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Reasoning Feb 2025

The document discusses inductive and deductive reasoning, highlighting how inductive reasoning forms conclusions based on specific examples, which may not always be correct. It provides various examples and exercises to illustrate these concepts, including predicting patterns in numbers and analyzing relationships in data. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of counterexamples in proving statements false and offers logic puzzles to apply deductive reasoning.

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13 views

Reasoning Feb 2025

The document discusses inductive and deductive reasoning, highlighting how inductive reasoning forms conclusions based on specific examples, which may not always be correct. It provides various examples and exercises to illustrate these concepts, including predicting patterns in numbers and analyzing relationships in data. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of counterexamples in proving statements false and offers logic puzzles to apply deductive reasoning.

Uploaded by

LoraineConcepcion
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning
• Type of reasoning that forms a
conclusion based on the examination
of specific examples
• The conclusion formed by using
inductive reasoning is often called a
conjecture which may or may not be
correct.
Inductive Reasoning
• Used when you examine a list of
numbers and predict the next
number in the list according to some
pattern you have observed
• Also used to make a conjecture
about an arithmetic procedure.
Example 1

Use inductive reasoning to


predict the next number in the
following list:
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ?
Example 2
Consider the following procedure: Pick a
number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the
product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.
Complete the above procedure for several
different numbers. Use inductive reasoning to
make a conjecture about the relationship
between the size of the resulting number and
the size of the original number.
Example 3
A tsunami is a sea wave produced by an
underwater earthquake. The height of a tsunami
as it approaches land depends on the velocity of
the tsunami. Use the table below and inductive
reasoning to answer each of the following
questions.

Velocity of tsunami,
6 9 12 15 18 21 24
in feet per second
Height of tsunami,
4 9 16 25 36 49 64
in feet
Example 3
Velocity of tsunami,
6 9 12 15 18 21 24
in feet per second
Height of tsunami,
4 9 16 25 36 49 64
in feet

a. What happens to the height of a tsunami


when its velocity is doubled?
b. What should be the height of a tsunami if its
velocity is 30 feet per second?
Inductive Reasoning
• Conclusions based on inductive reasoning may
be incorrect.
• Consider the circles shown in the next slide.
For each circle, all possible line segments have
been drawn to connect each dot on the circle
with all the other dots on the circle. For each
circle, count the number of regions formed by
the line segments that connect the dots on
the circle.
Number of Dots 1 2 3 4 5
Maximum
Number of 1 2 4 8 16
Regions

Guess the maximum number of regions you


expect for a circle with six dots.
Take note!!!
• Just because a pattern holds true for
a few cases, it does not mean the
pattern will continue.
• When you use inductive reasoning,
you have no guarantee that your
conclusion is correct.
Counterexample
• A statement is a true statement
provided that it is true in all cases. If
you can find one case for which a
statement is not true, called a
counterexample, then the statement
is a false statement.
Example 4
Verify that each of the following
statements is a false statement by finding a
counterexample.
For all numbers 𝑥:
2 𝑥
a) 𝑥 > 0 b) 𝑥 > 𝑥 c) =1
𝑥
Deductive Reasoning
• The process of reaching a conclusion by
applying general principles and
procedures.
Example 5
Use deductive reasoning to show that the
conjecture formed in Example 2 is true for
any real number.
Example 6
Determine whether each of the following arguments
is an example of inductive reasoning or deductive
reasoning.
a. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced
plums every other year. Last year the tree did not
produce plums, so this year the tree will produce
plums.
b. All home improvements cost more than the
estimate. The contractor estimated that Mr. Lim’s
home improvement will cost Php 750,000.00.
Thus Mr. Lim’s home improvement will cost more
than Php 750,000.00.
Example 7 (Solving a Logic Puzzle)
Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and
Brian, has a different occupation (editor, banker,
chef, or dentist). From the following clues,
determine the occupation of each neighbor.
1. Maria gets home from work after the banker
but before the dentist.
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from work,
is not the editor.
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at the
same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
Exercises
1. Use deductive reasoning to show that the
following procedure always produces a
number that is equal to the original number.
Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the
number by 6 and add 8. Divide the sum by 2,
subtract twice the original number, and
subtract 4.
Exercises
2. Brianna, Ryan, Tyler, and Ashley were recently
elected as the new class offi cers (president, vice
president, secretary, treasurer) of the sophomore
class at Summit College. From the following clues,
determine which position each holds.
a. Ashley is younger than the president but older than
the treasurer.
b. Brianna and the secretary are both the same age,
and they are the youngest members of the group.
c. Tyler and the secretary are next-door neighbors.

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