter 8, we introduce the definition of the noise wave variables and
the noise wave representation of noisy microwave networks in the form of noise
wave correlation matrix. Chain matrix, impedance matrix, and admittance
matrix noise representations of noisy multiport networks are also presented.
Two-port to three-port noise wave correlation matrix transformation and the
noise wave correlation matrix of embedded multiport networks are discussed.
We also present noise wave modeling of passive multiport networks and of
active two-ports. These relations are essential in noise wave modeling problems
of microwave semiconductor devices such as MESFETs, HEMTs, or HJTs.
In Chapter 9, a scattering matrix and a noise wave correlation matrix
are used for the noise analysis of multiport networks. First, we define and
discuss the noise figure for two-port networks and extend the definition of
this parameter to noisy multiports. Then, two methods of multiport network
noise analysis are given. The first method, applicable to multielement multiport
networks, is based on the connection scattering matrix approach. The second
method may be applied to networks considered as a single multiport termi-
nated at its ports by signal sources and loads. In both cases, the algorithms
of noise figure and signal-to-noise ratio calculations are discussed in detail.
Chapter 10 is on the basis of differential mode and common-mode noise
wave variables and on generalized mixed-mode noise wave correlation matri-
ces. There are, discussed here, mixed-mode noise wave correlation matrices of
passive networks. We discuss, in detail, mixed-mode correlation matrices of
two-port networks, baluns, and differential four-port networks, and present
their relation to standard, single-ended scattering parameters, as well as to
the mixed-mode scattering parameters. There are also discussed mixed-mode
correlation matrices of active two-ports.
Chapter 11 treats a number of topics related to the noise analysis of
differential networks. First, it presents and discusses the noise analysis of dif-
ferential two-port networks.
There are derived relations for the noise figure of balanced two-ports,
fully differential two-ports, power splitting baluns, and power combine baluns.
There are presented and discussed in detail the relation for the noise figure
of differential amplifiers in single-ended environment. Then, two methods
of differential multiport network noise analysis based on generalized mixed-
mode noise wave correlation matrix are given. The first method, applicable

6631 Book_R1.indb 4 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 Introduction5

to multielement multiport networks with differential ports and single-ended

ports, is based on the generalized connection scattering matrix approach. The
second method may be applied to networks considered as a single mixed-mode
multiport terminated at its ports by differential signal sources and differential
or single-ended loads. In both cases, algorithms of the noise figure and signal-
to-noise ratio calculations are derived and discussed.
The scattering parameters discussed in this book can only accurately
represent linear networks such as filters, directional couplers, waveguides and
transmission lines, and in approximation, small signal devices, and amplifiers.
They are based on the superposition principle and may represent semiconduc-
tor devices, such as transistors, diodes, and amplifiers, when the applied signal
is assumed to be small enough to justify the superposition principle. To break
the limitations of the small-signal scattering parameters, a large signal scat-
tering function theory has been invented. This theory, which has been very
extensively studied in last years, extends small signal theory by considering
the scattering wave variables not only at one fundamental frequency but also
at harmonic and non-harmonic frequencies. The contribution of all such
spectral components is formulated into nonlinear scattering functions that
allow the characterization of nonlinear devices and networks. In Chapter 12,
we introduce scattering functions, their linearization, and an application for
the modeling of nonlinear microwave devices.
In the Appendix, the reader can find basics of Fourier transform in
application-to-noise waves.
This book is an excellent source of theoretical as well as practical infor-
mation on the wave variables and scattering matrix, and their application
to microwave network characterization, modeling, analysis, and design. It
is suitable for beginners and students, as well as experienced engineers and
researchers working in the field of microwaves.

References
[1] Adam, S. F., “A New Precision Automatic Microwave Measurement System,” IEEE
Trans. on Instrumentation and Measurements, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1968, pp. 308–313.
[2] Howell, K., and K. Wong, “DC to 110 GHz Measurements in Coax Using 1mm Con-
nectors,” Microwave Journal, Vol. 42, July 1999, pp. 22–34.
[3] Rumiantsev, A., and N. Ridler, “VNA Calibration,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, Vol. 9,
No. 3, June 2008, pp. 86–99.
[4] Montgomery, C. G., R. H. Dicke, and E. M. Purcell, Eds., Principles of Microwave
Circuits, McGraw Hill, 1948.

6631 Book_R1.indb 5 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 6 Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

[5] Marcuvitz, N., Waveguide Handbook, McGraw Hill, 1951.

[6] Harrington, R. F., Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Waves, New York: McGraw Hill,
1961.
[7] Kurokawa, K., “Power Waves and the Scattering Matrix,” IEEE Trans. on Microwave
Theory and Techniques, Vol. MTT-13, No. 2, 1965, pp. 194–202.
[8] Kurokawa, K., An Introduction to the Theory of Microwave Circuits, New York: Academic
Press, 1969.
[9] Collin, R. E., Foundations for Microwave Engineering, Tokyo: McGraw Hill Kogakusha,
Ltd., 1966.
[10] Marks, R. B., and D. F. Williams, “A General Waveguide Circuit Theory,” Jour-
nal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol. 97, 1992,
pp. 533–562.
[11] Altman, J. L., Microwave Circuits, Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company,
Inc., 1964.
[12] Pozar, D. M., Microwave Engineering, New York, USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, 1990.

6631 Book_R1.indb 6 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 2
Theory of Uniform Waveguides

This chapter is based on a fundamental work of Roger B. Marks and Dylan F.

Williams published in [1], where it presents a theory of uniform waveguides
required to understand a concept of waveguide voltage and current waves that
propagate in a waveguide. Voltage and current waves defined here are properly
normalized to simplify further derivations and results. There are derived and
discussed relations for transmitted power and the modal characteristic imped-
ance of the uniform waveguide. This chapter ends with the definitions of the
equivalent circuit parameters in terms of the characteristic impedance of the
uniform waveguide. There are also given explicit expressions for L, R, C, and
G parameters in terms of the modal fields in a lossy waveguide. They are used
for the theoretical determination of the L, R, C, and G network parameters
of any lossy waveguide [2].
According to the relations presented and discussed in this chapter, trans-
verse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) fields of waves propagating in
the waveguide may be expressed in terms of waveguide voltage and waveguide
current. It can be assumed that the characteristic impedance of the mode equals
the ratio of complex amplitudes of waveguide voltage and waveguide current
waves propagating in forward direction. These quantities, waveguide voltage
and waveguide current, and mode characteristic impedance are the basis for
the definition of traveling wave intensities (or shortly, traveling waves) and the
true scattering parameters that will be introduced and discussed in Chapter 4.

6631 Book_R1.indb 7 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 8 Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

Relations for transmitted power and the waveguide characteristic imped-

ance presented here on the basis of field theory are going to be exploited and
discussed in detail in Chapter 4 in connection with traveling wave intensities
on the basis of microwave network theory.
The L,R,C,G equivalent circuit of the uniform lossy waveguide will be
exploited in Chapter 3 in order to derive transmission line impedance equa-
tions very useful in scattering matrix theory.

2.1 Modal Electromagnetic Fields

In a uniform waveguide, propagating a single mode, the transverse components
of the total fields E and H are given as [1]

v(z)
Et = c+ e −gz et + c− e +gz et ≡ e (2.1)
v0 t

and

i(z)
Ht = c+ e −gz h t − c− e +gz h t ≡ h (2.2)
i0 t

where γ is the modal propagation constant having real and imaginary parts
α and β
g ≡ a + jb (2.3)

It is assumed that z-axis is oriented along the waveguide axis.

The fields in the waveguide are linear combinations of the forward and
backward mode fields. The first terms in (2.1) and (2.2) are transverse nor-
malized fields, which correspond to a mode propagating in the +z direction
with the propagating constant +γ , while the second terms are transverse
normalized fields of the same mode propagating in the −z direction with the
propagating constant −γ .
In (2.1)

v(z) = c+ v0 e −gz + c− v0 e +gz = V0(+)e −gz + V0(−)e +gz = v(+) (z) + v(−) (z) (2.4)

is the waveguide voltage associated with the transverse components of the

total electric field in the waveguide.

6631 Book_R1.indb 8 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 Theory of Uniform Waveguides9

Similarly, in (2.2)

i(z) = c+ i0 e −gz − c− i0 e +gz = I 0(+)e −gz + I 0(−)e +gz = i(+) (z) + i(−) (z) (2.5)

is the waveguide current associated with the transverse components of the

total magnetic field in the waveguide.
In (2.4) and (2.5), the waveguide voltage

v + (z) = c+ v0 e −gz = V0(+)e −gz (2.6)

and the waveguide current

i + (z) = c+ i0 e −gz = I 0(+)e −gz (2.7)

are voltage and current waves that propagate in forward direction, while the
waveguide voltage

v − (z) = c− v0 e +gz = V0(−)e +gz (2.8)

and the waveguide current

i − (z) = c− i0 e +gz = I 0(−)e +gz (2.9)

are voltage and current waves that propagate in backward direction.

v 0 and i0 are normalizing constants. Units of v 0 are volts and units of
i0 are amperes. Thanks to such normalization, Et and et have units appropri-
ate to electric fields, and Ht and ht have units appropriate to magnetic fields,
while v has units of voltage and i has units of current.

2.2 Power Transmitted in a Waveguide

The integral of the Poyinting vector over the cross section S of the waveguide
equals the net complex power p(z), crossing a given transverse plane in the
waveguide [1, 3, 4]

v(z)i∗ (z)
( )
p(z) = ∫ Et × H∗t ⋅ z dS =
v0 i0∗
p0 (2.10)
S

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 10 Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

where

( )
p0 ≡ ∫ et × h∗t ⋅ z dS (2.11)
S

is the complex power, which is carried by the normalized mode across the
surface S.
In (2.10), there is no one-half factor, which means that the magnitudes
of the complex time dependent fields are assumed to be the root mean square,
not the peak values.
Because, as in electrical circuit theory, it is convenient to require that

p(z) = v(z)i∗ (z) (2.12)

than the normalizing constants v 0 and i0 cannot be arbitrarily chosen. They

have to satisfy the constraint

p0 = v0 i0∗ (2.13)

The forward mode is defined as that in which the power flows in the
+z direction; that is

{ }
P = Re p0 ≥ 0 (2.14)

The average power flow P(z) across the cross section S of a waveguide
equals the real part of p(z)

⎪⎧ ⎫⎪
( )
P(z) = Re { p(z)} = Re ⎨ ∫ Et × H∗t ⋅ z dS ⎬ = Re {v(z)i∗ (z)} (2.15)
⎩⎪ S ⎭⎪

In a case when only forward mode propagates in the waveguide, the

complex power is

p(z) = p0e−2az (2.16)

Similarly, when only backward mode is present in the waveguide, the

complex power is

6631 Book_R1.indb 10 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 Theory of Uniform Waveguides11

p(z) = − p0 e +2az (2.17)

The associated average powers are, respectively

{ }
P(z) = Re p0 e −2az (2.18)

and

{ }
P(z) = −Re p0 e +2az (2.19)

As it comes from nonlinear relation in (2.15), in general, the net real

power is not a simple difference of the forward and backward mode powers
[5]. This will be presented and discussed in Chapter 4 of this book.

2.3 Characteristic Impedance

The forward mode characteristic impedance is defined as the ratio of complex
amplitudes of waveguide voltage and waveguide current waves propagating
in forward direction or as the ratio with minus sign of complex amplitudes
of waveguide voltage and waveguide current waves propagating in backward
direction [1]

v0
Z0 = (2.20)
i0

However, because (2.13) is imposed, we can also write

2
v v p
Z0 = 0 = 0∗ = 02 (2.21)
i0 p0 i0

The three definitions of Z0, namely, “voltage-current,” “voltage-power,”

and “current-power,” are consistent. If p0, v 0, and i0 were defined indepen-
dently, as for example, in terms of some power, voltage drop, and current in
the waveguide, the three definitions of Z0 would be inconsistent and (2.21)

6631 Book_R1.indb 11 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 12 Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

would not hold. Such an approach to the characteristic impedance definition

can be found in the literature.
The phase of the characteristic impedance Z0 is identical to that of p0.
The phase of Z0 is a fixed, inherent, and unambiguous property of the mode.
Equations (2.14) and (2.20) constrain the sign of Z0, such that

{ }
Re Z0 ≥ 0 (2.22)

The characteristic impedance Z0 of any propagating mode of a lossless

line is real and positive.
When only a single forward propagating mode exists in a waveguide, then
v(z)/i(z) = v 0/i0 = Z0 for all z values. Likewise, when only a single backward
mode exists in a waveguide, then v(z)/i(z) = −v 0/i0 = Z0. In a case, when both
forward and backward modes exist, v(z)/i(z) depends on z due to the interfer-
ence between the two waves propagating the waveguide in opposite directions.
Let us consider now the correspondence between the above presented def-
inition of Z0 and the conventional definitions of the characteristic impedance.
In a homogeneous waveguide, the fields of TE, TM, and transverse
electromagnetic (TEM) modes satisfy

z × et = hh t (2.23)

where η is the wave impedance, which is a constant over the cross section S
of the waveguide. In such a case

2
v0
Z0 = 2 h (2.24)
∫S et dS

Because the modal field et is normalized and the value of the denomina-
tor is fixed, the magnitude of Z0 depends only on v 0. From (2.24), it is also
seen that the phase of the characteristic impedance Z0 is equal to that of the
wave impedance η .
These results indicate that the definition of mode characteristic imped-
ance given by (2.21) is in coincidence with the most conventional definitions
of Z0.
In particular, for the TEM modes, η equals to the intrinsic wave imped-
ance of the medium fulfilling the line

6631 Book_R1.indb 12 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 Theory of Uniform Waveguides13

m
h= (2.25)
e

and from this

1
{ }
arg Z0 =
2
(arg{m} − arg{e} ) (2.26)

In the case when the medium of the line is lossy dielectric and μ is real,
then

1
{ }
arg Z0 = − d
2
(2.27)

where tgδ ≡ Im{ε }/Re{ε } is the dielectric loss tangent.

If in (2.24) v 0 is taken to be the voltage between two conductors of the
TEM line than the mode characteristic impedance Z 0 defined by (2.21) equals
the conventional characteristic impedance of the TEM transmission line.
For TE and TM modes

±1/2
m⎛ kc2 ⎞
h= 1 − (2.28)
e ⎜⎝ w 2 me ⎟⎠

where “+” sign corresponds to TM mode, “−” sign corresponds to TE mode,

and kc = 2π /λ c is the cutoff wave number in which λ c is the cutoff wavelength
of a mode.

2.4 Normalization of Waveguide Voltage and Current

The magnitude of Z0 depends on the choice of v 0 and i0. Because of modal
field normalization [(2.1) and (2.2)] and the constraint defined by (2.13), only
one of these quantities may be assigned independently. One useful normaliza-
tion defines the constant v 0 as the path integral

v0 = − ∫ et ⋅ dl (2.29)
path

6631 Book_R1.indb 13 4/21/16 3:17 PM

 14 Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

The path is restricted to a single transverse plane, and the integral, in

general, depends on the path between two given endpoints. When the mode
in a waveguide is TEM or TM, this integral depends only on the endpoints,
not on the path between them.
The voltage v 0 defined by (2.29) is analogous to the voltage given by

v(z) = − ∫ Et (z) ⋅ dl (2.30)

path

Normalization given by (2.29) together with (2.21) leads to “voltage-

power” definition of the characteristic impedance Z0.
It is also possible to use “current-power” definition by choosing i 0 to be a
current. However, because of (2.21), it is not possible to use “voltage-current”
definition of the characteristic impedance. It is so, because the phases of v 0
and i0 may not satisfy the relation v 0/i0 = Z0.

2.5 Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit of a Waveguide

Figure 2.1 presents the equivalent circuit of a uniform waveguide with a dis-
tributed shunt capacitance C, a conductance G, a series resistance R, and an
inductance L, all per unit length. These parameters are defined as [1, 2]
g
G + jwC ≡ (2.31)
Z0

and
R + jwL ≡ gZ0 (2.32)

The derivations presented in [1, 2] lead to the following relations for the
circuit parameters:

1 ⎡ 2 2 ⎤
2 ⎢ ∫ e et ds − ∫ m h z dS ⎥
C= ′ ′ (2.33)
v0 ⎢⎣ S S ⎥⎦

1 ⎡ 2 2 ⎤
2 ⎢ ∫ m h t ds − ∫ e e z dS ⎥
L= ′ ′ (2.34)
i0 ⎢⎣ S S ⎥⎦

6631 Book_R1.indb 14 4/21/16 3:18 PM

 Theory of Uniform Waveguides15

Figure 2.1 Uniform waveguide equivalent circuit.

1 ⎡ 2 2 ⎤
2 ∫ ∫ z ⎥⎥
m
G= ⎢ ε ′′ e t
ds + ′′ h dS (2.35)
v0 ⎢⎣ S S ⎦

1 ⎡ 2 2 ⎤
2 ⎢ ∫ m h t ds + ∫ e e z dS ⎥
R= ′′ ′′ (2.36)
i0 ⎢⎣ S S ⎥⎦

where ε ≡ ε ′ − jε ″ and μ ≡ μ ′ − jμ ″. In passive media, all these parameters

are nonnegative.
A transmission line with circuit parameters, given above, models a lossy
waveguide, which is characterized by a complex propagation constant γ and a
complex power flow P(z). This fact is very important when one wants to model
properties of lines over lossy semiconductor substrates.
As it comes from these relations, the parameters C, L, G, and R are
normalized as Z0, with respect to v 0 and i0. In a case of a lossless TEM line,
when v 0 is taken as the voltage between two active conductors, then L and C
are the conventional inductance and capacitance per unit length of the line.
From (2.31) and (2.32), the characteristic impedance of the waveguide

jwL + R
Z0 = (2.37)
jwC + G

and the propagation constant

g = ( jwL + R)( jwC + G) (2.38)

The above relations are identical to those derived from the conventional
circuit theory for a transmission line with the distributed shunt admittance
Y = jω C + G and the series impedance Z = jω L + R, in which C, L, G,
and R are the capacitance, inductance, conductance, and resistance per unit
length of the line. In the steady-state sinusoidal, voltage v and current i in a

6631 Book_R1.indb 15 4/21/16 3:18 PM

 16 Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

transmission line are described by the equations presented and discussed in

Chapter 3 of this book.

References
[1] Marks, R. B., and D. F. Williams, “A General Waveguide Circuit Theory,” Jour-
nal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol. 97, 1992,
pp. 533–562.
[2] Brews, J. R., “Transmission Line Models for Lossy Waveguide Interconnections in
VLSI,” IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-33, 1986, pp. 1356–1365.
[3] Harrington, R. F., Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Waves, New York: McGraw Hill,
1961.
[4] Montgomery, C. G., R. H. Dicke, and E. M. Purcell, Eds., Principles of Microwave
Circuits, McGraw Hill, 1948.
[5] Marcuvitz, N., Waveguide Handbook, McGraw Hill, 1951.
[6] Collin, R. E., Foundations for Microwave Engineering, Tokyo: McGraw Hill Kogakusha,
Ltd., 1966.

6631 Book_R1.indb 16 4/21/16 3:18 PM

 3
Theory of Transmission Lines

The use of transmission lines to model waveguides is very common. The theory
of transmission lines plays a very important role in the analysis and design of
microwave networks composed of waveguides. The analogy between wave-
guides and transmission lines comes from the fact that both structures propa-
gate waves. A waveguide propagates waves of electric and magnetic fields, while
voltage and current waves propagate in a transmission line. If the direction of
wave propagation is chosen as the z-direction, then the z-dependence of the
waves of transverse electric field in the waveguide and the z-dependence of the
voltage in the equivalent transmission line are the same. The same statement
is true for the waves of transverse magnetic field in the waveguide and of the
current waves in a transmission line.
In this chapter, we present voltage and current wave propagation in
transmission lines, define transmission line characteristic impedance, and
discuss the total power flow. The relations for total voltage and total current
are discussed and, resulting from this, the input impedance of terminated
transmission line is given.
Relations presented here are helpful in deriving scattering parameters
of many microwave elements composed of waveguides, coupled waveguides,
terminated waveguides, and so forth. They will be used in Chapter 4 in exam-
ples, illustrating theoretical derivation of transmission line segment scattering
parameters.

17

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 18 Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

3.1 Lumped Element Circuit Model of a Transmission Line

The transmission line can be described as a distributed-parameter electric net-
work [1–5]. The equivalent circuit of a section of transmission line of differential
length is presented in Figure 2.1. Parameters R[Ω/m], L[H/m], G[S/m], and
C[F/m] of this circuit are, respectively, resistance, inductance, conductance,
and capacitance per unit length of the line. They are given by (2.33) to (2.36).
Resulting from Kirchhof’s laws, the equations of this equivalent circuit
are [1–5]

∂v(z,t) ∂i(z,t)
= −Ri(z,t) − L (3.1)
∂z ∂t

and

∂i(z,t) ∂v(z,t)
= −Gv(z,t) − C (3.2)
∂z ∂t

For sinusoidal steady state, when v(z) and i(z) represent the voltage and
current without the time dependence ejωt, the basic equations for the circuit are

dv(z)
= −( jwL + R) i(z) (3.3)
dz

di(z)
= −( jwC + G)v(z) (3.4)
dz

where v(z,t) = v(z)ejωt and i(z,t) = i(z)ejωt are the complex voltage and current
in the line.

3.2 Voltage and Current Wave Propagation in a

Transmission Line
From (3.3) and (3.4), the wave equations for v(z) and i(z) in a transmission
line have the form

d 2v(z)
− g 2v(z) = 0 (3.5)
dz 2

6631 Book_R1.indb 18 4/21/16 3:18 PM

 Theory of Transmission Lines19

d 2 i(z)
− g 2 i(z) = 0 (3.6)
dz 2

where

g = a + jb = (R + jwL)(G + jwC )
(3.7)
= −w 2 LC + RG + jw(RC + LG)

is the complex propagation constant.

The general solution to (3.5) is

v(z) = V0(+)e −gz + V0(−)e gz = V (+) (z) + V (−) (z) (3.8)

The solution for the currrent i from (3.6) is

i(z) = I 0(+)e −gz − I 0(−)e gz = I (+) (z) − I (−) (z) (3.9)

or

V0(+) −gz V0(−) gz

i(z) = e − e (3.10)
Z0 Z0

where

R + jwL R + jwL
Z0 = = (3.11)
g G + jwC

is the characteristic impedance of the line.

In both (3.8) and (3.9), the first term represents the wave propagating
in the +z direction, and the second term represents the wave propagating in
the −z direction of the z-axis. Quantities V 0(+), I0(+), V0(–), and I0(–) are the com-
plex amplitudes of voltages and currents of voltage waves and current waves
at point z = 0 of the transmission line.
The characteristic impedance

V0(+) V0(−)
Z0 = = − (3.12)
I 0(+) I 0(−)

6631 Book_R1.indb 19 4/21/16 3:18 PM

 20 Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

of the line is equal to the ratio of the complex voltage amplitude V0(+) (or V0(–))
of the voltage wave, and to the complex current amplitude I0(+) (or −I0(–)) of the
current wave propagating in the +z direction (or in the −z direction) of the line.
A ratio of reflected and incident voltage wave amplitudes at any point
l = −z of the line

V (−) V0(−) −2gl

Γ(l) = (+) = (+) e = Γ L e −2gl (3.13)
V V0

is called the voltage reflection coefficient. In (3.13)

V0(−) ZL − Z0
ΓL = = (3.14)
V0(+) ZL + Z0

is the load reflection coefficient.

The total power flow at z is given by

{( )(
P(z) = Re ( vi∗ ) = Re V (+) + V (−) I (+) − I (−) )}
∗

{( ) (
= Re V (+) + V (−) Y0∗ V (+) − V (−) )}
∗
(3.15)

⎛ 2
= P + ⎜ 1 − Γ − 2Im{Γ}
Im Y0 ⎞ { }
⎟
⎝ Re Y0 ⎠ { }
where

{ } { }
2 2
P + (z) = Re Y0 V (+) = Re Y0 V0(+) e −2az (3.16)

is the power transmitted by the wave propagating in the +z direction and

Y0 = 1/Z0 is the complex characteristic admittance of the transmission line.
In the case of dissipative transmission line, ⎪Γ⎪2 cannot be regarded as
the power reflection coefficient. The value of ⎪Γ⎪ may exceed unity if Z0 is
not real.
In the case of a lossless line, R = 0 and G = 0, (3.7) describing propaga-
tion coefficient has a form

6631 Book_R1.indb 20 4/21/16 3:18 PM

 Theory of Transmission Lines21

g = a + jb = jw LC (3.17)

what means that

a = 0 oraz b = w LC (3.18)

and the characteristic impedance of a transmission line is real and equal

L
Z0 = (3.19)
C

The resulting traveling wave solutions are now represented as

v(z) = V0(+)e − jbz + V0(−)e jbz = V (+) (z) + V (−) (z) (3.20)

and

V0(+) − jbz V0(−) jbz

i(z) = e − e = I (+) (z) − I (−) (z) (3.21)
Z0 Z0

The voltage reflection coefficient is now

V0(−) j2 b(z−z0 )
Γ(z) =
V0(+)
e ( )
= Γ z0 e j2 b(z−z0 ) (3.22)

In a nondissipative uniform transmission line, the total average power

flow at any point z becomes

2 2 2
V0(+) V0(−) V0(+)
P = Re ( vi ) =
∗
Z0
−
Z0
=
Z0 (1 − Γ ) = P (1 − Γ )
2 + 2
(3.23)

Equation (3.23) is simple to interpret. This power equals the difference

between the incident and the reflected power flowing down the transmission
line. ⎪Γ⎪2 is just the power reflection coefficient.

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 22 Scattering Parameters in RF and Microwave Circuit Analysis and Design

3.3 Terminated Transmission Line

We assume now that the transmission line presented in Figure 3.1 is excited
by a signal source located on the left-hand side of the origin of the coordinate
system (z < 0). Because at the end of the line, the ratio v/i is equal to ZL , and
simultaneously, V(+)/I(+) = Z0, which means that the wave transmitted in the
line must be reflected from the load in such a way that the ratio of the resul-
tant voltage v and the resultant current i at the end of the line is equal to ZL .
The total voltage and the total current in the line can be expressed as

v(l) = V0(+) ⎡⎣ e gl + Γ L e −gl ⎤⎦ (3.24)

and

V0(+) gl
i(l) = ⎡ e − Γ L e −gl ⎤⎦ (3.25)
Z0 ⎣

where l = z is the positive distance measured from the load toward the generator.
For a lossless transmission line, (3.24) and (3.25) are

v(l) = V0(+) ⎡⎣ e jbl + Γ L e − jbl ⎤⎦ (3.26)

and

V0(+) jbl
i(l) = ⎡ e − Γ L e − jbl ⎤⎦ (3.27)
Z0 ⎣

Figure 3.1 Terminated transmission line.

6631 Book_R1.indb 22 4/21/16 3:18 PM

 Theory of Transmission Lines23

where

V0(−) ZL − Z0
ΓL = = (3.28)
V0(+) ZL + Z0

When the load impedance equals the characteristic impedance, ZL =

Z0, then ΓL = 0, what means that there is no reflected wave. When ΓL = 0,
the whole power transmitted in the wave propagating in the +z direction dis-
sipates in the load.
Using (3.24) and (3.25), we can determine the input impedance at a
distance l = −z from the end of the line (from the load ZL), looking toward
the load. This impedance is defined as

V (l) V (+) ⎡ e gl + Γ L e −gl ⎤⎦

ZIN (l) = = Z0 (+) ⎣ gl
I (l) V ⎡⎣ e − Γ L e −gl ⎤⎦
(3.29)
1 + Γ L e −2gl
= Z0
1 − Γ L e −2gl

Using (3.29) in (3.28), we also have

ZIN (l) = Z0
( ZL + Z0 )e gl + ( ZL − Z0 )e −gl
( ZL + Z0 )e gl − ( ZL − Z0 )e −gl
ZL coshgl + Z0 sinhgl
= Z0 (3.30)
Z0 coshgl + ZL sinhgbl
ZL + Z0 tanhgl
= Z0
Z0 + ZL tanhgl

For a lossless transmission line

ZIN (l) = Z0
( ZL + Z0 ) e jbl + ( ZL − Z0 ) e − jbl
( ZL + Z0 )e jbl − ( ZL − Z )e − jbl
ZL cos bl + jZ0 sin bl
= Z0 (3.31)
Z0 cos bl + jZL sin bl
ZL + jZ0 tan bl
= Z0
Z0 + jZL tan bl

6631 Book_R1.indb 23 4/21/16 3:18 PM

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 belonged.
[393] Historias. Tiberius was exceedingly fond of propounding to
grammarians, a class of men whom he particularly affected (quod
genus hominum præcipuè appetebat), questions of this nature, to
sound their "notitia historiæ usque ad ineptias atque derisum." Cf.
Suet., Tib., 70, 57.
[394] Nutricem. The names of these two persons are said to have
been Casperia and Tisiphone.
[395] Aurum. i. e., 5 aurei, the highest reward allowed to be
given. The aureus, which varied in value, was at this time worth
25 denarii; a little more than 16 shillings English. Cf. Mart., x., Ep.
lxxiv., 5.

SATIRE VIII.

What is the use of pedigrees?[396] What boots it, Ponticus, to be

accounted of an ancient line, and to display the painted faces[397] of
your ancestors, and the Æmiliani standing in their cars, and the Curii
diminished to one half their bulk, and Corvinus deficient of a
shoulder, and Galba that has lost his ears and nose[4]—what profit is
it to vaunt in your capacious genealogy of Corvinus, and in many a
collateral line[398] to trace dictators and masters of the horse
begrimed with smoke, if before the very faces of the Lepidi you lead
an evil life! To what purpose are the images of so many warriors, if
the dice-box rattles all night long in the presence of the Numantini:
[399] if you retire to rest at the rising of that star[400] at whose
dawning those generals set their standards and camps in motion?
Why does Fabius[401] plume himself on the Allobrogici and the
"Great Altar," as one born in Hercules' own household, if he is
covetous, empty-headed, and ever so much more effeminate than
the soft lamb of Euganea.[402] If with tender limbs made sleek by
the pumice[403] of Catana he shames his rugged sires, and, a
purchaser of poison, disgraces his dishonored race by his image that
ought to be broken up.[404]
Though your long line of ancient statues adorn your ample halls on
every side, the sole and only real nobility is virtue. Be a Paulus,[405]
or Cossus, or Drusus, in moral character. Set that before the images
of your ancestors. Let that, when you are consul, take precedence of
the fasces themselves. What I claim from you first is the noble
qualities of the mind. If you deserve indeed to be accounted a man
of blameless integrity, and stanch love of justice, both in word and
deed, then I recognize the real nobleman. All hail, Gætulicus![406] or
thou, Silanus,[407] or from whatever other blood descended, a rare
and illustrious citizen, thou fallest to the lot of thy rejoicing country.
Then we may exultingly shout out what the people exclaim when
Osiris is found.[408]
For who would call him noble that is unworthy of his race, and
distinguished only for his illustrious name? We call some one's dwarf,
[409] Atlas; a negro, swan; a diminutive and deformed wench,

Europa. Lazy curs scabbed[410] with inveterate mange, that lick the
edges of the lamp now dry, will get the name of Leopard, Tiger,
Lion, or whatever other beast there is on earth that roars with
fiercer throat. Therefore you will take care and begin to fear lest it is
upon the same principle you are a Creticus[411] or Camerinus.
Whom have I admonished in these words? To you my words are
addressed, Rubellius[412] Plautus! You are puffed up with your
descent from the Drusi, just as though you had yourself achieved
something to deserve being ennobled; and she that gave you birth
should be of the brilliant blood of Iulus, and not the drudge that
weaves for hire beneath the shelter of the windy rampart.[413] "You
are the lower orders!" he says; "the very dregs of our populace! Not
a man of you could tell where his father was born! But I am a
Cecropid!" Long may you live![414] and long revel in the joys of such
a descent! Yet from the lowest of this common herd you will find one
that is indeed an eloquent Roman. It is he that usually pleads the
cause of the ignorant noble.[415] From the toga'd crowd will come
one that can solve the knotty points of law, and the enigmas of the
statutes. He it is that in his prime carves out his fortune with his
sword, and goes to Euphrates, and the legions that keep guard over
the conquered Batavi. While you are nothing but a Cecropid, and
most like the shapeless pillar crowned with Hermes' head. Since in
no other point of difference have you the advantage save in this—
that his head is of marble,[416] and your image is endowed with life!
Tell me, descendant of the Teucri, who considers dumb animals
highly bred, unless strong and courageous? Surely it is on this score
we praise the fleet horse—to grace whose speed full many a palm
glows,[417] and Victory, in the circus hoarse with shouting, stands
exulting by. He is the steed of fame, from whatever pasture he
comes, whose speed is brilliantly before the others, and whose dust
is first on the plain. But the brood of Corytha, and Hirpinus' stock,
are put up for sale if victory sit but seldom on their yoke. In their
case no regard is had to their pedigree—their dead sires win them
no favor—they are forced to change their owners for paltry prices,
and draw wagons with galled withers, if slow of foot, and only fit to
turn Nepos'[418] mill. Therefore that we may admire you, and not
yours, first achieve some noble act[419] that I may inscribe on your
statue's base, besides those honors that we pay, and ever shall pay,
to those to whom you are indebted for all.
Enough has been said to the youth whom common report represents
to us as haughty and puffed up from his relationship to Nero.[420]
For in that rank of life the courtesies[421] of good breeding are
commonly rare enough. But you, Ponticus, I would not have you
valued for your ancestors' renown; so as to contribute nothing
yourself to deserve the praise of posterity. It is wretched work
building on another's fame; lest the whole pile crumble into ruins
when the pillars that held it up are withdrawn. The vine that trails
along the ground,[422] sighs for its widowed elms in vain.
Prove yourself a good soldier, a faithful guardian, an incorruptible
judge. If ever you shall be summoned as a witness in a doubtful and
uncertain cause, though Phalaris himself command you to turn liar,
and dictate the perjuries with his bull placed before your eyes, deem
it to be the summit of impiety[423] to prefer existence to honor,[424]
and for the sake of life to sacrifice life's only end! He that deserves
to die is dead; though he still sup on a hundred Gauran[425] oysters,
and plunge in a whole bath of the perfumes of Cosmus.[426]
When your long-expected province shall at length receive you for its
ruler, set a bound to your passion, put a curb on your avarice. Have
pity on our allies whom we have brought to poverty. You see the
very marrow drained from the empty bones of kings. Have respect
to what the laws prescribe, the senate enjoins. Remember what
great rewards await the good, with how just a stroke ruin lighted on
Capito[427] and Numitor, those pirates of the Cilicians, when the
senate fulminated its decrees against them. But what avails their
condemnation, when Pansa plunders you of all that Natta left? Look
out for an auctioneer to sell your tattered clothes, Chærippus, and
then hold your tongue! It is sheer madness to lose, when all is gone,
even Charon's fee.[428]
There were not the same lamentations of yore, nor was the wound
inflicted on our allies by pillage as great as it is now, while they were
still flourishing, and but recently conquered.[429] Then every house
was full, and a huge pile of money stood heaped up, cloaks from
Sparta, purple robes from Cos, and along with pictures by
Parrhasius, and statues by Myro, the ivory of Phidias seemed instinct
with life;[430] and many a work from Polycletus' hand in every
house; few were the tables that could not show a cup of Mentor's
chasing. Then came Dolabella,[431] and then Antony, then the
sacrilegious Verres;[432] they brought home in their tall[433] ships
the spoils they dared not show, and more[434] triumphs from peace
than were ever won from war. Now our allies have but few yokes of
oxen, a small stock of brood-mares, and the patriarch[435] of the
herd will be harried from the pasture they have already taken
possession of. Then the very Lares themselves, if there is any statue
worth looking at, if any little shrine still holds its single god. For this,
since it is the best they have, is the highest prize they can seize
upon.
You may perhaps despise the Rhodians unfit for war, and essenced
Corinth: and well you may! How can a resin-smeared[436] youth, and
the depilated legs of a whole nation, retaliate upon you. You must
keep clear of rugged Spain, the Gallic car,[437] and the Illyrian coast.
Spare too those reapers[438] that overstock the city, and give it
leisure for the circus[439] and the stage. Yet what rewards to repay
so atrocious a crime could you carry off from thence, since
Marius[440] has so lately plundered the impoverished Africans even
of their very girdles?[441]
You must be especially cautious lest a deep injury be inflicted on
those who are bold as well as wretched. Though you may strip them
of all the gold and silver they possess, you will yet leave them shield
and sword, and javelin and helm. Plundered of all, they yet have
arms to spare!
What I have just set forth is no opinion of my own. Believe that I am
reciting to you a leaf of the sibyl, that can not lie. If your retinue are
men of spotless life, if no favorite youth[442] barters your judgments
for gold, if your wife[443] is clear from all stain of guilt, and does not
prepare to go through the district courts,[444] and all the towns of
your province, ready, like a Celæno[445] with her crooked talons, to
swoop upon the gold—then you may, if you please, reckon your
descent from Picus; and if high-sounding names are your fancy,
place the whole army of Titans among your ancestors, or even
Prometheus[446] himself. Adopt a founder of your line from any book
you please. But if ambition and lust hurry you away headlong, if you
break your rods[447] on the bloody backs of the allies, if your delight
is in axes blunted by the victor worn out with using them—then the
nobility of your sires themselves begins to rise[448] in judgment
against you, and hold forth a torch to blaze upon your shameful
deeds.[449] Every act of moral turpitude incurs more glaring
reprobation in exact proportion to the rank of him that commits it.
Why vaunt your pedigree to me? you, that are wont to put your
name to forged deeds in the very temples[450] which your grandsire
built, before your very fathers' triumphal statues! or, an adulterer
that dares not face the day, you veil your brows concealed beneath a
Santon[451] cowl. The bloated Damasippus is whirled in his rapid car
past the ashes and bones of his ancestors—and with his own hands,
yes! though consul! with his own hands locks his wheel with the
frequent drag-chain.[452] It is, indeed, at night. But still the moon
sees him! The stars strain on him their attesting eyes.[453] When the
period of his magistracy is closed, Damasippus[454] will take whip in
hand in the broad glare of day, and never dread meeting his friend
now grown old, and will be the first to give him the coachman's
salute, and untie the trusses and pour the barley[455] before his
weary steeds himself. Meantime, even while according to Numa's
ancient rites he sacrifices the woolly victim and the stalwart bull
before Jove's altar, he swears by Epona[456] alone, and the faces
daubed over the stinking stalls. But when he is pleased to repeat his
visits to the taverns open all night long, the Syrophœnician, reeking
with his assiduous perfume,[457] runs to meet him (the
Syrophœnician that dwells at the Idumæan[458] gate), with all the
studied courtesy of a host, he salutes him as "lord"[459] and "king;"
and Cyane, with gown tucked up, with her bottle for sale. One who
wishes to palliate his crimes will say to me, "Well; we did so too
when we were young!" Granted. But surely you left off, and did not
indulge in your folly beyond that period. Let what you basely dare be
ever brief! There are some faults that should be shorn away with our
first beard. Make all reasonable allowance for boys. But Damasippus
frequents those debauches of the bagnios, and the painted signs,
[460] when of ripe age for war, for guarding Armenia[461] and Syria's
rivers, and the Rhine or Danube. His time of life qualifies him to
guard the emperor's person. Send then to Ostia![462] Cæsar—send!
But look for your general in some great tavern. You will find him
reclining with some common cut-throat; in a medley of sailors, and
thieves, and runaway slaves; among executioners and cheap coffin-
makers,[463] and the now silent drums of the priest of Cybele, lying
drunk on his back.[464] There there is equal liberty for all—cups in
common—nor different couch for any, or table set aloof from the
herd. What would you do, Ponticus, were it your lot to have a slave
of such a character? Why surely you would dispatch him to the
Lucanian or Tuscan bridewells.[465] But you, ye Trojugenæ! find
excuses for yourselves, and what would disgrace a cobbler[466] will
be becoming in a Volesus or Brutus!
What if we never produce examples so foul and shameful, that
worse do not yet remain behind! When all your wealth was
squandered, Damasippus, you let your voice for hire[467] to the
stage,[468] to act the noisy Phasma[469] of Catullus. Velox Lentulas
acted Laureolus, and creditably too. In my judgment he deserved
crucifying in earnest. Nor yet can you acquit the people themselves
from blame. The brows of the people are too hardened that sit[470]
spectators of the buffooneries of the patricians, listen to the Fabii
with naked feet, and laugh at the slaps on the faces of the Mamerci.
What matters it at what price they sell their lives: they sell them at
no tyrant's compulsion,[471] [nor hesitate[472] to do it even at the
games of the prætor seated on high.] Yet imagine the gladiator's
sword[473] on one side, the stage on the other. Which is the better
alternative? Has any one so slavish a dread of death as to become
the jealous lover of Thymele,[474] the colleague of the heavy
Corinthus? Yet it is nothing to be wondered at, if the emperor turn
harper, that the nobleman should turn actor. To crown all this, what
is left but the amphitheatre?[475] And this disgrace of the city you
have as well—Gracchus[476] not fighting equipped as a Mirmillo, with
buckler or falchion (for he condemns—yes, condemns and hates
such an equipment). Nor does he conceal his face beneath a helmet.
See! he wields a trident. When he has cast without effect the nets
suspended from his poised right hand, he boldly lifts his uncovered
face to the spectators, and, easily to be recognized, flees across the
whole arena. We can not mistake the tunic,[477] since the ribbon of
gold reaches from his neck, and flutters in the breeze from his high-
peaked cap. Therefore the disgrace, which the Secutor had to
submit to, in being forced to fight with Gracchus, was worse than
any wound. Were the people allowed the uncontrolled exercise of
their votes, who could be found so abandoned as to hesitate to
prefer Seneca[478] to Nero? For whose punishment there should
have been prepared not a single ape[479] only, or one snake or sack.
[480] "His crime is matched by that of Orestes!"[481] But it is the
motive cause that gives the quality to the act. Since he, at the
instigation of the gods themselves, was the avenger of his father
butchered in his cups. But he neither imbrued his hands in Electra's
blood, or that of his Spartan wife; he mixed no aconite for his
relations. Orestes never sang on the stage; he never wrote "Troïcs."
What, blacker crime was there for Virginius'[482] arms to avenge, or
Galba leagued with Vindex? In all his tyranny, cruel and bloody as it
was, what exploit did Nero[483] achieve? These are the works, these
the accomplishments of a high-born prince—delighting to
prostitute[484] his rank by disgraceful dancing on a foreign stage,
and earn the parsley of the Grecian crown. Array the statues of your
ancestors in the trophies of your voice. At Domitius'[485] feet lay the
long train of Thyestes, or Antigone, or Menalippe's mask, and hang
your harp[486] on the colossus of marble.
What could any one find more noble than thy birth, Catiline, or
thine, Cethegus! Yet ye prepared arms to be used by night, and
flames for our houses and temples, as though ye had been the sons
of the Braccati,[487] or descendants of the Senones. Attempting
what one would be justified in punishing by the pitched shirt.[488]
But the consul is on the watch[489] and restrains your bands. He
whom you sneer at as a novus[490] homo from Arpinum, of humble
birth, and but lately made a municipal knight at Rome, disposes
every where his armed guards to protect the terrified people, and
exerts himself in every quarter. Therefore the peaceful toga, within
the walls, bestowed on him such honors and renown as not even
Octavius bore away from Leucas[491] or the plains of Thessaly, with
sword reeking with unintermitted slaughter. But Rome owned him for
a parent. Rome, when unfettered,[492] hailed Cicero as father of his
father-land.
Another native of Arpinum was wont to ask for his wages when
wearied with another's plow on the Volscian hills. After that, he had
the knotted vine-stick[493] broken about his head, if he lazily fortified
the camp with sluggard axe. Yet he braved the Cimbri, and the
greatest perils of the state, and alone protected the city in her
alarm. And therefore when the ravens, that had never lighted on
bigger carcasses,[494] flocked to the slaughtered heaps of Cimbrians
slain, his nobly-born colleague is honored with a laurel inferior to his.
[495]

The souls of the Decii were plebeian, their very names plebeian. Yet
these are deemed by the infernal deities and mother Earth a fair
equivalent for the whole legions, and all the forces of the allies, and
all the flower of Latium. For the Decii[496] were more highly valued
by them than all they died to save!
It was one born from a slave[497] that won the robe and diadem and
fasces of Quirinus, that last of good kings! They that were for
loosening the bolts of the gates betrayed to the exiled tyrants, were
the sons of the consul himself! men from whom we might have
looked for some glorious achievement in behalf of liberty when in
peril; some act that Mucius' self, or Cocles, might admire; and the
maiden that swam across[498] the Tiber, then the limit of our empire.
He that divulged to the fathers the secret treachery was a slave,[499]
afterward to be mourned for by all the Roman matrons: while they
suffer the well-earned punishment of the scourge, and the axe,[500]
then first used by Rome since she became republican.
I had rather that Thersites[501] were your sire, provided you
resembled Æacides and could wield the arms of Vulcan, than that
Achilles should beget you to be a match to Thersites.
And yet, however far you go back, however far you trace your name,
you do but derive your descent from the infamous sanctuary.[502]
That first of your ancestors, whoever he was, was either a shepherd,
or else—what I would rather not mention!
 FOOTNOTES:

[396] Stemmata. "The lines connecting the descents in a

pedigree," from the garlands of flowers round the Imagines set
up in the halls (v., 19) and porticoes (vi., 163) of the nobiles;
which were joined to one another by festoons, so that the
descent from father to son could be readily traced. Cf. Pers., iii.,
28. "Stemmate quod Tusco ramum millesime ducis." Of Ponticus
nothing is known.
[397] Vultus. Because these Imagines were simply busts made of
wax, colored.
[398] Virgâ.

"What boots it on the lineal tree to trace

Through many a branch the founders of our race." Gifford.

[399] Numantinos. Scipio Africanus the Younger got the name of

Numantinus from Numantia, which he destroyed as well as
Carthage.
[400] Ortu.

"Just at the hour when those whose name you boast

Broke up the camp, and march'd th' embattled host." Hodgson.

[401] Fabius, the founder of the Fabian gens, was said to have
been a son of Hercules by Vinduna, daughter of Evander, and by
virtue of this descent the Fabii claimed the exclusive right of
ministering at the altar consecrated by Evander to Hercules. It
stood in the Forum Boarium, near the Circus Flaminius, and was
called Ara Maxima. Cf. Ovid, Fast., i., 581, "Constituitque sibi quæ
Maxima dicitur, Aram, Hic ubi pars urbis de bove nomen habet."
Cf. Virg., Æn., viii., 271, "Hanc aram luco statuit quæ Maxima
semper dicetur nobis, et erit quæ Maxima semper." Quintus
Fabius Maximus Æmilianus, the consul in the year B.C. 121,
defeated the Allobroges at the junction of the Isère and the
Rhone, and killed 130,000: for which he received the name of
Allobrogicus. Cf. Liv., Ep. 61. Vell., ii., 16.
[402] Euganea, a district of Northern Italy, on the confines of the
Venetian territory.
[403] Pumice. The pumice found at Catana, now Catania, at the
foot of Mount Ætna, was used to rub the body with to make it
smooth (cf. ix., 95, "Inimicus pumice lævis." Plin., xxxvi., 21. Ovid,
A. Am., i., 506, "Nec tua mordaci pumice crura teras"), after the
hairs had been got rid of by the resin. Vid. inf. 114.—Traducit.
Vid. ad xi., 31.
[404] Frangendâ. The busts of great criminals were broken by the
common executioner. Cf. x., 58, "Descendunt statuæ restemque
sequuntur." Tac., Ann., vi., 2, "Atroces sententiæ dicebantur in
effigies." Cf. Ruperti, ad Tac., Ann., ii., 32. Suet., Domit., 23.

"He blast his wretched kindred with a bust,

For public justice to reduce to dust." Gifford.

[405] Paulus. He mentions (Sat. vii., 143) two lawyers, bearing

the names of Paulus and Cossus, who were apparently no honor
to their great names. (For Cossus, cf. inf. Gætulice.)
[406] Gætulice. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Cossus received the name
of Gætulicus from his victory over the Gætuli, "Auspice Augusto,"
in his consulship with L. Calpurnius Piso Augur. B.C. 1. Vid.
Clinton, F. H., in an. Flor., iv., 12.
[407] Silanus. The son-in-law of the Emperor Claudius, who, as
Tacitus says (Ann., xvi., 7), "Claritudine generis, and modestâ
juventâ præcellebat." Cf. Ann., xii. Suet., Claud., 27.

"Hail from whatever stock you draw your birth,

The son of Cossus, or the son of earth." Gifford.

[408] Osiri invento. Vid. ad vi., 533.

[409] Nanum cujusdam. There is probably an allusion here to
Domitian's fondness for these deformities. Cf. Domit., iv., "Per
omne spectaculum ante pedes ei stabat puerulus coccinatus,
parvo portentosoque capite, cum quo plurimum fabulabatur." Cf.
Stat., Sylv., i.; vi., 57, seq.
[410] Scabie.
"That mangy larcenist of casual spoil,
From lamps extinct that licks the fetid oil." Badham.

[411] Creticus. Q. Metellus had this surname from his conquest of

Crete, B.C. 67. Vell. Pat., ii., 34. Flor., iii., 7. Cf. ii., 78, "Cretice
pelluces." P. Sulpicius Camerinus was one of the triumvirs sent to
Athens for Solon's laws. Cf. vii., 90. Liv., iii., 33. Camerinus was a
name of the Sulpician gens, and seems to have been derived
from the conquest of Cameria in Latium. (Cf. Facciol.) Liv., i., 38.
The name of Creticus was actually given in derision to M.
Antonius, father of the triumvir, for his disastrous failure in Crete.
Vid. Plut. in Ant.
[412] Rubellius Blandus was the father, Plautus the son. Both
readings are found here. Of the latter Tacitus says (Ann., xiv., 22),
"Omnium ore Rubellius Plautus celebrabatur, cui nobilitas per
matrem ex Julia familiâ." His mother Julia was daughter of
Drusus, the son of Livia, wife of Augustus. Germanicus, his
mother's brother, was father of Agrippina, mother of Nero: hence,
inf. 72, "inflatum plenumque Nerone propinquo." Cf. Virg., Æn., i.,
288, "Julius a magno demissum nomen Julo."
[413] Aggere. Cf. ad vi., 588.
[414] Vivas.

"Long may'st thou taste the secret sweets that spring

In breasts affined to so remote a king." Gifford.

[415] Nobilis indocti.

"Who help the well-born dolt in many a strait,

And plead the cause of the unletter'd great." Badham.

[416] Marmoreum.

"For 'tis no bar to kindred, that thy block

Is form'd of flesh and blood, and theirs of rock." Gifford.

[417] Fervet. "Frequenter celebratur." Lubin. Some commentators

interpret it of the eager clapping of the hands of the spectators:
others, of the prize of victory.
"The palm of oft-repeated victories." Hodgson.
"Whom many a well-earned palm and trophy grace." Gifford.
"Whose easy triumph and transcendent speed,
Palm after palm proclaim." Badham.

[418] Nepos, the name of a noted miller at Rome.

[419] Aliquid. "Sometimes great." So i., 74, "Si vis esse aliquis."
Hall imitates this beautifully:

"Brag of thy father's faults, they are thine own;

Brag of his lands, if they are not foregone:
Brag of thine own good deeds; for they are thine,
More than his life, or lands, or golden line."

[420] Nerone. Cf. ad l. 39.

[421] Sensus communis. There are few phrases in Juvenal on
which the commentators are more divided. Some interpret it
exactly in the sense of the English words "common sense."
Others, "fellow-feeling, sympathy with mankind at large." Browne
takes it to be "tact." Cf. Hor., i., Sat. iii., 66; Phædr., i., Fab. vii., 4.
There is a long and excellent note in Gifford, who translates it
himself by "a sense of modesty," but allows that in Cicero it
means "a polite intercourse between man and man;" in Horace,
"suavity of manners;" in Seneca, "a proper regard for the
decencies of life:" by others it is used for all these, which
together constitute what we call "courteousness, or good
breeding." So Quintilian, I., ii., 20. Hodgson turns it,

"For plain good sense, first blessing of the sky,

Is rarely met with in a state so high."

Badham,

"In that high estate

Plain common sense is far from common fate."

[422] Stratus humi.

"Stretch'd on the ground, the vine's weak tendrils try
To clasp the elm they dropped from, fail, and die." Gifford.

[423] Summum crede nefas. See some beautiful remarks in

Coleridge's Introduction to the Greek Poets, p. 24, 25.
[424] Pudori.

"At honor's cost a feverish span extend,

And sacrifice for life, life's only end!
Life! I profane the word: can those be said
To live, who merit death? No! they are dead." Gifford.

[425] Gaurana. Gaurus (cf. ix., 57), a mountain of Campania,

near Baiæ and the Lucrine Lake, which was famous for oysters
(cf. iv., 141, "Lucrinum ad saxum Rutupinove edita fundo Ostrea,"
Plin., iii., 5. Martial, v., Ep. xxxvii., 3, "Concha Lucrini delicatior
stagni"), now called "Gierro."
[426] Cosmus, a celebrated perfumer, mentioned repeatedly by
Martial.
[427] Capito. Cossutianus Capito, son-in-law of Tigellinus (cf. i.,
155. Tac., Ann., xiv., 48; xvi., 17), was accused by the Cilicians of
peculation and cruelty ("maculosum fœdumque, et idem jus
audaciæ in provincia ratum quod in urbe exercuerat"), and
condemned "lege repetundarum." Tac., Ann., xiii., 33. Thrasea
Pætus was the advocate of the Cilicians, and in revenge for this,
when Capito was restored to his honors by the influence of
Tigellinus, he procured the death of Thrasea. Ann., xvi., 21, 28,
33. Of Numitor nothing is known save that he plundered these
Cilicians, themselves once the most notorious of pirates. Cf. Plat.
in Pomp. Some read Tutor; a Julius Tutor is mentioned repeatedly
in the fourth book of Tac. Hist., but with no allusion to his
plundering propensities.
[428] Naulum.

"Nor, though your earthly goods be sunk and lost,

Lose the poor waftage of the wandering ghost." Hodgson.

Cf. iii., 267, "Nec habet quem porrigat ore trientem." Holyday and
Ruperti interpret it, "Do not waste your little remnant in an
unprofitable journey to Rome to accuse your plunderer." Gifford
says it is merely the old proverb, and renders it, "And though
you've lost the hatchet, save the haft."
[429] Modo victis. Browne explains this by tantummodo victis, i.
e., only subdued, not plundered; and so Ruperti.
[430] Vivebat. "And ivory taught by Phidias' skill to live." Gifford.
[431] Dolabella. There were three "pirates" of this name, all
accused of extortion; of whom Cicero's son-in-law, the governor
of Syria, seems to have been the worst.
[432] Verres retired from Rome and lived in luxurious and happy
retirement twenty-six years.
[433] Altis, or "deep-laden."
[434] Plures.

"More treasures from our friends in peace obtain'd,

Than from our foes in war were ever gain'd." Gifford.

[435] Pater.

"They drive the father of the herd away,

Making both stallion and his pasture prey." Dryden.

[436] Resinata. Resin dissolved in oil was used to clear the skin of
superfluous hairs. Cf. Plin., xiv., 20, "pudet confiteri maximum jam
honorem (resinæ) esse in evellendis ab virorum corporibus pilis."
[437] Gallicus axis. Cf. Cæs., B. G., i., 51. "The war chariot;" or
the "climate of Gaul," as colder than that of Rome, and breeding
fiercer men. Cf. vi., 470. "Hyperboreum axem," xiv., 42.
[438] Messoribus. These reapers are the Africans, from whom
Rome derived her principal supply of corn. Cf. v., 119. Plin., v., 4.
[439] Circo. Cf. x., 80, "duas tantum res anxius optat, Panem et
Circenses." Tac., Hist., i., 4, "Plebs sordida ac Circo et Theatris
sueta."
 "From those thy gripes restrain,
Who with their sweat Rome's luxury maintain,
And send us plenty, while our wanton day
Is lavish'd at the circus or the play." Dryden.

[440] Marius. Vid. ad i., 47.

[441] Discinxerit. Cf. Virg., Æn., viii., 724, "Hic Nomadum genus
et discinctos Mulciber Afros." Sil. Ital., ii., 56, "Discinctos Libyas."
Money was carried in girdles (xiv., 296), and the Africans wore
but little other clothing. For the amount of his plunder, see Plin.,
ii., Ep. xi., "Cornutus, censuit septingenta millia quæ acceperat
Marius ærario inferenda."
[442] Acersecomes. Some "puer intonsus" with flowing locks like
Bacchus or Apollo. Φοῖβος ἀκερσεκόμης. Hom., Il., xx., 39. Pind.,
Pyth., iii., 26.
[443] Conjuge. Cf. the discussion in the senate recorded Tac.,
Ann., iii., 33, seq.
[444] Conventus. "Loca constituta in provinciis juri dicundo." The
different towns in the provinces where the Roman governors held
their courts and heard appeals. The courts as well as the towns
were called by this name. They were also called Fora and
Jurisdictiones. Vid. Plin., III., i., 3; V., xxix., 29. Cic. in Verr., II., v.,
11. Cæs., B. G., i., 54; vi., 44.
[445] Celæno. Cf. Virg., Æn., iii., 211, "dira Celæno Harpyiæque
aliæ."
[446] Promethea.

"E'en from Prometheus' self thy lineage trace,

And ransack history to adorn thy race." Hodgson.

[447] Frangis virgas.

"Rods broke on our associates' bleeding backs,

And headsmen laboring till they blunt their axe." Dryden.

[448] Incipit ipsorum.

"The lofty pride of every honor'd name
Shall rise to vindicate insulted fame,
And hold the torch to blazon forth thy shame." Hodgson.

[449] Contra te stare.

"Will to his blood oppose your daring claim,

And fire a torch to blaze upon your shame." Gifford.

[450] Temples. The sealing of wills was usually performed in

temples; in the morning, and fasting, as the canon law afterward
directed.
[451] Santonico. The Santones were a people of Aquitania,
between the Loire and Garonne. Cf. Mart., xiv., Ep. 128, "Gallia
Santonico vestit te bardocucullo."
[452] Sufflamine. "The introduction of the drag-chain has a local
propriety: Rome, with its seven hills, had just so many necessities
for the frequent use of the sufflamen. This necessity, from the
change of the soil, exists no longer." Badham.
[453] Testes. Cf. vi., 311, Lunà teste.
[454] Damasippus (cf. Hor., ii., Sat. iii., 16) was a name of the
Licinian gens. "Damasippus was sick," says Holyday, "of that
disease which the Spartans call horse-feeding."
[455] Hordea. Horses in Italy are fed on barley, not on oats.
[456] Eponam (cf. Aristoph., Nub., 84), the patroness of grooms.
Some read "Hipponam," which Gifford prefers, from the tameness
of the epithet "solam." Cf. Blunt's Vestiges, p. 29.

"On some rank deity, whose filthy face

We suitably o'er stinking stables place." Dryden.

[457] Amomo, an Assyrian shrub. Cf. iv., 108.

[458] Idumeæ. The gate at Rome near the Arch of Titus, through
which Vespasian and Titus entered the city in triumph after their
victories in Palestine.
[459] Dominum. Cf. Mart., i., Ep. 113, "Cum te non nossem
dominum regemque vocabam." Cf. iv., Ep. 84, 5.
[460] Inscripta lintea. Perhaps "curtains, having painted on them
what was for sale within." Others say it means "embroidered with
needlework;" or "towels," according to Calderinus, who compares
Catull., xxv., 7.
[461] Armeniæ. The allusion is to Corbulo's exploits in Parthia
and Armenia in Nero's reign, A.D. 60. Cf. ad iii., 251. There were
great disturbances in the same quarters in Trajan's reign, which
caused his expedition, in A.D. 114, against the Armenians and
Parthians. In A.D. 100, Marius Priscus was accused by Pliny and
Tacitus. Vid. Plin., ii., Ep. xi. Probably half way between these two
dates we may fix the writing of this Satire.
[462] Mitte Ostia. So most of the commentators interpret it.
"Send your Legatus to take the command of the troops for
foreign service, waiting for embarkation at Ostia." But if so, "ad"
should be expressed, and either Tiberina added, or Ostia made of
the 1st declension. Britann., therefore, and Heinrich explain it,
"Pass by his own doors;" omitte quærere illic, "he is far away."
[463] Sandapila. The bier or open coffin, on which the poor, or
those killed in the amphitheatre, were carried to burial; hence
"sandapila popularis." Suet., Domit., 17. Stepney (in Dryden's
version) thus enumerates these worthies:

"Quacks, coffin-makers, fugitives, and sailors,

Rooks, common soldiers, hangmen, thieves, and tailors."

[464] Resupinantis. In Holyday's quaint version,

"Among great Cybel's silent drums, which lack

Their Phrygian priest, who lies drunk on his back."

[465] Ergastula. Private prisons attached to Roman farms, in

which the slaves worked in chains. The Tuscan were peculiarly
severe. Vid. Dennis's Etruria, vol. i., p. xlviii.
[466] Turpia cerdoni. Cf. iv., 13," Nam quod turpe bonis Titio
Seioque decebat Crispinum." Pers., iv., 51, "Tollat sua munera
cerdo."

"And crimes that tinge with shame the cobbler's face,

Become the lords of Brutus' honor'd race." Hodgson.
[467] Locasti.

"Lets out his voice (his sole remaining boast),

And rants the nonsense of a clam'rous ghost." Hodgson.

[468] Sipario. The curtain or drop-scene in comedy, as Aulæum

was in tragedy. Donat.
[469] Phasma. Probably a translation from the Greek. Ter., Eun.,
pr. 9, "Idem Menandri phasma nunc nuper dedit." Catullus is not
to be confounded with C. Valerius Catullus of Verona (the old
Schol. says Q. Lutatius Catullus is meant, and quotes xiii., 11,
whom Lubinus, ad loc., calls "Urbanus Catullus") as far as the
Phasma is concerned.—Laureolus was the chief character in a
play or ballet by Val. Catullus, or Laberius, or Nævius: and was
crucified on the stage, and then torn to pieces by wild beasts.
Martial (de Spect., Ep. vii.) says this was acted to the life in the
Roman amphitheatre, the part of the bandit being performed by a
real malefactor, who was crucified and torn to pieces in the arena,
"Non falsâ pendens in cruce Laureolus."

"And Lentulus acts hanging with such art,

Were I a judge, he should not feign the part." Dryden.

[470] Sedet.

"Sit with unblushing front, and calmly see

The hired patrician's low buffoonery;
Smile at the Fabii's tricks, and grin to hear
The cuffs resound from the Mamerci's ear." Gifford.

[471] Cogente Nerone. Cf. Tac., Ann., xiv., 14, who abstains from
mentioning the names of the nobles thus disgraced, out of
respect for their ancestors. Cf. Dio., lxi. Suetonius says (Nero,
cap. xii.) that 400 senators and 600 knights were thus dishonored
(but Lipsius says 40 and 60 are the true numbers).
[472] Nec dubitant. No doubt a spurious line.
[473] Gladios. This is the usual interpretation. Perhaps it would
be better to take "gladios" for the death that awaits you if you
refuse to comply: as iv., 96; x., 345. So Badham:
"Place here the tyrant's sword, and there the scene;
Gods! can a Roman hesitate between!"

[474] Thymele. Cf. i., 36.

[475] Ludus. Properly, "school of gladiators."
[476] Gracchus. Cf. ii., 143.
[477] Tunicæ. Cf. ii., 143, tunicati fuscina Gracchi. Suet., Cal., 30.
The Retiarii wore a tunic only. The gold spira was the band that
tied the tall conical cap of the Salii; who wore also a gold fringe
round the tunic.
[478] Seneca. There is said to be an allusion here to the plot of
Subrius Flavius to murder Nero and make Seneca emperor. It was
believed that Seneca was privy to it. Tac., Ann., xv., 65.
[479] Simia. Cf. xiii., 155, "Et deducendum corio bovis in mare
cum quo clauditur adversis innoxia simia fatis." The punishment
of parricides was to be scourged, then sewn up in a bull's hide
with a serpent, an ape, a cock, and a dog, and to be thrown into
the sea. The first person thus punished was P. Malleolus, who
murdered his mother. Liv., Epit. lxviii.
[480] Culeus. Cf. Suet., Aug., 33. Nero murdered his mother
Agrippina, his aunt Domitia, both his wives, Octavia and Poppæa,
his brother Britannicus, and several other relations.
[481] Agamemnonidæ. Grangæus quotes the Greek verse current
in Nero's time, Νέρων, Ὀρέστης, Ἀλκμαίων μητροκτόνοι. Cf. Suet.,
Nero, 39.
[482] Virginius Rufus, who was legatus in Lower Germany, Julius
Vindex, proprætor of Gaul, and Sergius Galba, præfect of
Hispania Tarraconensis, afterward emperor, were the chiefs of the
last conspiracy against Nero. In August, A.D. 67, Nero was playing
the fool in Greece; in March, 68, he heard with terror and dismay
of the revolt of Vindex, who proclaimed Galba. Dio., lxiii., 22.
[483] Quid Nero.

"What but such acts did Rome indignant see

Perform'd in Nero's savage tyranny?" Hodgson.

[484] Prostitui.
"To prostitute his voice for base renown,
And ravish from the Greeks a parsley crown." Gifford.

Nero was in Greece A.D. 67, into which year (though not an
Olympiad) he crowded all the games of Greece, "Certamina
omnia et quæ diversissimorum temporum sunt cogi in unum
annum jussit." Suet., Ner., 23. "Romam introiit coronam capite
gerens Olympiam dextrâ manu Pythiam," c. 25.
[485] Domitius was the name both of the father and grandfather
of Nero. His father was Domitius Ahenobarbus, governor of
Transalpine Gaul. Suetonius (Nero, 6) tells us that the two
pædagogi to whom his childhood was intrusted were a saltator
and a tonsor. To this perhaps his subsequent tastes may be
traced.
[486] Citharam. Cf. Suet., Ner., 12, "Citharæ a judicibus ad se
delatam, adoravit ferrique ad Augusti statuam jussit."

"And on the proud Colossus of your sire,

Suspend the splendid trophy of—a lyre!" Hodgson.

"Sacras coronas in cubiculis circum lectos posuit: item statuas

suas Citharædico habitu: quâ notâ etiam nummum percussit."
Suet., Ner., 25.
[487] Braccatorum. Gallia Narbonensis was called Braccata from
the Braccæ, probably "plaid," which the inhabitants wore. Plin.,
iii., 4. Diod., v., 30. The Senones were a people of Gallia
Lugdunensis, who sacked Rome under Brennus; hence Minores, i.
e., "as though you had been the hereditary enemies of Rome."
[488] Tunicâ molestâ. Cf. ad i., 155, "a dress smeared with pitch
and other combustibles," and then lighted. Cf. Mart., x., Ep. xxv.,
5. In some cases Nero buried his victims up to the waist, and
then set fire to their upper parts.
[489] Vigilat refers to Cicero's own words, "Jam intelliges multo
me vigilare acrius ad salutem, quam te ad pernicem reipublicæ."
[490] Novus. Cicero was the first of the Tullia gens that held a
curule magistracy. Arpinum, his birthplace, now Arpino, was a
small town of the Volsci. The Municipia had their three grades, of
patricians, knights, and plebeians, as Rome had; they lived under