DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the function of
each organ of the
digestive system and
trace and pathway of
food through the
digestive tract.
2. Discuss how digestive
organs work together to
carry out digested food
Digestive System
-It is consist of number
organs that breaks down
food in order to absorb
nutrients needed by the
body.
Two main groups
-The alimentary canal
(gastrointestinal tract)
-Accessory organs
Alimentary canal
-It is a long, winding ad
continuous tube that
extends from the
mouth to the anus.
-These organs are
mouth pharynx,
esophagus, stomach,
small intestine and
large intestine.
Accessory Organs
-These are located
within or outside the
alimentary canal and
communicate with it by
way of ducts.
-They are teeth,
tongue, salivary glands,
pancreas, liver and gall
bladder.
•Digestive system is
like factory that
packages goods.
•It receives raw
materials. Processes
the materials into
usable products to a
distribution network
called blood streams.
DIGESTIVE PROCESSES
Ingestion
-It is the process of bringing down the
food in the digestive system, where the
point of the entry is the mouth.
Propulsion
-It is the movement of the food through alimentary
canal
-This involves swallowing and peristalsis.
Swallowing – it is a series of muscular events that
push the food through mouth and down to the throat
Peristalsis – It is the movement of the food through
the alimentary canal by the series of alternate waves
of muscle contraction and relaxation.
Mechanical digestion
-It is the breakdown of food particles.
-These include chewing or mastication,
mixing with use of the tongue, churning
and mixing in the stomach, and mixing in
the small intestine.
Chemical digestion
-It happens when food is broken down into
simpler molecules and absorbed by the body.
-It starts in the mouth, where food is chewed
and mixed with secreted by the salivary gland.
Amylase
-It is an enzyme that
digest starch.
Epiglottis
- Small flap that closes
off the windpipe or
trachea, to prevent food
from entering the lungs.
Peristalsis
- It is a wavelike contraction of
the esophagus that pushes
food down to the stomach.
Pepsin
- Digestive enzyme that digest
protein.
Emulsification process
- It is the process of
breaking down fat into
smaller globules.
Absorption
- It is the transport of
digested food materials
from the cavity of
alimentary canal to the
blood.
- Performed in small
intestines.
Defecation
-It is the elimination
of indigestible
materials from the
body into form of
feces.
-Performed in large
intestines.
Mouth
- The first organ of the
digestive system.
Saliva
- It moistened the food we
eat.
Oral cavity
- Space between tongue and
palate within the mouth.
Tongue
-A muscular organ covered
with taste buds.
Bolus
-It is the shape of foods
that our tongue
manipulated.
Pharynx
- It is a chamber located
behind the oral cavity
extending from internal
nares to the larynx.
Chemical Changes In Foods
Chemical Digestion is provided by the gastric
juices.
Pepsinogen
- It is a zymogenic cells in an inactive form.
- (Pepsin) – powerful protein-spitting enzyme capable
of breaking proteins.
Pancreas
-Accessory organ of the digestive system,
which closely associated with the small
intestines and provides a variety of
digestive enzymes.
Pancreatic Juice
-It is alkaline fluid that contains enzymes capable
of digesting carbohydrates, protein, fats and
nucleic acids.
Pancreatic Amylase
-It is a pancreatic enzyme that digest
carbohydrates.
Pancreatic Lipase
- It is an enzyme that aid in the digestion of fats.
Liver
- It is the largest visceral organ
of the body.
Lipoproteins
- Small proteins
Bile
- It is a fluid produced by liver
cells that carry out two
important function;
1. To aid in digestion
2. To remove and eliminate
toxic substances from the
body.
Gallbladder
- It is a accessory organ
located under liver.
- It is used to store and
concentrate bile secreted by
the liver.
Sphincter of Oddi
- This muscle is normally in a
contracted state causes the
bile to collect in duct and gall
bladder.
Small Intestine
-It is the body’s most
important digestive
organ.
-It completes the
process of mechanical
and chemical digestion.
The small intestine is divided into
three segments;
1.Duodenum – receives chyme from the stomach
through the pyloric valve.
2.Jejunum – It is responsible for absorbing
important nutrients such as sugars, fatty acids and
amino acids.
3.Ileum – It is the longest segment at about 3.6 m
or 12 feet. It unites the large intestines at the
ileocecal valve which helps regulate the flow of
materials form ileum to the large intestines.
Large intestines
-It is the final segment
of the alimentary
canal.
-Absorbs water and
undigested food into
form of feces.
Large Intestine is divided into two
main segments;
1. Cecum – It receives materials from the ileum of the small
intestine.
2. Colon – It is the longest segment of the large interstine.
Divided into 4 regions;
1. Ascending colon
2. Transverse colon
3. Descending colon
4. Sigmoid colon
Rectum
-It is located against
sacrum in pelvic
cavity.
-Extend downward
until reach the last
segment, the anal
canal
• The anal canal opens to the
exterior of anus.
Two Sphincters of Anus
1.Internal involuntary
sphincter – Composed of
smooth muscle.
2.External voluntary
sphincter – composed of
skeletal muscles.
DIGESTED FOOD ABSORBED
THROUGH VILLI
Villi
- It is the threadlike
structure which most of
the nutrients are
absorbed.
- Small intestine
Lipid
- A soluble nutrients such
as fatty acids and
glycerol, are thought to
diffuse through the
membrane of the cells of
the villi.
Digestive Digestive Works Changes
Juices Enzyme On It to
Saliva Ptyalin Starch Complex Sugars
Gastric Pepsin Protein Simpler proteins
Amylase Starch Complex Sugars
Pancreatic Trypsin Protein Simpler Proteins
Lipase Fats Fatty Acids And
Glycerol
Lactase, Amylase Complex Sugars Simpler Sugars
Intestinal Sucrose, Simpler Sugars Amino Acids
Peptidase Fats Fatty Acids and
Lipase glycerol
END OF PRESENTATION
