DENEME 1

6. People and animals ------- to find new sources

1. People consider soil ------- because it of food when old ones ------- unavailable or they
supports plants that supply food, fibre, have to move to new areas.
drugs, and other human needs. A) used to learn / have become
A) various B) would learn / will become
B) simple C) must learn / were becoming
C) essential D) might learn / had become
D) thick E) have to learn / become
E) missing
7. Each year, air currents blow two million tons
2. The adult brain can grow new brain cells or re- of bacteria into the atmosphere ------- 55
organize itself in response to new million tons of fungal spores.
experiences, which is a biological ------- A) in case of
called neuroplasticity. B) in order to
A) refusal C) in contrast
B) prediction D) as well as
C) outbreak E) as though
D) process
E) lecture 8. Today, geophysicists ------- more detailed
reports about why earthquakes happen more
3. Botany as a pure science began in the fourth frequently in some places than others.
century BC with the Greek philosopher A) would produce
Theophrastus, who ------- influenced the B) will be produced
discipline until the seventeenth century. C) are producing
A) fluently D) had produced
B) heavily E) are produced
C) angrily
D) shortly 9. When it comes to the environment, modern
E) loudly societies are not ------- different from
primitive societies ------- one might assume.
4. ------- water accounts for more than 90 A) too / to
percent of protoplasm weight, this rate can B) many / than
be as low as 10 percent in seeds. C) much / more
A) Although D) as / as
B) Unless E) so / that
C) Similarly
D) As if 10. Researchers ------- are based at the University
E) Provided of Tokyo have discovered that larger
earthquakes are more likely to occur when the
5. The northern white rhino will soon face total moon is nearly full or new.
extinction ------- something is done to prevent A) who
this tragic outcome. B) whose
A) as long as C) in which
B) as soon as D) what
C) unless E) where
D) only if
E) because
11. ------- the increasing number of protected 17. Researchers from a number of EU member
areas in recent decades, the rate of states have joined forces to ------- the effects of
extinction in species has not dropped. underwater noise generated by shipping.
A) Thanks to A) investigate
B) Before B) supply
C) Unless C) prepare
D) Now that D) complain
E) Despite E) attend

12. China has seen a decrease in rural child 18. Faster recharging lithium batteries were
labour ------- the one-child policy and rapid developed when scientists ------- that adding
urbanisation. charged metal atoms to tunnel structures
A) however improves their performance.
B) due to A) turned down
C) if B) found out
D) in case C) led to
E) although D) took off
E) gave up
13. Chemistry seeks to explain ------- the
structures of atoms ------- how these 19. Noise pollution from survey ships is a big
structures are transformed in chemical threat for dolphins ------- they are considered
reactions. one of the most acoustically sensitive
A) rather / than animals on Earth.
B) neither / or A) so that
C) but / also B) whereas
D) both / and C) such
E) such / that D) just as
E) since
14. Newton deduced the three laws of motion
------- various experiments performed -------other 20. ------- working on superconductivity,
scientists, especially Galileo Galilei. physicist John Bardeen was already well on
A) for / on the way to his first Nobel Prize in physics.
B) by / in A) After
C) from / by B) Later
D) with / to C) Then
E) into / at D) While
E) Following
15. The global human population ------- dramatic
growth at least twice throughout history, the
first of which ------- around 10,000 years ago.
A) experiences / will take place
B) will experience / was taking place
C) had experienced / takes place
D) was experiencing / had taken place
E) has experienced / took place

16. Since NASA ------- using the Space Shuttle in

2011, the Soyuz spacecraft ------- the only way
for astronauts to reach the International
Space Station.
A) will stop / was
B) was stopping / is
C) stops / will be
D) stopped / has been
E) may stop / used to be
‘Spam’ is the term used to describe unsolicited e-mail Did the ancestors of modern birds survive
messages automatically ---21--- to millions of ---26--- they ate seeds? 66 million years ago an
recipients. These messages are advertisements about asteroid struck Earth and wiped out an estimated
debt consolidation offers, get-rich-quick schemes, and 75 percent of life. It is an event that infamously ---
stock market tips. The underlying principle is ---22--- if 27--- the extinction of the dinosaur. One may
you e-mail enough people, some are likely to be wonder: how did the ancestors of modern-day
interested in or taken in by your offer. It is ---23--- that birds survive when all their relatives perished? A
over 90 billion spam messages are sent each day. There study which ---28--- in Current Biology in 2017
are various techniques for preventing spam, ---24--- the hypothesizes that some birdlike dinosaurs
most effective is spam filters. These are computer survived because they had toothless beaks, and
programs that automatically scan incoming email could feed on fire-resistant seeds when the food
messages and decide which are likely to be spam. The sources of most other species ---29---. For this
filters can be set up ---25--- the program deletes the study, Derek Larson analyzed more than 3,000
spam messages automatically, sends them to a holding fossilized teeth from birdlike dinosaurs that lived
folder for later examination, or takes some other in western North America ---30--- the Cretaceous
appropriate action. period.

21. 26.
A) sent out A) or else
B) sending out B) but
C) had sent out C) unless
D) having sent out D) whereas
E) was sent out E) because

22. 27.
A) that B) when A) appeared
C) which D) what B) caused
E) where C) defeated
D) shared
23. E) called
A) combined
B) declined 28.
C) estimated A) published
D) terminated B) has published
E) discharged C) may be published
D) had published
24. E) was published
A) in contrast
B) but 29.
C) moreover A) ignored
D) otherwise B) served
E) therefore C) disappeared
D) declared
25. E) offered
A) given that B) however
C) as though D) so that 30.
E) on the other hand A) during
B) on
C) off
D) between
E) among
31. Modern estimates suggest that 85 percent of the
universe’s mass is invisible to even the most powerful 34. While flowing water has not been directly
telescopes -------. observed on Mars, -------.
A) but evidence about the fate of our galaxy is limited A) there are signs that it has potentially made
B) and is only detectable through the influence of its some brief appearances on the surface
gravity B) water is not found on the surface or within
C) so that it simply does not interact with light rocks and soil in any of its forms
D) where several decades of experiments have C) the scientists who travelled to this continent
proved ineffective concluded that it has large reservoirs of water
E) following the deduction that several objects D) continued monitoring shows that such
have been used activity may be due to chemical processes
E) the initial report from Mariner 4 stated that
32. Although we do not typically think of bacteria as these planets never had Earth-like oceans
being capable of sight, -------.
A) antibiotics can kill the good bacteria in the 35. -------, mercury levels in the oceans have
body along with the bad increased at an alarming rate since the
B) humans have been wondering about the Industrial Revolution.
answer to these questions for centuries A) As tuna is a kind of long-lived predator in the
C) such detailed studies aim to pay special oceans
attention to the species crisis B) In agreement with global efforts to protect
D) they started to believe that perhaps the the ecosystem
signals were not random C) Due to mining and the burning of fossil fuels
E) they have light-responsive proteins that are D) Even after heavy fishing in the Pacific
similar to our own visual system Ocean
E) Despite the amount of mercury in fish and
33. The dominance of fossil fuels will remain mammals
unchallenged for at least the next four
decades, -------. 36. Scientists have finally established the
A) as well as a large number of countries identity of a missing element within the
dependent on renewable energy sources Earth's core, -------.
B) therefore, green policies will play an A) who could help us to better understand how
important role in our immediate energy they formed
needs B) that strongly argues that the earth orbits the
C) thus, the amount of European power sun
supplied by renewables is more than that of C) but the core first separated from the rocky
fossil fuels parts of Earth
D) even if countries pursue environmental or D) whose work was needed to confirm the
energy policies enforced by international presence of silicon
agreements E) for which they have been searching for
E) now that renewable sources are urgently many decades
needed for sustainable development
37. When the brain cells of humans and all other 41. -------, they have the potential to treat many
mammals are starved of oxygen, -------. different kinds of medical conditions.
A) they run out of sufficient energy and begin to die A) Although experiments have shown that it is
as a result possible to reprogram an adult skin cell
B) biology deals with humans, animals as well B) Even if scientists find ways to recreate the
as plants environments in which stem cells grow
C) such innovations in the field of science have C) Though stem cells can be cultured and
become compulsory induced to develop into different cell types
D) oxygen level in brain cells plays a vital part D) Because not every stem cell is beneficial in
in humans treating diseases in animals
E) such levels depend on age and gender of E) Since embryonic stem cells can transmute
the species into any type of tissue

38. ‘Erosion’ is a blanket or general term for a 42. Machine translation systems that convert
variety of processes -------. sign language into text help people with
A) therefore, much of the surface rock on Earth hearing difficulties.
was caused by erosion
B) but they played a more important role on A) Duyma zorluğu çeken insanlara yardımcı
Earth than on any other planet olması için işaret dilini metne dönüştüren makine
C) if such substances are used to build new çeviri sistemleri geliştirildi.
communal structures
D) that break down or transport rock through B) İşaret dilini metne dönüştüren makine çeviri
the action of ice, liquid, or gas sistemleri, duyma zorluğu yaşayan insanlara
E) even though the carving of canyons by yardımcı olmaktadır.
rivers is an example of erosion
C) İşaret dilini metne dönüştürerek duyma
39. Producing artificial spider silk has long been a zorluğu yaşayan insanlara yardımcı olan yazılıma
dream of many scientists, -------. makine çeviri sistemi denir.
A) as long as spiders spin small amounts of silk
in labs D) Makine çeviri sistemleri işaret dilini metne
B) but it is still too early for them to expect the dönüştürerek duyma zorluğu çeken birçok insana
dream to come true yardım etmektedir.
C) whereas it is well tolerated when it is
implanted in tissues E) Duyma zorluğu yaşayan insanlara yardımcı
D) though such products require plenty of silk olabilmek için makine çeviri sistemleri metni işaret
for large scale production diline dönüştürür.
E) because the researchers have a method
that works properly

40. Even the simplest life form on Earth has

countless requirements needed to survive, ---
A) when the Earth was only 700 million years old
B) it is determined by many environmental factors
C) such as water, organic materials and energy
D) as planets may have some sources of energy
E) resulting in nature and intelligent life
43. The International Space Station is a global
project which proves that different states are 45. The behavioural changes that take place
able to work together in space exploration. rapidly during the first twelve years of life
match changes in brain structure that occur
A) Farklı devletler bir araya gelerek uzay keşfi during that time.
alanında çalışabilir, Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu
bunun en iyi kanıttır. A) Yaşamın ilk on-iki yılında hızlı bir şekilde meydana
gelen davranışsal değişimler, bu zaman zarfında beyin
B) Farklı devletlerin birlikte çalışarak Uluslararası yapısında oluşan değişimlerle uyumludur.
Uzay İstasyonu gibi küresel bir proje üretmesi, uzay
çalışmaları açısından önemli bir adımdır. B) Yaşamımızın ilk on-iki yılında beynimizde ve
davranışlarımızda meydana gelen hızlı değişimler
C) Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu, farklı devletlerin birbirinden ayırt edilemeyecek kadar benzerlik
uzay keşfinde beraber çalışabildiklerini kanıtlayan gösterirler.
küresel bir projedir.
C) Yaşamımızın ilk on-iki yılında beynimizde ve
D) Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu, birçok devletin uzay davranışlarımızda meydana gelen hızlı değişimler
keşfi konusunda beraber çalışmalarını sağlayan birbirleriyle uyumlu şekilde gelişir.
küresel bir projedir.
D) Yaşamın ilk yıllarında meydana gelen davranışsal
E) Uzayın keşfi için farklı devletlerin bir araya değişimler ile bu süreç içinde beyin yapısında oluşan
gelerek Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu gibi bir projeye bazı değişimler arasında benzerlikler mevcuttur.
imza atması büyük başarıdır.
E) Yaşamın ilk on-iki yılında hızlı bir şekilde meydana
44. Robots are becoming easier to program and gelen davranışsal değişimler, bu süreçte beyin
more flexible to use, which enables a single yapısında oluşan değişimlere büyük ölçüde uyum
factory to manufacture many different products. gösterir.

A) Giderek daha kolay programlanabilir ve daha 46. Today, only billionaires can afford a private flight
esnek şekilde kullanılabilir robotların ortaya into space, but by 2150 the cost of such a flight will
çıkması sayesinde fabrikalar birçok farklı ürünü probably be no more than that of a first class airline
imal edebilir. ticket.
A) Günümüzde, uzaya özel uçakla gitmeye yalnızca
B) Fabrikaların birçok ürünü imal edebilmesinin milyarderlerin gücü yetmesine rağmen, böyle bir
arkasında, giderek daha kolay programlanabilir ve uçuşun maliyetinin 2150’ye kadar birinci sınıf bir uçak
daha esnek şekilde kullanılabilir hale gelen robotlar biletinden daha pahalı olmayacağı tahmin ediliyor.
vardır.
B) Günümüzde uzaya özel uçuş yapmaya sadece
C) Bir fabrikanın birçok farklı ürünü imal milyarderlerin gücü yetmektedir, ancak böyle bir
edebilmesi, ancak robotların daha kolay uçuşun maliyeti 2150’ye kadar muhtemelen birinci
programlanabilir ve daha esnek şekilde sınıf bir uçak biletinden daha fazla olmayacaktır.
kullanılabilir olmasıyla mümkündür.
C) Günümüzde, uzaya özel uçuş gerçekleştirmeye
D) Robotlar giderek daha kolay programlanabilir ve sadece milyarderlerin gücü yetiyor, ama böyle bir
daha esnek şekilde kullanılabilir bir hâle gelmekte, uçuşun maliyetinin 2150 yılında birinci sınıf bir uçak
bu da tek bir fabrikanın birçok farklı ürünü imal biletinden ucuz olacağı düşünülmektedir.
etmesine olanak sağlamaktadır.
D) Uzaya özel uçakla gitmek sadece milyarderlere
E) Giderek daha kolay programlanabilir ve daha özgü bir ayrıcalıktır, ancak böyle bir uçuşun maliyeti
esnek şekilde kullanılabilir robotların sayısının 2150’ye kadar birinci sınıf bir uçak biletiyle aynı
artmasıyla birlikte, tek bir fabrika birçok farklı olacaktır.
ürünü imal edebilir hale gelecektir.
E) Geçmişte uzaya özel uçakla gitmeye yalnızca
milyarderlerin gücü yetiyordu, ancak böyle bir uçuşun
maliyeti 2150’ye kadar bir uçak bileti ücretine denk
gelecek şekilde ucuzlayacaktır.
47. Quantum computers might be more powerful D) Gravity is the basic driving force behind the
than traditional computers, but some applications motions of many massive objects in the universe
will require more computing power than one despite the fact that it is the weakest force in the
quantum computer can provide on its own. universe.

A) Kuantum bilgisayarlar, geleneksel E) Gravity, admittedly weaker than the other

bilgisayarlardan daha güçlü olsalar bile, bazı basic forces in the universe, is the driving force
uygulamaların gerektirdiği işlem gücünü tek behind the motions of several massive objects in
başlarına karşılamaları mümkün the universe.
görünmüyor.
49. Gözlem verileri birçok galaksinin merkezinde
B) Kuantum bilgisayarlar, geleneksel kara deliklerin bulunabileceğini gösteriyor.
bilgisayarlardan daha güçlü olacaklardır,
ancak bazı uygulamalar için gerekli olan A) Data supported by observations show that
işlem gücünü tek başlarına karşılayamazlar. there are black holes at the centre of most
galaxies, if not all.
C) Kuantum bilgisayarlar, geleneksel
bilgisayarlardan daha güçlü olabilirler, ancak B) Observational data indicate that black holes
bazı uygulamaların bir kuantum bilgisayarın may exist at the centre of many galaxies.
tek başına sağlayabileceğinden daha fazla
işlem gücü gerektireceği unutulmamalıdır. C) Data based on recent observations suggest
that many galaxies are likely to have black
D) Modern bilgisayarlar, geleneksel holes at their centre.
bilgisayarlara nazaran daha güçlü olabilirler,
ama yine de bazı uygulamalar için gerekli D) There are most probably black holes at the
olan işlem gücünü tek başına centre of many galaxies as proved by recent
üretemeyebilirler. observational data

E) Kuantum bilgisayarlar, geleneksel E) According to observational data, it is quite

bilgisayarlardan daha güçlü olabilirler, ancak evident that there are black holes at the
bazı uygulamalar bir kuantum bilgisayarın centre of most galaxies, if not all.
tek başına sağlayabileceğinden daha fazla
işlem gücü gerektirecektir. 50. Derhâl müdahale edilmediği takdirde iklim
değişikliğinin küresel çapta felaketlere ve binlerce
48. Evrendeki diğer temel güçlerle ölüme neden olabileceği tahmin
karşılaştırıldığında oldukça zayıf olmasına edilmektedir.
rağmen, yerçekimi evrendeki en devasa
cisimlerin hareketlerinin arkasındaki itici A) It is estimated that climate change, if not
güçtür. addressed urgently, may cause disasters and
thousands of deaths globally.
A) Compared to the other fundamental forces
in the universe, gravity is weak, yet it is considered B) It is calculated that climate change will
to be the driving force behind the motions of many cause disasters and thousands of deaths if it is not
objects in the universe. addressed in the near future.

B) When compared to the other vital forces in C) Climate change is thought to cause major
the universe, gravity is the weakest, but it is still disasters and thousands of deaths even after the
the driving force behind the motions of the most recent measures.
massive objects in the universe.
D) Climate change will likely cause some major
C) Although it is quite weak compared to the disasters and thousands of deaths globally if it is
other fundamental forces in the universe, gravity is not tackled properly.
the driving force behind the motions of the most
massive objects in the universe. E) Climate change, if not handled
appropriately, is likely to cause major disasters and
thousands of deaths globally.
51. Dünyanın başka hiçbir yerinde bulunmayan 53. Bazı tasarımcılar için üretim sürecinde
sayısız türün evi olarak bilinen tropik yağmur yapıtları üzerinde belli bir ölçüde denetime
ormanları, daha önce hiç görülmemiş bir hızda yok sahip olmaları önemlidir.
ediliyor.
A) Retaining a degree of control over their work in the
A) Tropical rainforests are the home to production stage is considered vital by designers.
numerous species found nowhere else in the world,
but they are being destroyed rapidly. B) According to designers, retaining some degree of
control over the production process is really
B) Tropical rainforests, which are the home of important.
numerous species existing nowhere else in the
world, are being saved at an unprecedented rate. C) For designers who produce certain works, it is
necessary to retain a degree of control over their
C) As tropical rainforests are being destroyed work.
at an alarming rate, numerous species found
nowhere else in the world are becoming extinct at an
D) It is important for some designers to retain a
unprecedented rate.
degree of control over their work in the production
process.
D) Known to be the home of numerous species
found nowhere else in the world, tropical rainforests
E) Some designers believe that retaining control over
are destroyed at an unprecedented rate.
their work in the production process is vital.
E) Although it is known to be the home of
54. There are many ways to define ‘time’ at a
numerous species rarely found in the world,
particular location. Here, on Earth, our usual
tropical rainforests are destroyed at an
system is defined by the motion of the Sun in
alarming rate.
the sky. This means that the local time
depends on where you are on Earth and we
52. Bilim insanları, yetersiz petrol ve gaz
get around this complication by having many
kaynaklarına sahip olan ülkelerin,
different time zones. Now, we could also
yenilenebilir enerjiye geçmesini öneriyor.
define a similar time system based on the
motion of the Sun as seen from the Moon.
A) Due to limited oil and gas resources in the
Such a system exists but it is not much more
country, scientists strongly recommend a
than an interesting exercise in physics. -------.
shift to renewable energy.
This is called Universal Time, and it is a
modern form of Greenwich Mean Time. It is
B) Scientists recommend that countries with
the same everywhere in the Universe.
insufficient oil and gas resources should
shift to renewable energy.
A) What is more useful, however, is a definition of
C) The restricted oil and gas resources in the time that does not vary with location
country forced scientists to propose a rapid B) It is difficult to keep track of time at work due to the
shift to renewable energy. workload
C) There have been several unsuccessful attempts to
D) Considering how little oil and gas resources define a brand-new computing system
countries have, scientists recommend a shift to D) So, the time on the Moon can never be the same as
renewable energy. the time on Earth
E) Therefore, it will never be possible to calculate
E) Since the country has limited oil and gas exactly what time it is on the Moon
resources, scientists propose to use more
renewable energy.
55. High-altitude landscapes are some of the 57. As honeybees develop, they undergo
most inhospitable places on Earth. They are metamorphosis. -------. At the right moment,
cold, dry, and oxygen-poor, which causes the protective wax caps put in place by worker
sleeplessness, fatigue, coughing, confusion, bees are removed, revealing the pupae just days
and a rapid pulse. They were the last places before they are ready to emerge as fully grown
humans settled, yet people did it and adults. Bees in this stage are pale, as their outer
survived. -------. From the Himalayas to the shells are not yet hardened. When they emerge as
Andes to the Ethiopian Plateau, people have adults, their shells can still take a few hours to
evolved in ways that allow them to live at fully harden. This means that very young bees are
high altitude. more or less unable to sting.

A) The Himalayas and the Andes attract many A) The shell of a new born bee is not as hard
climbers looking for adventure as it is supposed to be
B) This was all about our failure to cope with such B) The queen bee is not involved in the
an extreme phenomenon process of wax cell production
C) Living at such heights causes hypoxia, a C) It is a great idea to mark honeybees if you
condition where tissues cannot get enough oxygen want to follow them
D) It is easier to find well-protected remains of D) Their lifecycle consists of four stages: egg, larva,
ancient empires than ever before due to pupa, and adult
technology E) Young bees, compared to fully grown adults, are
E) The only logical explanation for this is our ability less dangerous to us
to adapt, especially to extreme environments
58. Late in the twentieth century, evidence of
56. Ceres, an unassuming-looking object made of global warming mounted as ice sheets in the
ice and rock, lies between Mars and Arctic and Antarctic began melting rapidly.
Jupiter in the expanse of the Asteroid Belt. It Carbon dioxide levels climbed, and the protective
was first spotted by Sicilian astronomer ozone layer shrank. Although Earth had
Giuseppe Piazzi on 1 January 1801. This experienced cycles of abnormal warmth and cold
965-kilometre diameter ball could just have even before humans appeared, most scientists
been considered a dead, grey rock in space. and some political leaders feared that human
-------. It has been discovered that it was – and activity was seriously disrupting the world’s
possibly still is an active world that may have had climate. They urged energy conservation and
cryovolcanoes of the kind that has alternatives to carbon-rich oil and coal, such
pretty much disappeared from Earth. as solar and wind power, hydrogen, and
synthetic fuels. -------.
A) There are also some other mountains on Ceres
such as Liberalia and Yamor A) Like many developed countries, the United
B) Just one solitary peak made of ice, mud and States, proportionally the world’s largest energy
salts, called Ahuna Mons user, supports cost-efficient projects
B) As a result, 140 nations approved an
C) But as NASA’s Dawn spacecraft has recently
environmental agreement in 2005, known as the
uncovered, Ceres has been hiding a strange secret
Kyoto Protocols, in order to limit destructive
D) These planets are not the only bodies
emissions
discovered in our Solar system
C) It has been long known that electric utilities
E) That is, if it erupts icy materials like water ice, or
using fossil fuels produce greater air pollution than
methane instead of lava
nuclear power plants
D) When the cold war was over, many nations
started scientific space exploration to discover
habitable planets
E) However, one of the major challenges facing
developing countries today is to find sufficient oil
resources
59. There are objects that are classified neither 61. (I) An environmentalist, on the other hand, is
as stars nor as planets, called ‘brown someone who actively works to preserve the
dwarfs’. -------. Brown dwarfs accumulate environment from destruction or pollution. (II)
matter in the same way as stars, but fail to Environment includes everything that affects an
attain enough mass to ignite hydrogen organism during its lifetime. (III) In turn, all
fusion. Stars can fuse hydrogen into helium, organisms, including people, affect many
which can only occur above a certain components in their environment. (IV) From a
temperature and pressure. Thus, objects human point of view, environmental issues
above this threshold are stars. Brown dwarfs involve concerns about science, nature, health,
initially produce heat by fusing an isotope of employment, profit, law, politics, ethics, fine arts,
hydrogen called deuterium into helium-3, and economics. (V) Therefore, environmental
which occurs at lower temperatures and science is by its nature a multidisciplinary field.
lower masses. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

A) NASA is looking for more information about

the planets’ atmosphere 62. (I) An alternative career opportunity for
B) Thus, more precise measurements will no engineers has been offered by Frederick
longer be needed Taylor. (II) He has proposed that engineers
C) Such information will also explain the should take over the role of managers in the
processes that shaped the young Milky Way governance of companies and that of
D) Researchers originally thought that the system politicians in the governance of society. (III)
had three planets This proposal would lead to the
E) This term was first coined by Jill Tarter of the establishment of a technocracy, that is,
SETI Institute government by experts. (IV) The role of
engineers would, thus, be that of technocrats
60. (I) Such an assumption has not yet been who, on the basis of technological insight, do
tested rigorously for most animal species. (II) what they consider best for a company or for
Vertebrates are often marked to facilitate the society. (V) For instance, being an engineer
identification of free-ranging individual requires great responsibility for a number of
animals or groups for studies of behaviour, reasons.
population biology, and physiology. (III) A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
Marked animals provide data for home range
use, resource selection, social behaviour, 63. (I) Our food and materials come to us via a
and population estimation. (IV) Markers can system that spans the world and whose
be classified into three general categories: consequences are mostly concealed from us.
mutilations, tags and bands, and radio (II) On average, food is said to travel more
transmitters. (V) The appropriate marking than 1,300 miles from where it was grown or
technique for a study depends on several produced to where it is eaten. (III) In such a
considerations, including study objectives, system, there is no conceivable way of
target species, marker cost, marker efficacy, knowing the human or ecological
and marker effects on the animals. consequences of eating. (IV) The average
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V citizen of the United States now uses some
186,000 calories of energy each day. (V) Nor
can we know the full cost of virtually food
that we purchase or discard.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
64. (I) ENIAC, the first electronic computer, was Farmers are under pressure to reduce chemical pesticides
completed in 1945 at the University of and their ability to do so will be aided by the news that the
Pennsylvania under a military contract. (II) U.S. Department of Agriculture is about to start trialling a
Engineer J. Presper Eckert and physicist device that can kill insects with a laser. Developed by an
John W. Mauchly’s enormous device was American company, the ‘Photonic Fence’ is not really a
powered by 18,000 vacuum tubes and fence at all, but a small box containing lasers, cameras and
performed 5,000 calculations per second. (III) an Artificial Intelligence (AI) computer system. The
While computers allegedly reduce paper cameras scan the air around the device for 100 metres,
documents, new copying and printing and the AI system measures the shape, speed and
technologies only increase the flood. (IV) acceleration frequency of any bugs detected to establish
Hungarian refugee John von Neumann soon which are potentially harmful. Any insects identified as a
after developed what became the basic threat can then be zapped by the lasers, with a ‘kill rate’ of
architecture of computer systems. (V) The up to 20 insects per second. By deploying several such
invention of transistors by lab scientists at devices, farmers could effectively create a virtual fence
Bell Laboratories in 1948 eventually around their crops that kills harmful pests but leaves bees
eliminated clumsy vacuum tubes and paved and other beneficial or harmless insects untouched. The
the way for microchips. U.S. trials will begin soon. If the device is proven to work,
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V then the company hopes to bring a commercial product to
market, though that will still be some years away.
65. (I) Dinosaurs were ‘born’ officially in 1842. (II)
They were all land-living animals, which 66. We understand from the text that the
poses particular problems. (III) They owe ‘Photonic Fence’ -------.
their birth to the work of the British A) has not been mass produced yet
anatomist Richard Owen, whose work had B) removes all types of insects on farms
concentrated upon the unique nature of some C) may not be effective since it only kills a few insects
extinct fossil reptiles. (IV) At the time of D) is a box which looks like a real fence
Owen’s review, he was working on a E) will certainly be a waste of money due to its high cost
surprisingly large collection of fossil bones
and teeth that had been discovered up to that 67. It is clear from the text that farmers -------
time and were scattered around the British A) are against the use of the Photonic Fence in farming
Isles. (V) Although the birth of dinosaurs was B) are not allowed to use any chemical pesticides in
relatively inauspicious, they were soon to farming
become the centre of worldwide attention. C) will continue using pesticide as it is cheaper
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V D) are expected to decrease the amounts of chemical
pesticides they use
E) will not be able to afford the Photonic Fence at the
moment

68. The text is mainly about -------.

A) a new device which aims to destroy harmful
insects via laser technology
B) the reasons why most American farmers
have recently stopped using pesticides
C) how a company devised the ‘Photonic
Fence’ to save harmful pests
D) the technical challenges of designing the
‘Photonic Fence’ experienced by scientists
E) methods of distinguishing harmful pests
from beneficial ones in farming
Wernher von Braun is famous for being the 71. The text is mainly about -------.
creator of the space program that made it A) scientists who played an active role in military
possible to put the first person on the moon on operations
July 20, 1969. He grew up in Germany. From an B) the role of science and scientists in the Second
early age he was fascinated by rocket World War
technology and was involved in developing C) the determination of Von Braun to fulfil his life-
rockets for the German army in the 1930s. In long dream
1937, he joined Hitler’s National Socialist Party, D) Von Braun’s teenage enthusiasm for rocket
about which he later stated: “My refusal to join design
the party would have meant that I would have had E) how the U.S. became victorious in the Second
to abandon the work of my life. Therefore, I World War
decided to join”. In 1943, it was claimed that he
sabotaged the V2 rocket program, and was
arrested by the Nazis. Later, however, he was
released. In 1945, he realized that the Germans
were going to lose the war, and arranged for his
team to be handed over to the Americans. In the
U.S., Von Braun originally worked on the
development of rockets for military purposes. His
dream came true by playing a key role in the space
travel program. Von Braun’s big dream did
therefore ultimately come true.

69. According to the text, Von Braun joined

Hitler’s party -------.
A) to be able to get enough information about the
rocket programs of other nations
B) in order to continue his career in rocket
technology
C) because his refusal would lead to his family’s
arrest
D) since he was the only person with profound
knowledge of the moon
E) to get permission from Hitler to work for both
Germany and the U.S.

70. It is understood from the text that Von Braun

-------.
A) had no interest in science when he was a little
child
B) joined Hitler’s party to improve his military skills
C) spent most of his childhood C) in America
D) sabotaged the V2 rocket program to help the
U.S. in the war
E) decided to work for the Americans together
with his team
 ‘Heritability’ is a measure of the relative 74. The text is mainly about -------.
importance of genes in determining variation in A) the high living standards of African Americans
qualitative traits among individuals. However, the B) the different editions of a book on IQ scores
calculated heritability value is unique to the titled The Bell Curve
population in which it was measured and to the C) IQ levels of African-Americans living in the
environment of that population. The specificity of United States
heritability means that we should be very D) a comparative study of IQ scores between two
cautious when using heritability to measure the groups in Africa
general importance of genes to the development E) a well-known misapplication of heritability in
of a trait. A famous misapplication of heritability IQ testing
comes from the book The Bell Curve, by Charles
Herrnstein and Richard Murray, published in
1994. In this book, the authors report that IQ
scores differ among subpopulations in the United
States. Among white Americans, IQ averages are
around 100 while among African-American
populations, IQ averages are nearly 15 points
lower. Using a conservative estimate of the
heritability of intelligence, they argued that the IQ
differences between whites and blacks are
primarily due to a genetic difference in
intelligence between these groups. However, on
closer look, we can see that Herrnstein and
Murray’s conclusion is flawed. These differences
could be entirely due to environment. Given the
history and current social and economic status of
African-Americans in the United States, it is
certainly possible that their environment is less
enriched than the average environment
experienced by a white individual.

72. According to the text, Herrnstein and

Murray’s research -------.
A) is flawless in terms of methods applied
B) is the best work on IQ up to date
C) is questionable due to a mistake in application
of heritability
D) was published in the first half of the twentieth
century
E) deals with environmental problems

73. It can be clearly understood from the text

that-------.
A) environment is the only variable affecting the
intelligence level
B) there is no simple causal relationship between
IQ and race
C) the heritability value of IQ is constant for all
populations and cultures
D) white Americans scored lower than African-
Americans in the IQ test
E) Herrnstein and Murray have rejected using IQ
scores in their research
In addition to temperature, other factors such as 77. The text is mainly about -------.
the availability of water, prevalence of high A) the significant role of temperature in growing
winds, and the duration and intensity of sunlight good crops
also limit the geographical areas in which various B) the role of temperature on the post-harvest
crops can be grown. However, as far as getting process
the best crop is concerned, even when fruit trees C) adaptation of pollination in other fields of
have bloomed satisfactorily, temperature can be study
a determinant of whether a good crop will be D) the difficulty in detecting honey bees
harvested. Most deciduous fruits need E) factors behind the crop variety in some regions
pollination, which is normally done by honeybees.
If the temperature is not right, the
bees just quit flying, and that can mean a very
poor crop indeed. Even if the bees fly and pollen
is spread, the pollen must germinate and the
pollen tube grow down to the ovule, a process
that can be severely restricted by unseasonably
low temperatures. And even when pollination has
been successful, the growth of individual grape
berries (botanically, grapes are berries) can be
restricted by both too high and too low
temperatures.

75. It is clear from the text that -------.

A) the success of the pollination process

depends solely on the quality of the plant
B) inadequate sunlight can be disregarded
when trees have bloomed satisfactorily
C) crops may not fully develop unless
temperatures are suitable
D) the development of deciduous fruits is
induced by pollination without bees
E) new drug tests must be conducted on
certain plants

76.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in

the text as a factor that affects crop growth?

A) Fluctuations in temperature
B) The taste of fruits
C) Existence of sufficient water
D) Pollination agents like honeybees
E) Successful pollen germination
Fusion energy almost sounds too good to be true 80. The text mainly deals with -------.
because of zero greenhouse gas emissions, no A) various cost-efficient means of producing
long-lived radioactive waste, and nearly unlimited energy
fuel supply. Yet, fusion power designs are not B) existing fusion power plants and their benefits
cheap enough to outperform systems that use C) research on future plants run by fossil fuels
fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. However, D) the cost of fusion power plants and coal-fired
University of Washington engineers hope to plants
change that. They have designed a concept for a E) a prospective fusion reactor design with great
fusion reactor that, when scaled up to the size of potential
a large electrical power plant, would rival costs
for a new coal-fired plant with similar electrical
output. The design builds on existing technology
and creates a magnetic field within a closed space
to hold plasma in place long enough for fusion to
occur, allowing the hot plasma to react and burn.
The reactor itself would be largely self-sustaining,
meaning it would continuously heat the plasma to
maintain thermonuclear conditions. Heat
generated from the reactor would heat up a
coolant that is used to spin a turbine and
generate electricity, similar to how a typical
power plant works.

78. It is clear from the text that-------.

A) engineers have succeeded in making current
energy systems more environmentally friendly
B) a fusion reactor can produce much more
power than present plants
C) for the time being, the cost of fusion energy
design is too high to be used widely
D) the fusion power plant design is based entirely
on new technology
E) a cheaper way to produce energy from fossil
fuels is under way

79. It is clear from the text that -------.

A) electricity production in a fusion reactor is
more time-consuming than other power plants
B) coal-fired plants will produce less energy if
fusion plants are operational
C) the number of coal-fired power plants is
declining due to fusion reactors in use
D) when in use, the fusion power plant will not
release any harmful gases
E) fusion reactors and fossil-fuelled power plants
can both be turned into self-sustaining energy
sources
 DENEME 2
7. In the past few years, there have been great
1. Though other factors contribute to the decline of advances in the field of machine learning, ---- in
species, climate change is a main threat because it Artificial Intelligence.
occurs ---- rapidly for them ---- successfully adapt. A) accidentally
A) as / as B) carefully
B) rather / than C) hardly
C) too / to D) especially
D) as well / as E) politely
E) so / that
8. People are concerned about nuclear waste
2. Today, the Internet ---- access to public and because of its long-term effects, but much ----
private biological databases that ---- the work of waste in the form of plastic also lasts for quite a
thousands of biotech researchers around the long time.
world. A) communicative
A) will provide / were supporting B) healthy
B) provided / would support C) domestic
C) would provide / supported D) temporary
D) provides / support E) strange
E) had provided / have supported
9. ---science fiction shows and movies like Star
3. The digitalisation of cultural heritage is one of Trek and Star Wars make space travel look very
the main ---- facing European museums and other easy, the reality is quite different.
cultural institutions. A) Although
A) temperatures B) Because
B) challenges C) When
C) invitations D) Unless
D) elections E) Since
E) anniversaries
10. A new theory claims that the cosmos is full of
4. It is difficult for scientists to measure the mass unseen particle families ---- do not interact with
balance of ice sheets manually; ---- , satellite each other.
images of the ice sheets can track their growth and A) whose
recession over the years. B) in which
A) however C) where
B) for instance D) when
C) otherwise E) that
D) likewise
E) moreover 11. Habitat ---- a broad term that we use to
describe the surroundings or conditions where
5. In 1990, the discovery that the universe is still any given organism ----.
expanding was unexpected ---- it was thought that A) has been / lived
its expansion had come to an end long ago. B) is / lives
A) provided C) had been / had lived
B) though D) was / has lived
C) so that E) will be / would live
D) besides
E) since 12. Thomas Young was born in 1773 and is
described as a ‘polymath’ because he
6. Toxic substances are chemicals that cause contributed to many scientific fields ---- his
damage ---- living organisms as a result ---- extensive research related to colour vision.
immediate or long-term exposure. A) in case
A) of / for B) otherwise
B) to / of C) in addition to
C) on/ with D) so that
D) in / at E) even though
E) at / in
13. Toothpicks, which are generally used after 19. Bees pollinate crops, and ---- we want to
eating, are highly effective for cleaning ---- teeth transfer pollen from flower to flower by hand,
----- gums. we need to protect them.
A) neither / or A) when
B) such / that B) unless
C) more / than C) if
D) but / also D) while
E) both / and E) once

14. Air pollution often travels to areas that do 20. Experts from Montana University are
not produce significant amounts of pollution studying microorganisms which have been living
themselves; ---- , monitoring air pollution has under the ice of Antarctica ---- the last 500,000
become a major problem for many authorities. years.
A) just as A) since
B) for example B) after
C) however C) before
D) therefore D) for
E) in contrast E) once

15. The La Braña-Arintero site ---- by chance in

2006 by Julio Manuel Vidal Encinas, an
archaeologist of the Council of Castilla y León.
A) has been discovered
B) was discovering
C) has discovered
D) was discovered
E) discovered

16. Ever since the hydrogen bomb ---- , attempts

---- to harness the power of nuclear fusion for
peaceful purposes.
A) is invented / had been made
B) has been invented / will be made
C) was invented / have been made
D) will be invented / were made
E) had been invented / are made

17. Different regions and economic sectors in the

world are currently ---- the impact of climate
change in various ways.
A) getting off
B) calling back
C) dealing with
D) sending out
E) running by

18. Modern science ---- answers to many of our

fundamental questions about the universe and
our place within it.
A) offers
B) causes
C) consumes
D) happens
E) disappears
Team work usually occurs in species that live in Physics is an experimental science. Physicists
family groups and (21)--- each other as a observe the phenomena of nature and try to find
consequence of genetic relatedness. Working patterns (26)--- relate these phenomena. These
together (22)--- many benefits to an individual, patterns are called physical theories or, (27) ---
when hunting both small and large prey. (23)---, they are very well established and widely used,
lions work together to bring down larger prey. As physical laws or principles. Physicists have to ask
for marine animals like dolphins, they may appropriate questions, carry out experiments to
coordinate (24)--- movements to herd many prey try to answer the questions, and draw (28)---
into a small area. Animals have developed these conclusions from the results. Physics is not simply
strategies in order to make prey easier (25) --- a collection of facts; it is also the process by
catch. which we arrive at general principles that
describe how the physical universe behaves. No
21. theory is regarded as the final truth. It is in the
A) had assisted nature of physical theory that we can (29)--- a
B) assist theory by finding behaviour that is inconsistent
C) are assisted with it. (30)---, we can never prove beyond
D) were assisted question that a theory is undoubtedly correct.
E) assisted
26.
22. A) in which
A) avoids B) when
B) becomes C) where
C) ignores D) which
D) happens E) what
E) provides
27.
23. A) when
A) For example B) much as
B) In contrast C) even if
C) Nevertheless D) until
D) Moreover E) unless
E) However
28.
24. A) external
A) both B) sociable
B) much C) appropriate
C) its D) dreadful
D) that E) informal
E) their
29.
25. A) exploit
A) for B) require
B) to C) disprove
C) on D) remain
D) at E) involve
E) of
30.
A) In other words
B) Such as
C) As though
D) In contrast
E) Otherwise
31. Biological activity in soil slows down or 36. Scientists have designed a nano crystal 500
stops times smaller than a human hair ----.
----. A) because a laser could be used in order to
A) when oil spills were experienced in the ocean project a holographic image in modern displays
B) because soil is regarded as static and inactive B) since the old ones could perform much better
C) after vegetation had started to regenerate C) if they are used in anti-counterfeit devices in
itself in spring bank notes, and in some medical applications
D) so the moon’s influence on the tide was D) that turns darkness into visible light and could
dramatic be used to create night-vision glasses
E) if the soil becomes too cold or too dry E) in case they involve the study of behaviour of
light and interaction of objects with light
32. Although the world produces enough food
to feed its population, ----. 37. ----, most aerospace companies devote their
A) nearly one billion people do not have enough resources to improving existing products.
to eat A) Although development of a new flight vehicle
B) that eating genetically modified food is a might take a decade or more
concern especially for children B) Since they design wings or body surfaces to
C) yet industrial agriculture helps increase the make the craft faster
global crop C) After engineers subject a new model of the
D) socioeconomic methods should be applied to aircraft to tests in a wind tunnel
stop this problem D) Because the cost of developing new flight
E) poor nutrition is no longer the leading health vehicles is so high
risk worldwide E) Even before computer-aided design enabled
engineers to test designs
33. Because Bennu, the asteroid, regularly
passes relatively near to Earth ----. 38. We will not be able to meet the climate
A) it has not been studied thoroughly yet warming goals set by the Paris Agreement----
B) it is nearly impossible to analyse them A) as long as emission-reducing technologies
C) scientists cannot understand how they occur spread globally at incredible speeds
D) astronomers can study its orbit closely B) unless we speed up the spread of clean
E) they travel more than a million kilometres technology immediately
C) since we have long supported scientific
34. While animals such as whales have larger advances in these fields
brains by weight,---- . D) although global emissions of these gases have
A) a baby whale uses up much more energy while recently gone up significantly
growing up E) because the institutions have already
B) the human brain is the largest relative to the improved their experimental techniques
size of its owner’s body
C) such a small body may be a great advantage to 39. ----as well as an increase in blood pressure,
move while in danger respiration and heart rate.
D) its brain consumes a large amount of energy A) Neuroscience had already become the fastest
while sending information growing discipline
E) a special feature of the human brain is its need B) The rush of adrenaline causes a sudden
for energy release of glucose
C) One of the basic requirements is certain coded
35. Even though bacteria have a bad reputation information
for causing disease, ---- . D) A new system for diagnosing increase in blood
A) more bacteria have become resistant to pressure has been designed
treatment E) Information is sent effectively around the
B) yet various antitoxins have been used to treat nervous system
infections
C) in reality, very few species of bacteria infect
humans
D) bacterial disease can have several serious
outcomes
E) it is not used to kill the harmful bacteria in
humans
40. ----; for instance, they constructed bridges to 43. Because they are more elastic than metals
make travelling easier. like steel, the use of composite materials in
A) The cities of the Romans had large train construction is still a debated issue in
populations and impressive public houses terms of safety.
B) Historians estimate that ninety percent of the
population lived in the country A) Çelik gibi metallerden daha esnek olmadıkları
C) Ancient Rome was situated on seven hills and için, kompozit malzemelerin tren yapımında
its monumental public buildings kullanımı, güvenlik açısından tartışmaya açık bir
D) The Romans displayed remarkable skill in konudur.
building and engineering
E) Ancient Rome ruled a vast empire with a small B) Kompozit malzemelerin tren yapımında
civil service kullanımının en önemli sebeplerinden biri, çelik
gibi metallerden daha esnek olmasıdır.
41. ---- as they will be able to store energy from
wind and solar power. C) Çelik gibi metaller esnek oldukları için,
A) Future electrodes will not be very useful and kompozit malzemelerin tren yapımında kullanımı
efficient uzun zamandır tartışılmaktadır.
B) The faster recharging lithium battery has
disappeared D) Kompozit malzemeler, çelik gibi metallerden
C) New generations of lithium batteries will be daha esnek olsalar da, tren yapımında kullanımı,
very popular güvenlik açısından sakıncalıdır.
D) Storing electrical energy quickly has not been
achieved E) Çelik gibi metallerden daha esnek oldukları
E) It was recently discovered by a group of için, kompozit malzemelerin tren yapımında
students kullanımı, güvenlik açısından hâlâ tartışılan bir
konudur.
42. The real reason cats avoid water is that their
fur becomes soaked and loses its protecting 44. A growing body of scientific studies indicate
property. that following the Mediterranean diet can help
A) Kedilerin sudan kaçınmasının asıl nedeni slow memory loss.
kürklerinin ıslanması ve koruyucu özelliğini
yitirmesidir. A) Hafıza kaybını önlemeye yardımcı olduğu için
Akdeniz diyetini uygulamanın gerekliliği bilimsel
B) Kürklerinin koruyucu özelliğini tamamen çalışmalarda ortaya konmuştur.
bozduğu için kediler sudan kaçınırlar.
B) Artan sayıda bilimsel çalışma Akdeniz diyetini
C) Kediler sudan kaçınırlar; çünkü su, kürklerinin uygulamanın hafıza kaybını yavaşlatmaya
koruyucu özelliğini tamamen bozar. yardımcı olabildiğini göstermektedir.

D) Kedilerin sudan kaçınmasının nedenlerinden C) Bilim insanları tarafından yapılan çalışmalar

biri de kürklerinin koruyucu özelliğini yitirmesidir. Akdeniz diyetini uygulayan bireylerde hafıza
kaybının yaşanmadığını göstermektedir.
E) Kürklerinin ıslanması ve koruyucu özelliğini
yitirmesi kedilerin sudan korkmasının sebebi D) Çok sayıda çalışma, yaşlılıkta Akdeniz diyetini
olabilir. uygulamanın olası hafıza kaybını yavaşlattığını
göstermektedir.

E) Artan sayıda çalışmada işaret edildiği gibi

Akdeniz diyetini uygulamak hafıza kaybını büyük
ölçüde yavaşlatmaktadır.
45. Fossilized 21-million-year-old monkey teeth 47. One of the effects of deforestation, which
found on the Panama Canal are the most accelerated in the late 20th century, is the
significant evidence of the presence of disappearance of many plant and animal
mammals in North America. species.

A) Panama Kanalı’nda bulunan 21 milyon A) 20. yüzyılın sonlarında ortaya çıkan orman
yaşındaki fosilleşmiş maymun dişleri, Kuzey kaybının etkilerinin başında bazı bitki ve hayvan
Amerika’daki memeli varlığının en önemli türlerinin yok olması gelir.
kanıtıdır.
B) Birçok bitki ve hayvan türünün ortadan
B) Panama Kanalı’nda ilk kez bulunan 21 milyon kaybolması, 20. yüzyılda meydana gelen orman
yaşındaki fosilleşmiş maymun dişleri, Kuzey kaybının açık sonucudur.
Amerika’daki memeli varlığının önemli bir
kanıtıdır. C) 20. yüzyılın sonlarındaki orman kaybı, bitki ve
hayvan türlerinin ortadan kaybolmasının başlıca
C) 21 milyon yaşındaki fosilleşmiş maymun nedenidir.
dişleri, Kuzey Amerika’da yaşamış olan ilkel türler
hakkında önemli ipuçları vermektedir. D) 20. yüzyılda hızlanan orman kaybının önemli
etkilerinden biri, bitki ve hayvan sayısının önemli
D) Panama Kanalı civarında bulunan 21 milyon ölçüde azalmasıdır.
yaşındaki maymun dişleri, ilk memelilerin Kuzey
Amerika’da yaşadıklarının önemli bir işaretidir. E) 20. yüzyılın sonlarında hızlanan orman
kaybının etkilerinden biri, birçok bitki ve hayvan
E) Kuzey Amerika’daki Panama Kanalı’nda şans türünün yok olmasıdır.
eseri bulunan 21 milyon yaşındaki maymun
dişleri, ilk memeli varlığının en önemli kanıtı 48. Modern bilimin kökleri Avrupa’da 1500-1750
kabul edilir. yılları arasında gerçekleşen hızlı bilimsel
gelişmelerde yatar.
46. The United Nations defines biotechnology as
any technological application that uses A) Modern science emerged thanks to rapid
biological systems to make or modify products. scientific developments that occurred in Europe
between roughly 1500 and 1750.
A) Biyoteknoloji, çeşitli ürünleri yapmak için
biyolojik sistemleri kullanan her türlü teknolojik B) The principles of modern science can be
uygulama olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. traced back to a period between 1500 and 1750
which witnessed significant developments.
B) Birleşmiş Milletlere göre, biyolojik sistem
teknolojisi, birçok ürünü yapmak ve değiştirmek C) A period of scientific development that
için geliştirilen önemli bir teknolojik uygulamadır. occurred in Europe between 1500 and 1750 is
considered to be the origins of modern science.
C) Birleşmiş Milletler, biyoteknolojiyi, birtakım
biyolojik ürünleri yapmak için kullanılan D) The origins of modern science lie in rapid
teknolojik bir uygulama olarak tanımlamaktadır. scientific developments that occurred in Europe
between 1500 and 1750.
D) Biyoteknoloji, ürünleri yapmak ve değiştirmek
için Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından da kullanan E) Modern science was born out of significant
teknolojik bir uygulama olarak sınıflandırılabilir. scientific developments that took place in Europe
between roughly 1500 and 1750.
E) Birleşmiş Milletler, biyoteknolojiyi, ürünleri
yapmak ya da değiştirmek için biyolojik sistemleri
kullanan her türlü teknolojik uygulama olarak
tanımlamaktadır.
49. Mühendislerden sadece işlerini yetkin bir 51. Gerekli türbinlerin kurulum maliyeti, rüzgâr
şekilde yerine getirmeleri değil, aynı zamanda gücünün yaygın kullanımının önünde her zaman
mühendisliğin ahlaki ve toplumsal etkilerinin de bir engel olmuştur.
farkında olmaları beklenmektedir.
A) Despite the installation cost of necessary
A) Engineers should not only perform their work turbines being inexpensive, wind power has
competently, but consider almost all ethical and never become widespread.
social aspects of their profession as well.
B) The installation cost of necessary turbines has
B) Engineers are expected to perform their work always been an obstacle to the widespread use
competently so that social issues of engineering of wind power.
can be handled appropriately.
C) Wind power has always been considered too
C) Engineers’ primary duty is that they should be expensive due to the installation cost of
competent and aware of the ethical and social necessary turbines.
effects of engineering.
D) The high installation cost of necessary
D) Engineers are supposed to perform their work turbines for wind power has hardly stopped us
competently and to know the ethical and social from using it widely.
effects of their decisions.
E) The widespread use of wind power has slowed
E) Engineers are expected not only to perform down because of the high installation cost of
their work competently but also to be aware of necessary turbines.
the ethical and social effects of engineering.
52. Evlerde kömür kullanımı da azaltılmadıkça,
50. Kızıl sincaplar, sonbaharda hatırlaması kolay Çin’in enerji santrallerinden karbon salınımını
yerlere gömdükleri yiyecek depolarına azaltma planları çok etkili olmayabilir.
güvendikleri için kış uykusuna yatmazlar.
A) China’s plans to reduce emissions from power
A) As they rely on the caches of food they buried plants will not be effective as long as the
in easy-to-remember sites in autumn, red household use of coal is encouraged.
squirrels do not hibernate.
B) China’s plans to reduce emissions from power
B) Relying on the food they buried in specific plants may not be effective if the use of health-
sites in autumn may cause red squirrels not to damaging coal is also reduced.
hibernate.
C) If household use of coal is also reduced,
C) Because red squirrels do not hibernate, they China’s plans to reduce emissions from power
usually bury the caches of food in easy-to- plants will have significant effects.
remember sites.
D) China’s plans to reduce harmful emissions
D) Red squirrels bury the caches of food in an from power plants will not be very effective if
easy-to-remember site in autumn in order not to people keep using coal for heating.
hibernate.
E) As long as the household use of coal is not also
E) Red squirrels cannot hibernate; as a result, reduced, China’s plans to reduce carbon emission
they have to bury their food in easy-to- from power plants may not be very effective.
remember sites in autumn.
53. 2017 yılında yayımlanan bir rapora göre, 55. Concorde, the fastest passenger aircraft of
Avrupa’daki kirlenmiş toprak miktarının 2025 its time, cruised at speeds of over 2,180
yılına kadar %50 artması beklenmektedir. kilometres per hour – twice the speed of sound.
At half that speed, it would break the sound
A) A report of 2017 suggested that the total barrier, generating an enormous double sonic
amount of polluted soil in Europe is estimated to boom that could be heard for miles. This
increase by nearly 50% in 2025. incredibly loud noise led to a worldwide ban on
continental supersonic flights. ---- . To achieve
B) According to a number of reports issued in this, it has announced plans to develop a ‘low
2017, the amount of polluted soil is considered boom’ aircraft, which generates a soft thump as
to increase nearly by 50% in 2025. it breaks the sound barrier, rather than a
disruptive boom.
C) According to a report issued in 2017, the
amount of polluted soil in Europe is expected to A) Scientists used to work on a project to stop
increase by 50% by 2025. shockwaves generated by supersonic aircrafts
B) Shockwaves move away from the aircraft in all
D) In 2017, certain reports stated that the directions and travel at the speed of sound
surface area of polluted soil in Europe will have C) In 2016, a group of engineers wanted to start
increased by up to 50% by 2025. a new spacecraft project, but they could not
afford it
E) A report issued in 2017 stated that the surface D) Now, NASA hopes to bring back supersonic
area of polluted soil in Europe will probably passenger air travel by making flights greener,
increase by 50% by 2025. safer and quieter
E) These factors contributed to the aircraft’s
54. Soyuz is the oldest spacecraft still in unexpected worldwide failure at the beginning
operation. ---- . Since then, this spacecraft has
carried more people to orbit and back than any 56. The oyster has a hard outer wall known as a
other spacecraft. While not immune to its own mantle, which covers and protects certain
set of disasters and setbacks, Soyuz is organs. When an intruder such as a grain of
nevertheless the safest and most cost-effective sand enters an oyster’s shell, it irritates the
spacecraft ever built. As of 2018, it is the only oyster. Therefore, the oyster promptly covers
way to get warm bodies up to the International the foreign object with a mineral substance
Space Station and back, and is used by both the called nacre. The oyster coats it with more and
Russians and the Americans. more nacre until it forms a pearl. ---- .Pearl
‘farmers’ can harvest pearls by triggering this
A) A parachute failure caused the module to response by inserting a grain of sand into the
crash shell.
B) It might be used as an emergency ferry at all
times A) But oysters can produce pearls in a very short
C) Some astronauts complain that it has become period of time
old-fashioned B) For example, producing pearls in this way
D) It was built by the Korolyov Design Bureau in helps them to expand their life spans
the 1960s C) Recently, biologists have found that oysters
E) Americans plan to land on Mars before 2020 produce nacre from their shells
D) So, the ecosystem where species like oysters
live is still in danger of being polluted
E) The shiny spheres are thus actually the
product of an immune response
57. The field of electric power is concerned with 59. ---. Scientists have discovered ways in which
the design and operation of systems for these signals can be picked up by sensors and
generating, transmitting, and distributing sent wirelessly to other electrical devices,
electric power. ---- . One of these is the ability to making it possible for a person to move or alter
transmit power at extremely high voltages in objects by thought alone. Most research in this
both the direct current and alternating current field is directed toward developing devices to
modes, reducing power losses. Another is the help people with nervous-system injuries regain
real-time digital control of power generation, the use of paralyzed limbs. The technology has
transmission, and distribution, thereby also been picked up by some computer-game
optimizing the efficiency of the system while it manufacturers, who have produced games that
is in operation. can be played using thought power.

A) Electronics and electric power have chosen A) As biotechnology advances, it generates

different paths as they have developed ethical and social issues as well
B) Throughout history, man-made objects have B) To many scientists, it seems hard to develop
played an important part in civilizations systems that are as flexible as the human brain
C) Engineers working in this field have made C) Software can now compete on even terms
several developments since the 1970s with the best chess players
D) The principle of electromagnetic induction D) When a person is thinking, the brain produces
was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831 electrical signals
E) Information is now generated, transmitted, E) However, computer game manufacturers use
received, and stored electronically these advances

58. Sound is stored in one of two basic ways, 60. (I) The literal meaning of carnivorous is ‘meat
called formats. The first format stores sound in eating’. (II) When this definition is applied to
a form that resembles the original sound wave plants, it evokes visions of snarling green jaws
and is known as analogue recording. snapping at nearby animal life. (III) Although the
---- . The second format is digital recording vision is vivid, it is not in keeping with reality. (IV)
which represents a sound wave as a series of Most plants are cunning in their means of
numbers. Computer drives use the position of entrapping animal prey and have evolved
magnetic particles to define these numbers. A sophisticated means of digesting it. (V) Common
number of digital formats exist, and they names used for plants can be confusing because
determine the quality of the recorded sound, the same plant may be called by different names
and the number of channels of sound playback. in different geographic areas.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
A) The term ‘format’ is also used to describe the
number of channels, or streams of sound 61. (I) One of the most important types of
B) This format is called analogue because the acceleration is the acceleration caused by
form of the sound wave in the recording is gravity. (II) The history of the universe is
analogous to the original waveform essentially a story about the interplay between
C) Two of the most common formats are matter and energy. (III) Interactions between
monaural, or mono, and stereophonic, or stereo these two began in the Big Bang (IV) They still
D) When they are played, the sounds from these exist today in everything from the microscopic
two separate channels combine in the air moving of atoms to huge collisions of galaxies.
E) They were really popular in the 1970s, mainly (V) Understanding the universe, therefore,
because they were easy to access then depends on becoming familiar with how matter
responds to the flow of energy.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
62. (I) Ancient people used various methods to Since its construction, at least 1300 people have killed
preserve food for a long time. (II) Making themselves by jumping off the Golden Gate Bridge in San
cucumber pickles is a long process with two Francisco. In 1940, the Board of Directors discussed an
stages. (III) First, the salt in the vinegar mix takes “anti-suicide screen” but decided against it. In 2008, they
the water out of the cucumbers. (IV) Second, voted 14 to 1 to install a stainless steel net but this time
good lactobacilli bacteria already living on the serious public disagreement led to a cancellation in
cucumbers convert sugars into lactic acid, which construction. While the proponents of the project tended
preserves the produce and adds spiciness. (V) A to disregard aesthetic considerations, those against the
clean cloth or cheesecloth secured with a rubber barrier believed the bridge had always been praised for
band vents gases from fermentation and forms a its transparency and any barrier design would destroy the
barrier to mold and harmful bacteria, and after a view. In addition, opponents claimed a suicide barrier
couple weeks in the jar, the fermented pickles would not be effective, since people who wanted to kill
are ready. themselves would simply go somewhere else. However,
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V those favouring the project claimed most suicidal people
act on an impulse and, when prevented from actually
63. (I) Most graphics systems provide a keyboard killing themselves, often seek help instead of ending their
and at least one other input device. (II) The most lives. When it came to financial concerns, the barrier did
common input devices are the mouse, the not seem worth the costs to the opponents, whereas the
joystick, and the data tablet. (III) Each provides proponents reacted by saying the value of a human life
positional information to the system, and each cannot be expressed in monetary terms.
usually is equipped with one or more buttons to
provide signals to the processor. (IV) They are 66. It is clear from the text that ----- .
often called pointing devices and they allow a A) state authorities agreed to install anti-suicide netting
user to indicate a particular location on the but they could not afford it
display. (V) They need to create new games for B) there has been no agreement on the best way to
game fans regularly. address suicide attempts at the Golden Gate Bridge
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V C) the bridge is under construction now despite some
opponents
64. (I) The most basic motions of Earth are its D) a great number of people had been prevented from
daily rotation and its yearly orbit around the Sun. committing suicide by 2008
(II) Our entire solar system is actually on a very E) the authorities inspected some other bridges with
long journey within the Milky Way Galaxy. (III) It similar designs before reaching a verdict
rotates once each day around its axis, which is
the imaginary line connecting the North Pole to 67. According to the text, some people were against the
the South Pole. (IV) As viewed from above the installation of a barrier since ---- .
North Pole, the movement is counter clockwise. A) the project required structural change in the bridge
(V) Although we do not feel any obvious effects and brought additional cost
from Earth’s rotation, the speed of it is B) suicide from the bridge was neither possible nor
substantial. probable as the bridge was difficult to climb
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V C) it would prevent the public from noticing people who
were about to commit suicide
65. (I) Most meditation is done sitting down in D) people who were stopped when they were about to
special postures, such as the full or half lotus in end their lives would usually seek psychological help
which both feet, or just one foot, rests on the E) they believed people had free will and one should not
opposite thigh. (II) However, many people interfere with people’s decisions to end their own lives
meditate in simpler positions, using firm
cushions, or sitting on a low bench with their feet 68. The text is mainly about ----- .
tucked underneath. (III) In meditation there are A) contradictory viewpoints regarding the Golden Gate
always two dangers; either becoming drowsy and Bridge suicide barrier
falling asleep, or becoming agitated by B) an inquiry into the pros and cons of the construction of
distracting thoughts or discomfort. (IV) There is the Golden Gate Bridge
nothing magical about these positions. (V) They C) cost-benefit and risk analysis prior to the construction
all have the same aim; to provide a posture that of a bridge in San Francisco
is both relaxed and alert. D) the cost of redesigning bridges for public use in the
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V city of San Francisco
E) social and ethical issues that arose during construction
of the Golden Gate Bridge
An increase in temperature of a few degrees Driving is a much more complex activity than most
might not sound so bad, but small changes in people think. It involves a wide range of skills and
average temperature can lead to much more actions. Some of them are easier to automate than
dramatic changes in climate patterns. These others. Maintaining speed on an open road is simple,
changes will cause some regions to warm much which is why standard cruise control systems have
more than the average, while other regions may been doing it automatically for a long time. Besides
cool. Polar regions will warm the most, causing lane-keeping systems, adaptive cruise control
polar ice to melt. This is clearly threatening to the systems that keep proper speed and spacing behind
species of these regions, but it also warms the other vehicles are also widely available. However, it
oceans everywhere and changes their salt content will be an enormous jump from such systems to fully
as melting ice pours fresh water into the sea. The automated driving, which is still something we can
fact that the waters of the Gulf of Mexico are at only have in science-fiction films. The automotive
their warmest level in at least a century may be industry and the media have made a mess of the
contributing to the greater strength of hurricanes terminology used to talk about automated driverless
that have recently blown out of the Caribbean. systems. The terms ‘autonomous’, ‘driverless’ and
More generally, overall warming of the ‘self-driving’ confuse more than they enlighten. To
atmosphere will increase evaporation from the clear things up, scientists have defined different
oceans, leading to numerous and intense storms; levels of automation. They arranged them on a
ironically, this means that global warming could ladder of decreasing dependence on the driver.
mean more severe winter blizzards.
72. According to the text, the technical terms used
69. It is clear from the text that ----- . by automotive manufacturers and the press ---- .
A) because of the change in temperature, most A) set an important safety target for automated
areas will become desert-like driving systems
B) low temperature is a sign of disasters such as B) cause confusion among the public about
hurricanes automated driverless systems
C) some areas are warmer because of the increase C) sound futuristic, like having your own personal
in the salt level in seas electronic chauffeur
D) even the slightest changes in temperature can D) will bring automated valet-parking systems in the
affect climate patterns near future
E) a few degrees’ increase in temperature is better E) are only related to autopilot in specific scenarios,
than a decrease such as freeway traffic jams

70. It is stated in the text that the reason for the 73. We understand from the text that ----.
change in the salt content of seas is that ---- . A) the terminology used for self-driving cars is widely
A) more fresh water will flow into the seas due to agreed upon
melting polar ice B) few people think driving is an easy task to execute
B) the water in seas will evaporate, causing storms C) there is still a long way to go before we can switch
and hurricanes to fully automated cars
C) some regions like the Caribbean are likely to get D) the production of smart cars will have to end
much more rain before long
D) endangered species in polar regions will E) the safety of modern car systems is still under
become extinct debate
E) climate patterns across the world may cause
certain regions to get cooler 74. It is clear from the text that ---- .
A) cruise control systems have been used for many
71. The text is mainly about ----. years
A) to what extent increases in temperature are B) steering control will depend more on drivers soon
affecting marine life C) steering control must be affordable for the
B) how the Gulf of Mexico is affected by an general public
increase in temperature D) lane-keeping systems will disappear in the
C) climate change and its influence on animals in future
polar regions E) governments encourage fully automated
D) how we can help protect the environment driving projects
E) the consequences of changes in temperatures
across the world
The ozone layer protects life on Earth, and Dreams have long been regarded as prophetic
without ozone, the world as we know it would communications which enable us to foretell the
not exist. Ozone is a key element of the future. There is absolutely no scientific evidence
atmosphere, the blanket of gases surrounding our for this theory and considerable scientific
planet that is made up of discernable layers, evidence against it. It is certainly true that
which differ in temperature, density, and gas individuals who are concerned about a traumatic
composition. The lowest level, the troposphere, event, such as the threat of the loss of a loved
extends about 11 km up from Earth’s surface. This one who is sick, will dream about that loved one
level is familiar to us: it is the air we breathe and more often. We know from our experiments that
where our weather occurs. The next level in the it is possible to influence dream content simply by
atmospheric blanket, the stratosphere, rises to 50 having a subject in mind while going to sleep.
km above Earth’s surface. The stratosphere is Therefore, dreaming about a loved one at a time
much less dense than the troposphere but when that loved one’s life is threatened is not
contains a ‘layer’ of ozone – abbreviated as O3 surprising. If the dreamer then calls and finds that
because it contains three oxygen atoms – a region the individual has died, it is understandable for
where most of the atmosphere’s ozone is found. him or her to assume that the dream was an early
warning of that death. But this is a mistake. It is
75. It is clear from the text that ----- . simply a coincidental correspondence between a
A) the stratosphere has the least ozone compared situation about which one has legitimate and
to the other layers intense concern and the occurrence of the event
B) the stratosphere is much closer to the Earth that one fears.
than the troposphere
C) the gases surrounding the Earth vary in density 78. The text is mainly about ---- .
and content A) the significance of dreams in ancient cultures
D) the layers that make up the ozone layer have B) why people frequently dream of their loved
not been fully observed ones
E) all the layers in the atmosphere have almost C) the association between dreams and reality
the same features D) how we can control our dreams to know about
the future
76. According to the text, one of the reasons we E) a proven theory about dreaming and its effects
know the troposphere well is that it ----- .
A) contains the most vital ozone type 79. According to the text, ---- .
B) protects life on Earth better than the other A) the form and content of our dreams are
layers inseparable
C) extends about 50 km up from Earth’s surface B) science can help prove the prophetic quality of
D) is much thicker than the other layers dreaming
E) contains the air we inhale and exhale C) our daily routine has no significant effect on
the content of dreams
77. We can infer from the text that ---- . D) concerns about traumatic events may
A) the ozone layer is a single body with no determine the content of our dreams
discernible layers E) modern science has never been interested in
B) the ozone layer makes the world habitable for content of dreams
every living species
C) weather phenomena occur in the highest level 80. From the text, we can clearly understand
of the atmosphere that ---- .
D) the density of the ozone layer changes A) most of our dreams tell us that we will lose one
seasonally of our loved ones soon
E) there are two atmospheric layers between the B) people who have never had sleep problems
Earth and the troposphere can have lucid dreams
C) some incidents may make people think dreams
are indicators of a future event
D) most people can remember their dreams quite
easily
E) there is a certain relation between mental
health and dreaming
 DENEME 3 7. The study of ecosystems ---- increasingly
sophisticated in the 20th century, and today it
1. ---- the benefits of genetic engineering in food ---- us investigate and control the environmental
production, many individuals express concerns effects of industrialization.
regarding the ethics of the new technology and its effect A) has become / has helped
on food safety. B) became / helps
A) In spite of C) becomes / is helping
B) Similar to D) was becoming / helped
C) As far as E) had become / was helping
D) As a result of
E) Owing to 8. Every precaution should be taken to protect
groundwater purity, because once
2. Some bacteria ---- nitrogen and carbon from decaying contaminated, groundwater is difficult,
organic matter, and then release these gases into the expensive, and sometimes impossible to ---- .
atmosphere to be reused by other living things. A) cool down
A) defend B) stay out
B) fail C) pass away
C) recycle D) clean up
D) delete E) heat up
E) confuse
9. Amphibians, reptiles, and most fish are known
3. In Brazil, the Renca reserve covers 46,000 square as poikilothermic, which means that their body
kilometers and has untouched forests ---- several temperature is always ---- that of their
valuable minerals, including gold. environment.
A) like A) too much
B) as well as B) much more
C) because of C) as many as
D) such as D) too many
E) even if E) the same as

4. According to recent studies, your biological clock can 10. Hydrogen ---- so easy to make (one just adds
be confused ---- you are affected by bright computer a metal to an acid) that it ---- as early as the late
light right before bedtime. 15th century.
A) but A) was / is being known
B) besides B) has been / will be known
C) though C) is / was known
D) if D) will be / is known
E) otherwise E) had been / has been known

5. Vietnam, which borders the South China Sea, has a 11. Plastics are synthetic materials that can be
moist, tropical climate, and its highlands are ---- turned ---- various shapes, and they have many
forested. applications ---- engineering.
A) excitedly A) on / to
B) publicly B) for / off
C) easily C) at / from
D) regularly D) into / in
E) densely E) over / on

6. The Earth has a unique set of characteristics to 12. Much of the arctic tundra is permanently -----
support life; for instance, it is ---- too hot, like Mercury, ground, and only its active layer melts during the
the closest planet to the Sun, ---- too cold, like distant growing season.
Mars. A) close
A) neither / nor B) early
B) more / than C) frozen
C) so / as D) thin
D) as / well E) outdoor
E) both / and
13. The ozone hole is potentially dangerous ---- 19. The largest known prime number, with more
the ozone in the atmosphere prevents much of than 23 million digits, ---- in December 2017 by
the Sun’s dangerous ultraviolet light from an electrical engineer called Jonathan Pace.
reaching Earth. A) is discovered
A) because B) was discovered
B) until C) was discovering
C) for instance D) had discovered
D) consequently E) discovered
E) nevertheless
20. Fat cells contain enzymes that can break
14. Although cholesterol was isolated as early as down fat into glycerol and fatty acids, ---- can be
the 1700s, productive research into its structure transported in the blood to the liver.
did not begin ---- the 20th century. A) whether
A) for B) how
B) until C) which
C) last D) what
D) while E) where
E) since

15. Recently, biologists ---- mini-kidneys that can

produce urine, which ---- a big step toward
repairing damaged organs.
A) can grow / had been
B) had grown / will be
C) used to grow / has been
D) are growing / was
E) have grown / is

16. In a natural disaster, seconds of warning are

really vital; ---- , scientists use the latest
advances to try to predict when it will happen.
A) therefore
B) so that
C) however
D) likewise
E) in contrast

17. Pure water does not exist in nature as it

always has some minerals or other ---- dissolved
in it.
A) expeditions
B) comments
C) imitations
D) substances
E) advantages

18. In animals, many metabolites are obtained

by the digestion of food, ---- in plants, only the
basic starting materials, such as water and
minerals, are externally derived.
A) even after
B) in other words
C) whereas
D) just as
E) moreover
Overpopulation, climate change, ---21--- of Scientists in Japan have built an early prototype
biodiversity, lack of fresh water supply, and of a device that (26)--- your skin into a computer
pollution are key environmental issues that Earth display. The device is (27)--- polymer light-
is facing today. What happens when all these emitting diodes (LED) that are just three
resources eventually ---22--- completely? Well, micrometers thick. It is also equipped (28)---
the good news is that scientists have recently organic photodetectors. In the concept test, the
discovered a new habitable exoplanet that is University of Tokyo researchers put the LEDs on a
similar to Earth – Proxima-B. ---23--- the search flexible rubber sublayer and connected them to a
for life and other possible habitable planets has sensor (29)--- measures blood oxygen levels.
always captivated scientists and researchers, it Then, they attached them to a human hand using
was only in recent years that advanced telescope some thin plastic. If you (30)--- the thin plastic,
technology has been made available to detect the effect is somewhat similar to having an LED
planets outside of our solar system. An optical tattoo. It is hoped that the technology will be
reflecting telescope, ---24---, helped scientists used to make wearable devices much less bulky
observe Proxima-B and its orbiting star this year. and annoying.
However, even ---25--- the latest technological
advancements, it would still take 70,000 years for 26.
us to get there. A) could change
B) had changed
21. C) used to change
A) loss D) changed
B) objection E) had to change
C) extent
D) path 27.
E) relief A) pointed out
B) put up with
22. C) taken off
A) bump into D) turned back
B) put off E) made up of
C) make up
D) run out 28.
E) turn down A) into
B) with
23. C) after
A) But D) under
B) When E) off
C) If
D) As long as 29.
E) Though A) how
B) why
24. C) when
A) on the contrary D) that
B) in contrast E) where
C) for example
D) on the other hand 30.
E) as though A) ignore
B) had ignored
25. C) ignored
A) on B) with D) will ignore
C) in D) about E) would ignore
E) down
 35. The embryo has three primary layers that
31. The innermost part of Earth is far too deep to undergo many interactions ---- .
investigate directly, ---- . A) in order to evolve into organ, bone, muscle,
A) because these experiments can provide a skin, or neural tissue
window into what Earth’s interior was like soon B) because the nervous system of an adult
after it first formed contains a vast array of cell types
B) while a research team subjected alloys of iron C) while there is an enormous gap between
and nickel mixed with silicon to high pressures humans and insects
and temperatures D) although the brain is a cellular machine that
C) so, instead, scientists study how seismic waves acts as an organizer
pass through this region to learn something of its E) due to the movement and processing of
makeup information in an adult brain
D) for example, the Earth’s core is mainly
composed of iron and nickel 36. ---- , they need their habitats to remain
E) this discovery could help us to better stable over a long time.
understand how our world formed A) As long as there is enough food to feed their
offspring
32. Whereas large-leaved plants like bananas B) If parasites modified the behavior of their
usually grow in the tropics, ---- . hosts
A) day and night temperatures affect their sizes C) Since many organisms in deep seas grow very
B) they take in more of the sun’s heat slowly
C) plants with large leaves survive tropical D) Although certain animals are still being kept in
climates zoos
D) plants with small leaves tend to be found E) When it recognizes that it is under serious
closer to the poles threat
E) large-leaved trees can cool down a lot faster
37. The concerns about the ozone hole began to
33. As people live longer, their ability to fight rise in the mid-1980s, ---- .
infectious agents is impaired; ---- . A) when British scientists noticed it was widening
A) similarly, diseases that were widespread have B) before the ozone hole was first discovered in
already been wiped out across many regions the 1950s
B) instead, as lifestyles of people change, new C) so the outcomes of the scientific studies are
opportunities arise for deadly agents to infect satisfying
them D) if every nation in the world signed the
C) for instance, the bacteria causing Lyme disease Montreal Protocol
have only been isolated in the past few decades E) as the hole in the ozone over the Antarctic is
D) however, they develop a tendency to identify closing
the causative agents of infectious diseases
E) as a result, the organisms that are usually 38. Although much is now understood about
unable to cause disease become potentially ants and their social structures, ---- .
deadly agents A) it is a type of insect that follows its genetic
codes to look for food
34. Technical advances of the 19th century B) they work together to build remarkably
broadened the field of engineering; ---- . complex structures
A) in contrast, mechanical engineering was C) an ant colony can consist of hundreds to
recognized as a separate branch millions of individual ants
B) this was done by introducing a large number of D) scientists can still fully explain neither their
engineering specialties individual nor group behavior
C) however, they apply scientific and engineering E) ant colonies provide some significant examples
skills to technical problems of complex systems
D) thus, the term “engineer” also defines a
person who has received training
E) as a result, large-scale construction work
started before the 18th century
39. Water occurs as rain clouds, consisting of 42. Hydrogen is the most abundant element
water droplets; ---- . found in the universe, and, therefore, it is
A) as a result, minerals in solution must be considered by many people to be the clean fuel
sanitized on a regular basis of the future.
B) however, hydrology is the science concerned A) Hidrojen, evrende bol bulunan bir element
with the distribution of water olduğu için çoğu kişi hidrojenin geleceğin temiz
C) therefore, blood in animals and people as well yakıtı olacağını düşünüyor.
as sap in plants consist of water
D) for example, it has the capacity to freeze and B) İnsanlar tarafından geleceğin temiz yakıtı
melt at any given time olarak görülen hidrojen, evrende bol miktarda
E) in addition, it also appears in the form of bulunan elementtir.
swamps, lakes, rivers, and oceans
C) Evrende en kolay şekilde ulaşılan element
40. ---- , but they can continue to do this only to hidrojendir ve bu yüzden bu element geleceğin
the degree that humans’ environmental impact temiz yakıtı olarak düşünülmektedir.
will allow.
A) A customer may prefer environmentally- D) Hidrojen, evrende bol olan elementtir ve çoğu
friendly products nowadays insan, hidrojeni geleceğin en temiz yakıtı olarak
B) Ecosystems provide us with valuable and adlandırır.
sometimes irreplaceable resources
C) The recent rise in the price of the oil is E) Hidrojen, evrende en bol miktarda bulunan
expected to cause more unemployment elementtir ve bu yüzden çoğu kişi tarafından
D) The number of animal species is declining too geleceğin temiz yakıtı olarak düşünülür.
fast to prevent it all around the world
E) This neighborhood used to be a good place to 43. A logical system for scientific methods was
raise your children first put forward by the English philosopher
Francis Bacon in the early 17th century.
41. The immune system, like the brain, differs in
sophistication in different animals, ---- . A) Mantıksal bir sistemi olan bilimsel yöntemler,
A) the most important component of which is the ilk kez 17. yüzyılın başında İngiliz filozof Francis
white blood cell Bacon tarafından çalışılmıştır.
B) which consists of many different types of cells
distributed over the entire body B) İngiliz filozof Francis Bacon, mantığın ancak
C) but the overall principles are the same across bilimsel yöntemlerle açıklanabileceğini 17.
many species yüzyılın başlarında öne sürmüştür.
D) so it only attacks foreign pathogens with the
goal of preventing harm to the body C) Bilimsel yöntemler için mantıksal bir sistem, ilk
E) whereas many types of cells participate in the kez 17. yüzyılın başında İngiliz filozof Francis
orchestration of the immune response Bacon tarafından öne sürülmüştür.

D) Bilimsel yöntemler için mantıksal bir sistemin,

17. yüzyılın başında İngiliz filozof Francis Bacon
tarafından öne sürüldüğü kabul edilir.

E) Bilimsel yöntemleri tanımlamak için bir mantık

sistemi kuran İngiliz Francis Bacon, 17. yüzyıl
başında yaşamış İngiliz filozoftu.
44. It is difficult for scientists to detect and 46. Using electronic devices, such as a mobile
understand dark matter as it does not interact phone, before bedtime inhibits the release of
with magnetic force. melatonin hormone and increases the level of
stress.
A) Manyetik güçle etkileşime geçmediği için,
karanlık maddenin tespit edilmesi ve anlaşılması A) Cep telefonlarının yatmadan önce
oldukça zordur. kullanılmasının, melatonin hormonunun
salgılanmasını durdurduğu ve stres seviyesini
B) Manyetik güçle etkileşime geçmeyen karanlık arttırdığı ortaya konmuştur.
madde, bilim insanları tarafından zorlukla
keşfedilmiş ve anlaşılmıştır. B) Yatmadan önce cep telefonu ve diğer elektronik
cihazların kullanımı, melatonin hormonunun
C) Bilim insanları zor da olsa manyetik güçle salgılanmasını durdurarak stres seviyesini artırabilir.
etkileşime geçmeyen karanlık maddeyi keşfetmiş
ve onu anlamışlardır. C) Yatmadan önce cep telefonu gibi elektronik
cihazları kullanırsak, melatonin hormonunun
D) Manyetik güçle etkileşime geçmediği için, salgılayamayız ve stres seviyemiz artar.
karanlık maddeyi tespit etmek ve anlamak bilim
insanları için zordur. D) Yatmadan önce cep telefonu gibi elektronik
cihazların kullanılması, melatonin hormonunun
E) Karanlık maddenin bilim insanları tarafından salgılanmasını engeller ve stres seviyesini artırır.
tespiti zordur, çünkü manyetik güçle hiç
etkileşime geçmemiştir. E) Melatonin hormonunun salgılanmasını engelleyen
şeylerden biri de yatmadan önce cep telefonu gibi
45. The brain consumes more oxygen than other elektronik cihazların kullanımıdır.
organs in the body, which makes it extremely
susceptible to damage related to oxygen 47. When a developing fetus or young child is
deficiency. constantly exposed to arsenic, some health issues
may develop quickly, but other problems may not
A) Oksijen yetmezliği ile ilgili hasarlara karşı aşırı show up until later periods in life.
hassas olan beyin, vücuttaki tüm organlardan
daha fazla oksijene ihtiyaç duyar. A) Gelişmekte olan bir fetüs ya da küçük bir çocuk
sürekli arseniğe maruz kaldığında, bazı sağlık
B) Beyin, vücuttaki diğer bütün organların sorunları hızla gelişebilir, fakat diğer problemler
toplamından daha fazla oksijen tüketir, bu hayatın sonraki dönemlerine kadar ortaya
nedenle oksijen yetmezliği beyin için çok büyük çıkmayabilir.
bir problem olabilir.
B) Arseniğe maruz kaldığında bir fetüsün ya da
C) Beyin, diğer organlardan çok daha fazla oksijen küçük bir çocuğun bazı sağlık sorunları ile karşılaşma
tüketir, bu durum onu oksijen yetmezliğinden ihtimali çok yüksek olabilir, ancak bazıları da bu
kaynaklanan hasarlara karşı zayıf hâle getirebilir. sorunlarla hayatları boyunca karşılaşmayabilir.

D) Vücutta en fazla oksijen tüketen organlardan C) Sürekli olarak arseniğe maruz kalan bir fetüs ya da
biri olan beyin, oksijen yetmezliği ile ilgili küçük bir çocukta sağlık sorunları gelişebilir, fakat
hasarlara karşı oldukça savunmasızdır. diğerleri hayatın sonraki dönemlerine kadar ortaya
çıkmayabilir.
E) Beyin, vücuttaki diğer organlardan daha fazla
oksijen tüketir, bu da onu oksijen yetmezliği ile D) Gelişmeye devam eden bir fetüs ya da küçük bir
ilgili hasarlara karşı aşırı hassas hâle getirir. çocuk arseniğe maruz kaldığında, bazı sağlık
sorunları ile karşılaşabilir, fakat diğerleri hayatının
sonuna kadar ortaya çıkmayabilir.

E) Gelişmekte olan bir fetüsün ya da küçük bir

çocuğun bazı sağlık sorunları yaşayabilmesinin
sebeplerinden biri sürekli olarak arseniğe maruz
bırakılması olabilir, ancak bu sorun yaşayacağı
anlamına gelmez.
48. Yarı iletken plastikten yapılan düşük 50. Yeryüzündeki sıcaklık deniz seviyesinde
maliyetli alıcılar, nörolojik hastalıklar gibi çeşitli ortalama 15°C derecedir; ancak bu enleme,
sağlık problemlerini teşhis etmek veya yüksekliğe, mevsime ve günün saatine göre
gözlemlemek için kullanılabilir. değişiklik gösterir.

A) Low-cost sensors that are made from A) Latitude, elevation, season, and time of day
semiconducting plastic will likely be used to determine the temperature on Earth, but it
diagnose or monitor health problems, like usually averages 15°C at sea level.
neurological diseases.
B) The temperature on Earth is measured 15°C on
B) Low-cost sensors made from semiconducting average at sea level; however, it may vary as a
plastic could be used to diagnose or monitor result of seasonal and timely changes.
various health problems, like neurological
diseases. C) The temperature on Earth averages 15°C at sea
level; however, it varies according to latitude,
C) Neurological diseases may be diagnosed with elevation, season, and time of day.
low-cost sensors made from semiconducting
plastic, but monitoring them requires more D) The temperature at sea level averages 15°C;
advanced devices. however, it may vary according to latitude,
elevation, season, and time of day.
D) Low-cost sensors made from semiconducting
plastic help diagnose or monitor various health E) The temperature on Earth varies according to
problems, like neurological diseases. latitude, elevation, and season; but it is usually
about 15°C at sea level during the day.
E) Low-cost sensors are made from
semiconducting plastic that could cause a wide 51. İnsanlar günlük yaşamlarında bir evin
range of health problems, such as neurological duvarları için ne kadar boyanın gerekli olduğunu
diseases. hesaplamak gibi işler için geometri formüllerine
ihtiyaç duyarlar.
49. Fırtınaların sıklığında ve şiddetindeki olası
değişikliklerin deniz yaşamı üzerinde son derece A) People need geometric formulas in everyday
zararlı etkileri olabilir. life for tasks, such as calculating how much paint
is necessary for the walls of a house.
A) Marine life is affected negatively by potential
changes in the frequency and intensity of harmful B) In order to carry out certain tasks in everyday
storms. life, like calculating how much paint will be
needed for the walls of a house, people need
B) The frequency and intensity of storms around certain geometric formulas.
the world could change the potential cycle of
marine life. C) Geometric formulas are required for tasks in
everyday life, such as calculating how much paint
C) Marine life has never been affected by the is necessary for all the walls of a house.
potential changes in the frequency and intensity
of storms. D) People need to know geometric formulas in
order to carry out tasks, such as calculating how
D) Potential changes in the frequency and much paint they will need to cover the walls of a
intensity of storms may dramatically affect the house.
diversity of marine life.
E) It is necessary for people to know geometric
E) Potential changes in the frequency and formulas when they perform tasks, such as
intensity of storms may have extremely harmful calculating how much paint is necessary for the
effects on marine life. walls of a house.
52. 1920’lere kadar, radyasyonla ilgili çoğu 54. Many bacteria are anaerobic; that is, they do
çalışma, radyoaktif mineraller ya da x ışınları gibi not consume oxygen and, indeed, are opposed
insan yapımı elektromanyetik radyasyon ile to it. ---- . The atmosphere at that time was
ilgiliydi. probably a mixture of nitrogen with gases such
as carbon monoxide and water vapor, or
A) Until the 1920s, most studies of radiation were perhaps methane. These primitive bacteria
concerned with radioactive minerals other than needed some source of energy to drive their
electromagnetic radiation, such as x-rays. biochemical processes, and some researchers
believe they may have at first found this source
B) Until the 1920s, many scientists preferred to in the heat and chemical energy of undersea
conduct research into radioactive minerals or volcanoes.
electromagnetic radiation, such as x-rays.
A) All living organisms need oxygen to sustain life
C) Radioactive minerals or man-made in their surroundings
electromagnetic radiation, such as x-rays, were B) When life began, over 3.8 billion years ago, the
the main fields of study until the 1920s. first cells were also anaerobic
C) At an early stage in biological life, sunlight was
D) Until the 1920s, most studies of radiation were the only source of energy
related to radioactive minerals or man-made D) There is no known geological process that can
electromagnetic radiation, such as x-rays. maintain a high level of oxygen
E) A planet with an oxygen blanket could support
E) Until the 1920s, studies of radiation were life but does not necessarily do so
generally related to radioactive minerals and
man-made electromagnetic radiation like x-rays. 55. The brain receives a constant stream of
information as electrical impulses from neurons
53. Bir inşaat mühendisi, genellikle diğer in the sense organs. ---- . If it is irrelevant, it is
mühendislik alanlarının temel bilgisine ihtiyaç allowed to fade away, and we are not conscious
duyar, çünkü çoğu mühendislik konuları of it. However, if it is novel or important, the
birbiriyle bağlantılıdır. brain amplifies the signals, causing them to be
represented in various regions. If this activity is
A) Most engineering issues are generally sustained for long enough, it will result in a
interrelated; therefore, civil engineers need conscious experience. In some cases, thoughts
knowledge of other basic engineering fields. are taken one step further, and the brain
instructs the body to act on them, by sending
B) A civil engineer usually needs basic knowledge signals to the muscles to make them contract.
of other engineering fields, because most
engineering issues are interrelated. A) No one knows exactly how electrical activity in
the brain turns into experience
C) A civil engineer usually needs certain basic B) Unconscious brain processing, however, guides
knowledge of other engineering fields because it and sometimes initiates actions
is essential to deal with related issues. C) The first thing it does is to determine whether
the information requires attention
D) A basic knowledge of various engineering fields D) They respond to stimuli in much the same way:
is essential for a civil engineer as many they generate electrical signals
engineering issues seem interrelated. E) The primary task of the brain is to maintain the
whole body in an optimal state
E) The basic aim of civil engineers is to have basic
knowledge of other engineering fields, as they
apply it on an interrelated issue.
56. Buildings that can change shape in a split
second or fold into a bag. It sounds futuristic,
but the technology is within reach, since
scientists from Harvard University have
managed to develop a material that can change
size, shape, and volume on command. The very
strong material can also change its hardness to
become either bendable or completely
inflexible. ---- . The new material is, however,
not made of paper, but rather of the artificial
material polyethylene, which is folded into a
cube with two missing sides and combined with
other, completely identical cubes.

A) The scientists were inspired by the traditional

Japanese art form of origami, or the art of paper
folding
B) The material will also react to electric
impulses, so it can more easily change shape in
the field
C) The paper house invented by the scientists can
be folded along all edges, and it changes volume
D) It can be used for a number of different
purposes, such as building refugee camps or even
spacecraft
E) It changes shape by means of pressurized air,
which forces the building blocks to change shape
57. Cyberattacks will become more common in 59. For decades, genetics taught us a simple
the years ahead. That is not just a problem for truth: Each cell in our body, at some point in its
big companies and governments: every person development, contains the blueprint that tells
who uses modern technology is a target. At risk us how to grow. ---- . A group of researchers
is not abstract data or “secrets”. Cybersecurity is from Harvard University now says that tiny
now about protecting things, infrastructures, bioelectric signals surging through and among
and processes that support modern life. our cells act as an instruction to kick-start gene
Governments and technology companies cannot expression. These signals point cells in the right
secure cyberspace alone. It will take a collective direction as they start to grow into a heart or a
immune system to do the job. Individuals also hair follicle, and influence the shape and
have a role to play. ---- . function of the body.

A) In the coming years, cyberattacks will almost A) Moreover, it is quite similar to a human body
certainly increase, and that will be a serious B) A cell consists of cytoplasm and a nucleus
problem for all of us C) These scientists could not find these signals
B) Recently, criminals accessed the data of more D) Therefore, the shape of our body matters
than 80 million customers of the health insurance E) However, that might not be the whole story
company called Anthem
60. (I) One of the most important distinctions
C) Now that everyone is connected in some way made by embryologists was the difference
to cyberspace—through phones, laptops, between analogy and homology. (II) Both terms
corporate networks—we are all defenseless refer to structures that appear to be similar. (III)
D) Every network-connected person needs to Homologous structures are those organs whose
support the immune system by practicing the underlying similarity is the result of their being
cyber equivalent of personal hygiene from a common ancestral structure. (IV)
Embryology is a subdivision of anatomy that
E) For instance, cybercriminals stole the credit-
deals with developmental changes that occur
card information and personal data of millions of before birth. (V) On the other hand, analogous
people from companies structures are those whose similarity comes from
their performing a similar function, rather than
58. One colony of bees can carry pollen between their arising from a common ancestor.
300 million flowers in a single day, and hives are A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
transported between fields across the world to
61. (I) Technological enthusiasm pertains to the
fertilize 70% of our most widely consumed
ideal of wanting to develop new technological
crops. They also help plants to produce better possibilities and take up technological challenges.
crops, increase yields, and trigger fruits, nuts, (II) The inherent danger of technological
and seeds to grow larger. It is not just fruits and advances lies in the possible negative effects of
vegetables that would go missing from our technology and the relevant social constraints.
kitchens if the bees died, either. ---- . (III) This is an ideal that motivates many
engineers. (IV) It is fitting that Samuel Florman
refers to this as “the existential pleasures of
A) However, the disappearance of bees would engineering”. (V) One good example of
not be the end of food altogether technological enthusiasm is the development of
B) Moreover, a single bee makes one twelfth of a Google Earth, a program with which, via the
teaspoon of honey during its lifetime Internet, it is possible to zoom in on the Earth’s
C) Therefore, we need these little creatures to surface.
keep our supermarkets stocked A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
D) Flies, birds, moths, and butterflies are all
important pollinators, too
E) Our livestock also feed on crops like alfalfa and
clover, which bees pollinate
62. (I) Planets that orbit other stars are called
exoplanets. (II) The surface of Ganymede, the
largest moon in the solar system, appears to have
a dual personality. (III) Some regions are dark and
densely cratered, suggesting that they look much
the same today as they did billions of years ago.
(IV) Other regions are light-colored with very few
craters, suggesting that liquid water has recently
erupted and refrozen. (V) Moreover, magnetic
field data indicate that Ganymede, like Europa,
could have a subsurface ocean of liquid water.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

63. (I) When prospectors discovered the first

underground helium reserve in 1903, they deemed
the gas useless because it was not flammable and
could not be sold as fuel. (II) Earth might generate
helium gas naturally by underground radioactivity.
(III) Over a century later, liquid helium has become
an invaluable coolant for MRI scanners, and the
gas also has applications in nuclear power. (IV) Yet
supplies on Earth are finite and unreliable because
reserves have only been found accidentally during
petroleum exploration. (V) Now, experts have
discovered one of the world’s largest helium fields,
this time in the Tanzanian Rift Valley, on purpose.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

64. (I) The North Pole is one of the most remote

places on the planet. (II) Despite the harsh
environment, there is contention over its
ownership as there could be rich natural resources
beneath the ice. (III) To ensure its presence in the
Arctic, the Canadian government has started
working on drones capable of surviving the harsh
climatic conditions. (IV) This is because explorers
have died in the sub-zero temperatures of the
most northerly point on the planet, and drones
would be likely to take their place. (V) Additionally,
as the Arctic is impacted by the climate change,
the natural gas and oil will be easier to extract.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

65. (I) The fast increasing industrialization was

based on import of cheap raw materials and
export of finished products. (II) This was only
possible if the transport systems kept up with
demand and could offer reasonable prices. (III)
With these innovations, Britain produced the best
iron in the highest quantities by the late 18th
century. (IV) The canal system was relatively cheap
but time-consuming. (V) Soon two new transport
modes were invented to cope with the demands
of the Industrial Revolution: Steamship and
Railways.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
The call for all students to learn computer 68. From the text, we can infer that ---- .
programming is growing louder. Some believe A) young people need to be encouraged to share
that computer science instruction in public their ideas about computer programming and
schools can close achievement gaps among their future careers
socioeconomic groups and help students B) business leaders and government officials will
compete with those in other countries. soon come to an agreement about computer
Supporters of this idea include business leaders programming education
who will employ the next generation of engineers C) the disadvantages of computational thinking
and programmers, as well as government officials outweigh its advantages
who are worried about the country’s D) the future of certain businesses depend solely
competitiveness in computer programming. on computer programming
However, others argue that coding for all E) computational thinking may be an answer to
students will create logistical challenges, the ongoing debate about computer
including a shortage of teachers, the absence of programming education
an agreed-on curriculum, and inequalities in
students’ access to computers. Some critics also
argue that coding represents a narrow technical
focus and that business leaders who will benefit
from this are pushing it on schools. A potential
middle ground involves teaching “computational
thinking,” In other words, there is a need to
develop habits of mind that include breaking
down a problem, designing systems, and running
small experiments to see which approaches fail
and which succeed.

66. The text is mainly about ---- .

A) controversial ideas about teaching computer
programming in public schools
B) why every child should learn computer
programming at an early age
C) new job opportunities created by the
introduction of computer programming
D) the negative effects of coding and
programming on school curricula
E) the reasons for supporting computer
programming courses at schools

67. It is clear from the text that ---- .

A) some political leaders are worried because
they think competitiveness in computer
programming may cause problems between
countries
B) it is necessary to have an adequate number of
qualified teachers and a good curriculum to start
teaching computer programming in schools
C) some people may lose their jobs in the future
if computer programming becomes available to
every individual
D) governments need to step in to overcome
inequalities in students’ access to computers
E) business leaders have some serious doubts
about the benefits of teaching computer
programming in schools
Last year, an international team of astronomers 71. It is clear from the text that ---- .
published a shocking new report on the extent A) sites offering world-class dark skies are fewer
of light pollution on Earth. The bottom line for in number if you travel from Europe to America
those who care about the night sky is significant: B) government have started to make large
Some 80% of the globe is adversely affected by investments to end light pollution
night-time light pollution, and the problem in C) it is impossible for about 30% of the world
North America is growing worse by 6% each population to see the Milky Way
year. More than 99% of Europeans do not see a D) major southwestern cities are not affected by
dark night sky. By percentage of population, light pollution as they are close to New Mexico
Singapore is the most light-polluted country on E) the number of amateur astronomers is
Earth, followed by Kuwait, Qatar, and the United increasing despite the threat of light pollution
Arab Emirates. Africa is home to the top 10 least
light-polluted countries. Such a pollution creates
a significant problem; disturbingly, almost one-
third of the world’s population cannot fully see
the Milky Way. Light pollution is also amateur
astronomers’ worst enemy as this is not a hobby
you do in your basement. That is why an
institute is offering a place for amateur
astronomers to go, called Dark Sky New Mexico.
The site offers world-class dark skies within a
four-hour drive of major southwestern cities.
The institute provides remote observing and
imaging from this pristine site.

69. We understand from the text that ---- .

A) Dark Sky New Mexico is an unspoiled place
not affected by night-time light pollution
B) the group is offering Dark Sky New Mexico
because it is the nearest observing site
C) amateur astronomers need somewhere closer
to the sky to observe the planets
D) places like Dark Sky New Mexico are popular
sites among amateur astronomers
E) African countries are also severely affected by
the threat of night-time light pollution

70. It is stated in the text that ---- .

A) the extent of light pollution is growing
dramatically each year only in densely populated
countries
B) the report issued last year also offers some
solutions for the problem of night-time pollution
C) night-time light pollution has some severe
health effects on people in big cities
D) the rate of night-time light pollution in Europe
is far higher than the world average rate
E) African countries do not care about the night
sky as they have very few amateur astronomers
Careful study of the galaxy’s rotation reveals one Towards the end of the 1960s, the Ford Motor
of the greatest mysteries in science. Stars at Company, one of the world’s largest car
different distances from the galactic center orbit manufacturers, was gradually losing market
at different speeds, and we can learn how mass is share. In 1968, President Lee Iacocca decided that
distributed in the galaxy by measuring these a small cheap car had to be designed quickly. This
speeds. Such studies indicate that the stars in the was to become the Ford Pinto. The decision was
disk of the galaxy represent only the ”tip of the to put it onto the market for less than $2,000 in
iceberg” compared to the mass of the entire 1970. This was a very competitive price, but the
galaxy. Most of the mass of the galaxy seems to production schedule for the car’s development
be located outside the visible disk, in what we call was rushed. At the time, car development
the halo. We do not know the nature of this mass, normally required around 43 months. Only 24
but we call it dark matter because we have not months were reserved for the Ford Pinto.
detected any light coming from it. Studies of Because the Pinto had to cost a maximum of
other galaxies suggest that they are also made $2,000, a radical design was selected in which
mostly of dark matter, which means this styling took precedence over engineering design.
mysterious matter must significantly outweigh The safety aspect of the design did not receive
the ordinary matter that makes up planets and sufficient priority. There was no experience with
stars. An even more mysterious dark energy small cars within the company at all. Later it was
seems to make up much of the total energy found that the gear construction in the rear axles
content of the universe. was situated in a way that would puncture the
gas tank in the event of a collision.
72. According to the text, measuring the speed
of stars is necessary to ---- . 75. We understand from the text that ---- .
A) measure the distances from the galactic center A) the engineers made careful calculations long
B) understand the distribution of mass in the before they started to work on the new model
galaxy B) the price of the Ford Pinto would be no less
C) calculate and compare the mass of the whole than $2,000 on the market
galaxy C) the Ford Motor Company refused to be rushed
D) prove why the previous physics theories were into designing the Ford Pinto
wrong D) the Ford Motor Company produced a small car
E) show that interstellar travel is possible in order to compete with its rivals
E) since the Ford Pinto was a small car, the
73. It can be understood from the text that ---- . duration of its production took less time than
A) the study of the ordinary matter may help expected
scientists make predictions about the entire
galaxy 76. It is clear from the text that ---- .
B) we still do not know whether dark matter can A) the new model was supposed to be designed
be found in every galaxy or not within 43 months
C) much of the total energy content of the B) the appearance and engineering of Ford Pinto
universe comes from the ordinary matter were equally valued
D) most of the mass lies unseen in the disk of the C) the design of the new model car was
galaxy that surrounds it entirely uncommon at that time
E) the stars in the disk of the galaxy constitute D) the primary aim in designing the new car
only a small proportion of the mass of the entire model was its safety
galaxy E) the production of the new model car took
more than two years
74. The text is mainly about ---- .
A) the results of scientific studies concerning the 77. According to the text, ---- .
distribution of mass in the galaxy A) the gear mechanism operated efficiently
B) the scientific discoveries of the energy sources B) it took longer than average to design the new
of the universe model
C) how the Sun and other stars orbit the center of C) the company produced several models like the
the galaxy Pinto before
D) why billions of galaxies in the universe move D) safety issues were overlooked to an extent in
relative to one another the new design
E) the consequences of not knowing the nature of E) the new model became an immediate success
dark matter on the market
Toward the end of the 19th century, it became 80. The text is mainly about ---- .
clear that atoms are not indivisible. The existence A) the conflicting ideas of major physicists
of characteristic atomic spectra of elements B) common misconceptions of atomic structure
suggested that atoms have an internal structure, C) an analysis of the studies of Thomson and
and J. J. Thomson’s discovery of the negatively Rutherford
charged electron in 1897 showed that atoms D) the description of how an atom splits into
could be broken down into charged particles. particles
Rutherford’s experiments in 1910-1911 revealed E) the origins of the modern understanding of
that an atom’s positive charge resides in a small, atomic structure
dense nucleus. In 1919, Rutherford made an
additional discovery: When alpha particles are
fired into nitrogen, one of the products is
hydrogen gas. He reasoned that the hydrogen
nucleus is a constituent of the nuclei of heavier
atoms, such as nitrogen, and that a collision with
a fast-moving alpha particle can dislodge one of
those hydrogen nuclei. Thus, the hydrogen
nucleus is an elementary particle, to which
Rutherford gave the name proton. The following
decade saw the blossoming of quantum
mechanics, including the Schrödinger equation. It
is owing to all these physicists that today we are
on our way to understanding the principles that
underlie atomic structure.

78. It can be understood from the text that ---- .

A) Thomson was able to fill the gap in physics by
building on the theory of Rutherford
B) it was not until Thomson’s finding that atoms
were thought to be divided into particles
C) Rutherford’s findings regarding the atomic
structure refuted Thomson’s theories
D) Rutherford succeeded in locating the nucleus
near the positively-charged particle
E) Thomson is usually credited with the discovery
of a subatomic particle called the proton

79. It can be understood from the text that ---- .

A) Thomson and Rutherford studied atoms
independently and had contradictory results
B) neither Thomson’s nor Rutherford’s
experiments provided guidance to later
researchers
C) developments in the field of physics cannot be
attributed to the works of a single scientist
D) Rutherford had to modify his experiment to
validate his results regarding the effects of
nitrogen
E) when physicists raised general interest in
quantum mechanics, the structure of the atom
was completely understood
DENEME 4 6. Known for their devoted parental care,
treehopper mothers ----- their offspring until the
1. In regions with a relatively dry climate, young hoppers are old enough to fly away.
intensive cultivation by farmers can have terrible A) bring about
-----, draining water sources, and causing soil B) watch over
erosion. C) put on
A) consequences D) give up
B) assumptions E) keep off
C) functions
D) distinctions 7. Although smartphones ----- arguably the most
E) observation popular gaming platform for the past couple of
years, they do not have the ability ----- with
2. The spectacular discoveries and ----- in desktop computers.
molecular biology in the last fifty years have A) have been / to complete
created a gene-based medical revolution. B) were / to be competing
A) delays C) could be / competing
B) celebrations D) are / to have completed
C) difficulties E) must have been / compete
D) achievements
E) imitations 8. E-mail advertising ----- a good reputation
these days, as people realise that it -----
3. In recent years ----- efforts have been made in affordable and effective.
introducing improved forest harvesting practices A) gets / has to be
to tropical forests to support sustainable forest B) was getting / could be
management. C) has been getting / used to be
A) considerable D) will get / should be
B) deniable E) is getting / can be
C) vulnerable
D) habitable 9. Temperament is an emotional trait that is
E) changeable relatively stable ----- the life span, and is at least
----- some degree, influenced by biology.
4. Asian sea bass, a fish species farmed in several A) over / to
Asian countries, feed ----- on small crustaceans B) into / at
(crab, shrimp, etc.) and later switch to fish as C) through / on
they grow up. D) with / of
A) openly E) about / from
B) firmly
C) initially 10. ----- the 20th century, the discovery of extra-
D) mutually solar planets made a great contribution to the
E) virtually existing efforts in the search ----- extraterrestrial
intelligence.
5. Infectious microbes from animals can be ----- A) over / at
directly to humans through an animal bite, or B) within / about
indirectly through the bite of insects that feed C) throughout / under
on both animals and humans. D) during / for
A) sentenced E) with / above
B) designated
C) restricted
D) transmitted
E) adjust
11. The arrival of the printing press had a 16. ----- the field of seismology can be divided
profound effect ----- Renaissance Europe and into studies of the Earth’s structure and of
introduced an era of mass communication ----- seismic sources (earthquakes, explosion, etc.
many different languages. they are not fully separable.
A) upon / at A) As long as
B) among / from B) Because
C) on / in C) Even though
D) by / with D) Unless
E) to / through E) Once

12. ----- all greenhouse gas emissions were 17. Today, people with rare conditions could be
stopped tomorrow, the average global diagnosed quicker ----- the advances in
temperature would still keep rising for the next technology including 3D facial analysis.
30 years. A) except for
A) In case B) despite
B) Even if C) as well as
C) Because D) thanks to
D) Although E) unlike
E) Once
18. ----- the advancements in Internet service
13. Life expectancy at birth is the number of and delivery, slow-loading web pages are still
years a newborn infant would live ----- already commonplace.
existing patterns of mortality at the time of its A) By means of
birth were to stay the same throughout its life. B) Instead of
A) if C) Despite
B) since D) With the help of
C) in case E) As well as
D) so that
E) although 19. To test pet’s sensitivity to specific allergens,
a veterinarian routinely exposes it to these
14. Not much progress could be made in allergens via ----- a daily serum under the tongue
chemistry ----- chemists gained a better ----- a shot everyone to two weeks.
understanding of the materials they worked A) such / that
with. B) so / that
A) as C) the more / the more
B) until D) either / or
C) only when E) as / as
D) as long as
E) if 20. Making up the inner fifth of the Sun, the core
is ----- nuclear fusion creates 99 percent of the
15. Dog, which are highly responsive to sensory Sun’s energy.
information, look and listen to interpret their A) where
surroundings, ----- humans do. B) that
A) although C) who
B) just as D) when
C) only when E) whose
D) unless
E) as long as
Overuse of insecticides in urban areas is risky for When scientists first started to study nature, they
several reasons. It can be avoided if several other concentrated on individual living things. They
non-chemical controls (21) -----. People, pets, travelled the world, and samples of those living
wildlife, beneficial organisms, and other non- things to museums (26) ----- they were catalogued
target organisms may be exposed to insecticides and identified there. Today, this work still (27) ----
that have not been (22) ----- applied. Such , but scientists also study the way living things
exposure could cause acute or chronic health interact with each other. This research is
problems. Insecticides could leak (23) ------ the particularly important because it helps us to
soil or enter groundwater and result in pollution. understand how the changes that humans bring,
Frequent insecticide use against particular pests (28) ------pollution and deforestation, can affect
may result in resistant pest populations that are the living world. Ecology is the study of these
even harder to control. And, (24) ----- the harmful connections. It involves living things themselves,
impact of insecticides on beneficial organisms, and the raw materials and nutrients (29) ----- by
their use may also increase the risk of pest them. (30) ----- ecology, energy is important
outbreaks. (25) -----, responsible insecticide use, because it is the driving force that keeps living
in combination with other environmentally things alive.
friendly pest management tactics, result in
positive environmental consequences. 26.
A) just as
21. B) so that
A) would implement C) instead
B) are implemented D) although
C) have implemented E) but
D) implemented
E) had been implemented 27.
A) sets out
22. B) doubles up
A) randomly C) falls down
B) commonly D) goes on
C) actually E) breaks down
D) properly
E) fortunately 28.
A) on behalf of
23. B) such as
A) by B) with C) according to
C) at D) for D) instead of
E) into E) despite

24. 29.
A) in addition to A) used
B) in spite of B) having used
C) in place of C) to have used
D) unlike D) using
E) regardless of E) to have been used

25. 30.
A) Moreover A) Behind B) On
B) Otherwise C) At D) Through
C) However E) In
D) Likewise
E) For example
31. As the human brain thinks, learns and 35. There have been many attempts to define
remembers, ----- the term ‘planet’ over the centuries, -----.
A) people might be suffering from a limited A) because a planet refers to an object that is not
perspective a star and moves in an orbit
B) it creates consciousness consisting of thoughts B) as long as all planets must satisfy three criteria
and feelings to be defined as a planet
C) some experts think it is possible to understand C) even though it is claimed that Pluto is not a
the brain simply through scanning planet
D) how identical cells produce an immense D) but to date there is still no universally agreed-
complexity is becoming clear to many scientists upon scientific definition of the term
E) information flow in the brains of some animals E) unless a planet is by far the largest object in its
is also easy to determine orbital neighborhood

32. Since weather plays such an important role 36. Even though the term ‘biodiversity’ is
in our daily lives, ----- relatively new, -----.
A) weather conditions are a result of the A) for thousands of years philosophers and
atmosphere’s attempt to gain a balance scientists have studied aspects of biodiversity
B) everyone is interested in the weather forecast B) biologists describe the diversity of organisms
to take precautions according to the seasonal by comparing their anatomy and physiology
conditions C) biologists will need sophisticated techniques
C) temperature and pressure are the most for their studies
important parameters in meteorology D) many of the people who have heard of the
D) people pay less attention to weather forecast term still do not understand what it means
on TV than on mobile apps E) scientists are not able to examine
E) changes in temperature have minimal impact chromosomes and genes with more precision
on some people’s moods
37. Fossil fuels have traditionally been regarded
33. Although people had long tried to visualize as convenient sources of energy, -----.
certain oceanic features, ----- . A) yet the burning of fossil fuels poses many
A) by 1996, an updated map of the ocean floor serious environmental threats
based on data from orbiting satellites was created B) although fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural
B) at first, scientists on ships tried to measure gas and coal are relatively plentiful in Earth’s
ocean depths and create ocean floor maps crust
C) only 29% of the land surfaces on Earth is not C) if they originate from ancient plants and
submerged under the oceans animals which are non-renewable energy sources
D) it was not until technology improved that the D) as they raise Earth’s average temperature,
first accurate maps of oceans could be drawn in worsening the effects of climate change
the 20th century E) therefore capturing a small fraction of sunlight
E) scientist have started to compile all the could meet our energy needs several times
available data about the Atlantic Ocean
38. Digital libraries differ from traditional
34. -----, but its increasing concentration is libraries -----.
suspected of causing global warming. A) whereas the concept of digital libraries can be
A) Carbon dioxide is a natural constituent of the traced back to the 19th century
atmosphere B) in that they exist in the ‘cyber world’ of
B) The burning of fossil fuels causes an increase in computers and the Internet rather than in
carbon dioxide levels and toxic chemicals physical buildings
C) High levels of carbon dioxide force C) even if information on the Internet is chaotic
governments to take precautions regarding the and expanding quickly and remarkably
environment D) although digital libraries have developed in
D) Like methane, carbon dioxide leads to an parallel with the rapid growth of the Internet
undesired change as a greenhouse gas E) so that the digitisation of resources enables
E) Coal burning, which produces carbon dioxide, is easy and rapid access to digital library content
a serious source of pollution
39. Mountains rarely occur as isolated 42. Although they have been searching for years,
individuals; ------. astronomers have yet to find anywhere in the
A) still, the generally have steep slopes and a universe that remotely resembles the Earth.
relatively small summit area
B) instead, they are usually found in circular A) Gökbilimcilerin yıllarca süren arayışına rağmen,
groups evrende Dünya’ya az da olsa benzeyen bir yer
C) yet, some mountains have been constructed henüz bulunamamıştır.
upon the surface by eruptions of volcanic ash
D) even so, their most perceived effects are B) Yıllarca araştırma yapan gökbilimciler, evrende
related to the blocking of air flow Dünya’ya az da olsa benzeyen bir yer henüz
E) conversely, their systems occur both on bulamamışlardır.
continent and in ocean basins
C) Yıllardır aramalarına rağmen gökbilimciler
40. Ever since scientists discovered a large evrende Dünya’ya az da olsa benzeyen bir yer
number of dinosaur fossils in the late 18th henüz bulamamışlardır.
century, ------.
A) we have wondered how a world of giant D) Yıllardır evrende Dünya’ya uzaktan da olsa
reptiles came to an end benzeyen bir yer aramalarına rağmen,
B) dinosaurs might not have become extinct due gökbilimciler henüz böyle bir yer bulamamışlardır.
to a meteor crash
C) lots of new research studies will have been E) Yıllardır aranmasına rağmen, gökbilimciler
conducted by the end of the 21st century tarafından evrende Dünya’ya uzaktan da olsa
D) many theories regarding the extinction of benzeyen herhangi bir yer henüz bulunamamıştır.
dinosaurs were confirmed in the 16th century
E) it had been a big question mark whether we 43. Not only the physical dangers, but also the
could discover some new species fact that radiation puts astronauts at a higher
risk of getting cancer makes space exploration a
41. Recent findings show that storm and risky business.
hurricane intensity has grown around the world
since 1970 due to rising ocean temperatures, A) Sadece fiziksel tehlikeler değil, radyasyonun
------. astronotların kansere yakalanma riskini artırdığı
A) though hurricanes are occurring in the gerçeği de uzay araştırmalarını riskli bir iş hâline
northern hemisphere because of warmer ocean getirmektedir.
temperatures
B) but global warming models predict that storms B) Fiziksel tehlikelerle birlikte radyasyonun
and hurricanes are about to become less intense astronotları kansere yakalanma riskiyle daha fazla
soon karşı karşıya getirmesi de uzay araştırmalarını
C) as long as the number of tropical storms and riskli bir iş yapmaktadır.
hurricanes stays same over the next 40 years
D) unless the bigger storms and hurricanes bring C)Uzay araştırmaları, yalnızca fiziksel tehlikelerle
higher water levels, taller waves and more storm değil, radyasyonun astronotların kansere daha
damage fazla yakalanmalarına neden olmasıyla da riskli
E) in case some storm-protection barriers might hâle gelmektedir.
not be strong enough to protect against the
hurricanes and storms D) Fiziksel tehlikelerin yanı sıra radyasyonun
astronotları kansere daha fazla yatkın hale
getirme riski de uzay araştırmalarını tehlikeli bir
çalışma yapmaktadır.

E) Uzay araştırmaları, fiziksel tehlikelerinin yanı

sıra radyasyonun astronotların kansere
yakalanma riskini artırması sebebiyle de riskli bir
iş hâline gelmektedir.
44. Ecological restoration is practiced in all 46. Dopamine is one of the intriguing chemicals
regions of the world, but what counts as found in the brains of a broad spectrum of
restoration varies according to cultural biological organisms, from insects to all the way
perspective. to humans.

A) Ekolojik restorasyon olarak neyin kabul A) Dopamin, böceklerden insanlara kadar geniş
edileceğinin kültürel bakış açısına göre değişkenlik bir yelpazedeki biyolojik organizmaların
göstermesinin sebebi, dünyanın tüm bölgelerinde beyinlerinde bulunan merak uyandırıcı
restorasyonun uygulanmakta olmasıdır. kimyasallardan biridir.

B) Her ne kadar kültürel bakış açısına göre neyin B) Dopamin, böceklerden insanlara kadar geniş bir
restorasyon olarak kabul edildiği konusunda yelpazedeki biyolojik organizmaların beyinlerinde
farklılıklar olsa da ekolojik restorasyon dünyanın bulunan kimyasallardan biri olduğu için ilgi
tüm bölgelerinde uygulanmaktadır. çekicidir.

C) Ekolojik restorasyon dünyanın tüm C) Dopamin, merak uyandırıcı kimyasallardan

bölgelerinde yapılmaktadır, ancak kültürel bakış biridir ve böceklerden insanlara kadar geniş bir
açısı neyin restorasyon olarak kabul edileceğini yelpazedeki biyolojik organizmaların beyinlerinde
etkilemektedir. bulunur.

D) Dünya üzerinde tüm bölgelerde uygulanmakta D) İlgi çekici kimyasallardan biri olan dopamin,
olan ekolojik restorasyon, restorasyona ilişkin böcekleri ve insanları içeren geniş bir yelpazedeki
farklı kültürel bakış açılarından etkilenmektedir. biyolojik organizmaların beyinlerinde bulunur.

E) Ekolojik restorasyon dünyanın tüm E) Böceklerden insanlara kadar geniş bir

bölgelerinde yapılmaktadır, ancak neyin yelpazedeki biyolojik organizmaların beyinlerinde
restorasyon olarak kabul edildiği kültürel bakış bulunan dopamin, ilgi çekici bir kimyasaldır.
açısına göre değişmektedir.
47. Bearing an incredibly rich diversity, coral
45. Mechanical clocks, in the West, were made reefs are the rain forests of the oceans, and
at first for monasteries where prayers had to be provide shelter for numerous species.
said at set hours of the day and night.
A) İnanılmaz bir çeşitlilik barındıran mercan
A) Manastırlarda duaların gündüz ve gece belirli kayalıkları, okyanusların yağmur ormanlarıdır ve
saatlerde okunması gerektiğinden, Batı’daki ilk sayısız canlı türüne koruma sağlar.
mekanik saatler onlar için yapılmıştır.
B) İnanılmaz bir çeşitlilik barındıran mercan
B) Manastırlar, duaların gündüz ve gecenin belirli kayalıkları, sayısız canlı türüne koruma
saatlerde okunma zorunluluğundan dolayı Batı’da sağladığından okyanusların yağmur ormanlarıdır.
yapılan ilk mekanik saatleri kullanmışlardır.
C) İnanılmaz bir çeşitlilik barındıran mercan
C) Batı’da mekanik saatler, ilk önce duaların kayalıkları, okyanusların yağmur ormanları
gündüz ve gecenin belirli saatlerinde okunmasının oldukları için sayısız canlı türüne koruma sağlar.
zorunlu olduğu manastırlar için yapılmıştır.
D) Mercan kayalıkları, sahip oldukları inanılmaz
D) Batı’da mekanik saatlerin ilk yapımı, duaların çeşitlilikle birlikte pek çok canlı türüne koruma
gündüz ve gecenin belirli saatlerinde okunma sağlayarak okyanusların yağmur ormanları
zorunluluğu nedeniyle manastırlar için olmuştur.
gerçekleştirilmiştir.
E) Mercan kayalıkları inanılmaz bir çeşitlilik
E) Batı’da kullanılan mekanik saatler, ilk olarak barındırmakla kalmayıp birçok canlı türüne
duaların gündüz ve gece belirli saatlerde koruma sağladığı için okyanusların yağmur
okunduğu manastırlarda yapılmıştır. ormanlarıdır.
48. Dünya’nın ve Venüs’ün atmosferlerindeki 50. Evcil kedi; erkeklerin yalnız, dişilerin ise
farklılıkların birçoğu, Venüs’ün yüzeyinde yok nispeten daha sosyal olduğu tek türdür.
denecek kadar az su olmasına dayandırılabilir.
A) The domestic cat is a species in which males
A) Many of the differences between the are alone and females are generally more
atmospheres of Earth and Venus can be traced to sociable.
near-total lack of water on the surface Venus.
B) The domestic cat is one of the species in which
B) The near-total lack of water on the surface of males are solitary and females are relatively more
Venus is attributed mostly to the differences in sociable.
the atmospheres of Earth and Venus
C) The domestic cat is the only species in which
C) The atmospheres of Earth and Venus have a males are solitary and females are relatively more
number of differences, which could be traced to sociable.
the fact that there is almost no water on the
surface of Venus. D) Only in the domestic cat species are males
solitary and females generally more sociable.
D) The fact that Venus has almost no water at all
on its surface can be considered the main reason E) In the domestic cat species, males are solitary
why there are many differences between the while females are relatively more sociable.
atmospheres of Earth and Venus.
51. Herhangi bir bilgisayar sisteminin başarısı,
E) There are a number of differences between the onu kullanması beklenen kişilerin iş akışına dahil
atmospheres of Earth and Venus, and they can be edilmesine bağlıdır.
attributed to the fact that there is virtually no
water on the surface of Venus. A) A computer system owes its success to being
integrated into the workflow of people who will
49. Kuramsal hesaplamalara göre, Everest use it.
Dağı’nın kütlesine sahip bir kara deliğin Hawking
radyasyonu nedeniyle bütün enerjisini B) A computer system’s integration into the
kaybetmesi yaklaşık milyar yıl alabilir. workflow of people who are to use it determines
its success.
A) Theoretical calculations show that a black hole
which has the mass of Mount Everest can take C) In order for any computer system to be
about 20 billion years to lose all its energy successful, it is to be integrated into the workflow
because of Hawking radiation. of people who will use it.

B) According to theoretical calculations, it might D) In order to be successful, a computer system

take a black hole having the mass of Mount needs to be integrated into the workflow of
Everest about 20 billion years to lose all its energy people who will use it.
due to Hawking radiation.
E) The success of any computer system depends
C) A black hole which has almost the same on its being integrated into the workflow of
amount of mass as Mount Everest may take people who are to use it.
approximately 20 billion years to consume all its
energy due to Hawking radiation, as suggested by
theoretical calculations.

D) According to theoretical calculations, if a black

hole has the mass of Mount Everest, it may lose
all its energy due to Hawking radiation in almost
20 billion years.

E) Whether a black hole has the mass of Mount

Everest or not, it can lose all its energy in 20
billion years due to Hawking radiation, as shown
by theoretical calculations.
52. Küresel biyo çeşitliliğin en basit ölçüm aracı, 54. Europa, one of the moons of Jupiter, appears
şu anda canlı olan türlerin sayısı anlamına gelen to be no more than an airless world with an icy
‘tür zenginliğidir’. surface. -----. The Galileo spacecraft imaging also
showed features in the ice consistent with a sub-
A) Referring to the number of species alive now, surface ocean. In addition to that, the
‘species richness’ is one of the simplest measures magnetometer indicated the presence of a
of global biodiversity. global layer of slightly salty liquid water.

B) The simplest measure of global biodiversity is A) For instance, there are many ecosystems on
‘species richness’, which means the numbers of Earth that thrive and grown in water that is
species alive now. continuously covered by ice.
B) However, theoretical calculations suggest that
C) ‘Species richness’ is the simplest tool in under the ice surface of Europa, there might be a
measuring global biodiversity, and it refers to the layer of liquid water.
number of species alive now. C) It is possible that sunlight passes through the
cracks in the ice of Europa.
D) The simplest definition of ‘species richness’ is D) Europa has been the most extensively studied
the number of species alive now and it is used to moon of the planet Jupiter.
measure global biodiversity. E) In polar oceans and some ice-covered lakes,
photosynthesis is performed under the ice-cover.
E) Used to measure global biodiversity in a simple
way, ‘species richness’ accounts for the number 55. ----- Planetary exploration has revealed that
of species alive now. essentially every atmosphere starts at the
bottom with a troposphere, where temperature
53. Charles Babbage çeşitli alanlara önemli decreases with height at a nearly constant rate.
katkılarda bulunmuştur, ancak en çok Each atmosphere has a stratosphere, where
bilgisayarın temel ögelerini kavramlaştırması ile temperature usually increases with height or, in
tanınır. the case of Venus and Mars, decreases much less
quickly than in the troposphere.
A) Although Charles Babbage contributed
significantly to various fields, he is mostly known A) Earth’s unique atmosphere is what makes life
for having conceptualized the basic elements of on the planet possible.
the computer. B) The global atmosphere rotates faster than the
solid planet.
B) Charles Babbage contributed enormously to C) Atmospheres are found on the Sun as well as 8
different fields, but his most widely-known planets, and each has its own brand of weather
contribution is the conceptualisation of the key and it unique chemistry.
elements of the computer. D) Earth may differ in many ways from the other
planets, but not in the basic structure of its
C) Charles Babbage made major contributions to atmosphere.
a variety of fields, but he is best known for having E) Earth has many planetary attributes that are
conceptualised the key elements of the important to the study of its atmosphere and
computer. oceans.

D) A variety of fields have benefitted from Charles

Babbage’s major contributions while the
conceptualisation of the key elements of the
computer is his best acknowledged contribution.

E) Among his significant contributions to various

fields, Charles Babbage is best acknowledged for
conceptualising the key elements of the
computer.
56. In some ways, diesel and petrol engines are 58. The products of systematic study are used in
constructed the same. Both are designed to biology in a few ways. ------ For example, do the
convert the chemical energy of fuel into specimens studied represent one species or
mechanical energy to power the car. ------ The several species ? If several, what are their
biggest difference between the two engines is identities ? And then, the same biologist might
the way in which the explosions take place. In a want to know the relationships among these
petrol engine, fuel is mixed with air, entities in order to fully understand the
compressed, and ignited by a sparking plug, comparative data he/she has collected. For
while a diesel engine has no sparking plug. example, are the similarities in the ecology of
two species the result of convergence in a
A) The conversation takes place via a series of similar environment or common history ?
small explosions.
B) The pressure is lower in petrol engines unlike A) Systematists who publish species descriptions
diesel engines. are expected to observe good taxonomic
C) The diesel engine has changed very little since scholarship.
its invention in 1897. B) First, a biologist may need some knowledge of
D) The introduction of petrol engines changed the species and their populations in order to conduct
world in various ways. research.
E) The diesel engine was designed to make as C) Systematics is the study of the diversity of
much use of the fuel as possible. organisms and the relationships among these
organisms.
57. Millions of years ago, the remains of plants D) Biology is one of the oldest scientific
and animals decayed and built up in thick layers. disciplines, with roots in antiquity and a formal
This decayed matter from plants and animals is scientific literature.
called organic material; it was once alive. ------- E) Comparative sciences such as systematics use
Pressure and heat changed some of this organic the similarities and differences among the the
material into coal, some into oil, and some into subjects studied.
natural gas.
59. Seen through a microscope, protozoans
A) Seismic surveys use echoes from a vibration often look like tiny animals living at great speed.
source at the earth’s surface. But protozoans are not animals, and they do not
B) Oil was formed from the remains of animals have eyes, mouths or even brains. Instead, they
and plants that lived millions of years ago. are microorganisms with just a single cell. -----
C) The search for natural gas begins with Many are active predators, hunting for food,
geologists locating the types of rock. while others stay in one place and feed on
D) Over time, the mud and soil changed to rock, anything edible that drifts nearby. And there are
covered the organic material and trapped it some others that form partnerships with much
beneath the rock. larger living things to survive.
E) Scientists and engineers explore a chosen area
by studying rock samples from the earth. A) These protozoans can be incredibly abundant,
for example, an elephant can have billions of
them living in its gigantic gut.
B) Most protozoans live in water, but some are
found inside other living things, and this offers
them certain advantages.
C) One of the fastest protozoans of all is
Paramecium, a slipper-shaped organisms covered
with fur.
D) Unlike many other microorganisms,
protozoans need to eat, and they get their food in
different ways.
E) Some microorganisms that live in the intestines
of plant-eating animals may cause dangerous
diseases.
60. (I) A very effective antibiotic has just been 64. (I) All human activities generate some form
produced thanks to the recent developments in of waste, and some of them are called
biotechnology. (II) The term ‘biotechnology’ was ‘hazardous waste’. (II) In its most general sense,
coined in 1919 by Hungarian scientist Karl Ereky to the term ‘hazardous waste’ comprises toxic
mean ‘any product produced from raw materials chemicals, radioactive materials, and biological
with the aid of living organisms’. (III) But in its or infectious waste. (III) Hazardous waste poses
broadest sense, the practice of biotechnology a threat to workers through occupational
dates back to ancient times. (IV) In approximately exposure and to the public through exposure in
6000 BC, the Sumerians and Babylonians homes, communities and the general
discovered the use of yeast. (V) And in about 4000 environment. (IV) Technical and regulatory
BC, the Egyptians employed yeast to make bread efforts have been made to reduce gas from
and the Chinese bacteria to make yogurt. motor vehicles. (V) The exposure may occur near
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V the site of generation, along transportation
corridors, and near the ultimate disposal sites.
61. (I) We know dirty air is bad for our bodies, A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
causing the equivalent of millions of deaths
worldwide every year, making it a bigger killer 65. (I) Every year, 8 million tonnes of plastic end
than smoking. (II) Air pollution leads to a number up in the oceans. (II) Ocean currents trap a
of problems for many species. (III) But could air major portion of this plastic in an area of the
pollution be bad for our minds too ? (IV) A study North Pasific three times the size of France. (III)
has found that psychotic experiences, which can The German Parliament has recently introduced
involve hearing or seeing something that others a law to reduce the effects of air pollution
do not , are more common among teenagers in caused by plastic materials. (IV) A Dutch project
the UK’s most polluted areas. (V) However, the called Ocean Cleanup has placed a 600-m-long
association does not mean that breathing in air floating, U-shaped barrier there, which is carried
pollution leads to psychosis in teenagers since forward by currents, waves, and wind, collecting
there could be other explanations. the waste, so it can be pumped up by ships. (V)
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A total of 60 barriers will be launched with the
hope of collecting half of this ocean plastic by
62. (I) Ants are the ‘superweight lifters’ of the 2025.
animal kingdom. (II) They are often confused with A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
termites despite many obvious physical
differences between them. (III) They are strong in
relation to their size and can carry objects 10 to 20
times their own weight – some species can carry
objects up to 50 times their own weight. (IV) Ants
are able to carry these objects great distances and
even climb trees while carrying them. (V) This is
comparable to a 50-kilogram person picking up a
small car, carrying it 3 or 4 kilometres on his back
and then climbing the tallest mountain while still
carrying the car.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

63. (I) The mixture of gases that surrounds the

solid earth is called the atmosphere. (II) Although
it represents a very small fraction of the weight of
the earth, it is very important because it contains
gases essential to life. (III) Carbon dioxide plays an
important role by trapping heat, causing the
greenhouse effect, which keeps the earth warm
and liveable, for the most part. (IV) Among these
gases, nitrogen, oxygen and argon dominate the
atmosphere. (V) But carbon dioxide, which is vital
to life on Earth, makes up only 0.32 percent of
atmosphere.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
Just like in the well-known fable Little Red Riding Compared with other bodily fluids, tears are
Hood, wolves are traditionally described as vastly understudied. Collecting that salty drops is
villains and portrayed as evil and horrible. Now, tedious weepy donors are rare, men hardly ever
thanks to the latest research, this picture of sign up and tears must be ‘fresh’ for their make-
wolves is changing. New studies and evidence up to be properly analysed. As a result,
give an intriguing insight into a sophisticated researchers lack a consensus about the purpose
social structure centred around wolf family life. At of a basic human behaviour. Is crying a primal
the root of this is a complex level of way to communicate that many species share, as
communication built partly on facial expressions some chemists hypothesise? Or is it, as
that reflect a wolf’s feelings. In effect, wolves psychologists have put forward, a uniquely
‘talk’ by making faces at each other. Researchers human key to social bonding? Neurobiologist
believe wolves may have used these Noam Sobel has a plan to advance the field: He
communication skills to build bridges with hunter- has perfected a way to flash-freeze tears and is
gatherer people in a journey that finally led to the now working to create a ‘tear bank’ for
domestic dogs we know today. ‘‘Most people researchers around the world. Sobel hopes
think of wolves an unpleasant creatures but this is interested researchers will eventually be able to
nonsense,’’ says Elana Hobkirk of Durham select tears by age and gender from tear bank.
University. ‘‘They are in fact animals which are This customized access could be of great help to
capable of joy and friendliness as well as anger.’’ experiments dealing with many unanswered
questions about the chemistry of crying: Do tears
66. According to the passage, wolves -----. of men and women differ Do the tears affect
A) are undeniably the villains of the social mood or appetite How do emotional and non-
structure around them emotional tears from, say, cutting onions
B) are being given a new image thanks to the compare? For Sobel, the more people who cry
recent studies about them their eyes out, the better for the tear bank.
C) are usually illustrated as friendly and adorable
in literary works 69. According to the passage, research about
D) are often the main characters of fables and tears is rarely carried out due to the -----,
fairy tales A) lack of consensus about its purpose
E) are described in Little Red Riding Hood in terms B) questions that remain unanswered
of their family life C) scarcity of the samples needed
D) complicated nature of topic
67. According to the passage, how do wolves E) unique chemistry of the fluid
reveal their feelings?
A) They interact with their own relatives by 70. What is the passage mainly about?
making loud noises. A) Questions that are commonly asked about the
B) They communicate through some techniques way women and men cry
that human s find unpleasant. B) Different studies seeking to determine how
C) They have to make more efforts than the dogs tears relate to social bonding
we know today. C) Emotions that are conveyed during many
D) They use their faces as a medium of different stages of crying
communication. D) Gender differences when expressing feelings
E) They utilise a technique which can only be through crying
understood by hunter-gatherers. E) The challenges involved in studying why
humans cry and a possible solution to them
68. What is main purpose of author?
A) To critise traditional story-telling about wolves 71. Sobel thinks that the more people cry, the
B) To inform readers about the family structure of more -----.
wolves A) tear samples there will be
C) To compare today’s dogs and wolves in terms B) relief they will receive
of their behaviour C) emotional they will get
D) To give information about new studies related D) questions there will be
to the nature of wolves E) unhealthy eyes they will have
E) To explain how wolves communicate with
humans
The effects of air population have been divided All forms of life on Earth require water to function.
into several categories so that better analyses of Life has been found in all kinds of extreme
pollutants can be conducted. Effects include environments, operating at the limits of heat and
aesthetic losses, economic losses, safety hazards, cold and even without air. But every type of life we
personal discomfort, and health effects. have discovered contains biological cells that
Aesthetic effects include any changes caused by require water in their operating environment. Cells
air pollution that result in the loss of visually simply could not function without it. It is not just a
pleasing scenery. Economic losses include the matter of keeping them inflated and moving
loss of vegetation and livestock due to massive chemicals around living, cells are full of tiny
exposure to the gaseous air pollution. These complex mechanisms. Many of these mechanisms
particles can kill or sicken commercial crops and rely on different sections of molecules either
livestock. Other losses may occur as people’s working well with water, or not mixing with it.
possessions are damaged as a result of the Proteins, for example, are the key worker
pollution, which can cause the build-up of dirt or molecules in living organisms. Proteins have to fold
dust particles. An additional effect of air pollution into particular shapes to carry out their roles, and it
is personal discomfort and health hazards. Eye is the interaction between water and various parts
irritation, asthma, bronchitis, and sinusitis are a of a protein molecule that tells it how to fold.
few of the health risks caused by air pollution. Water is not just a solvent, a substance that
However, these are some minor risks of air dissolves other substances, but it also plays an
pollution that are usually curable. important role in the functioning of our cells.

72. According to the passage, why are the 75. According to the passage; -----.
effects of air pollution categorised? A) life can be found even in environments where
A) To cope with its economic consequences there is no air
B) To increase awareness about its harmful B) it is difficult to find life in extreme environments
effects C) certain types of life do not need water to
C) To carry out analyses of the pollutants more operate
effectively D) biological cells cannot operate at high
D) To prevent the risks of air pollution temperatures
E) To list the changes among the categories E) air keeps cells inflated and moves chemicals
around
73. It can be inferred from the passage that
aesthetic effects of air pollution -----. 76. The author gives the protein example in order
A) are the most common type to -----.
B) make an area seem unattractive A) show that protein is the main element in a living
C) can increase the risk of asthma B) explain how important water is for protein
D) are within the minor risk group molecules to function
E) can result in an economic loss C) emphasise the fact that protein can survive in
extreme environments
74. Which of the following is true according to D) compare the functions of tiny complex
the passage? molecules
A) Most people pay more attention to aesthetic E) indicate that there are some molecules which do
effects of air pollution than its health effects. not need air to function
B) Eye irritation and asthma resulting from air
pollution can often be cured. 77. It is clear from the passage that -----.
C) Loss of vegetation can occur because of large A) both water and heat are essential elements for a
groups of livestock. cell
D) Governments are talking precautions to avoid B) water plays a fundamental role in the
gaseous air pollution. functioning of living cells
E) Economic and aesthetic effects of air pollution C) how a protein folds depends on the amount of
are closely related. water available
D) every cell has complex mechanisms that can
survive without water
E) biological cells contain a high percentage of
water in order to survive
The red handfish, found off the southeast coast of
Tasmania, Australia, uses its ‘hands’, which are
modified fins, to crawl across the bottom of the
seafloor. It does not travel very far or fast, which
restricts populations to small areas. Classed as
critically endangered, it faces threats from habitat
degradation and low reproductive rates. Often
called the world’s rarest fish, scientists only knew
of the one population, numbering between 20 and
40 fish, until divers discovered a second population
in earlier 2018. ‘‘Finding this second population is a
big relief as it essentially doubles the number of
individuals we thought were left on Earth, but the
danger is still on,’’ says diver Antonia Cooper. ‘‘It
provides hope that other small populations may
still exist and allows scientists to start discussing
conservation options such as habitat protection
and viability of a captive breeding programme.’’

78. Why is the red handfish called ‘the world’s

rarest fish’?
A) This type of fish has the unique colour of red
which can hardly be found in the ocean.
B) The ‘hands’ of the red handfish might disappear
as the habitat degrades.
C) The modified fins of the red handfish travel
slowly in small areas.
D) This type of fish only exists around the the
bottom of the seafloor.
E) Only a handful of red handfish were known until
recently.

79. It is clearly stated in the passage that -----.

A) unfavourable environmental factors and a low
number of offspring are threats for the red
handfish
B) with the new discovery of the second
population, the red handfish is not endangered
now
C) the divers will start a habitat programme for the
newly discovered population of the red handfish
D) there were more than two populations of the
red handfish in the past
E) the red handfish may travel to the north coast of
Australia during the year

80. What is the passage mainly about?

A) How the red handfish uses its ‘hands’
B) The reasons why the red handfish population
has decreased
C) An exciting new discovery about the red
handfish
D) Why the red handfish lives off the southeast
coast of Tasmania
E) How to protect endangered marine species
DENEME 5
6. Bioinformatics is a new field that ---- the
1. Scientific discoveries may be made development and application of computational
simultaneously by scientists working methods to organise, integrate, and analyse gene-
independently, but almost every ---- depends on related data.
previous work and theories. A) centers on
A) expense B) falls behind
B) precaution C) leaves out
C) threat D) brings down
D) advance E) puts off
E) decline
7. At the end of the 17th century. Isaac Newton
2. Artificial selection is the conscious attempt by ---- his laws of motion and gravity, making
human beings to change the environments or ---- science more precise and mathematical than it
of other organisms so as to alter the evolution of ---- before.
these organisms. A) had set down /would have been
A) instructions B) was setting down /has been
B) traits C) set down / had been
C) profits D) would set down / was
D) intentions E) had been setting down / would be
E) causes
8. Over the past 100 years, the relativity theories
3. Taxonomy is the area of biological science and quantum mechanics --- major triumphs at the
comprising three ---- but highly interrelated cost of us, ---- our classic conception of time.
disciplines: classification, naming and A) have celebrated / losing
identification of organisms. B) celebrated / to have lost
A) respectable C) have been celebrated / having been lost
B) regular D) had celebrated / being lost
C) distinct E) were celebrated / to be lost
D) virtual
E) consistent 9. The Enlightenment period saw astronomical
observatories grow ---- size and number, ---- a
4. A volcanic catastrophe is often thousands of growing emphasis on the housing of larger
years in the making many volcanoes gain strength telescopes.
for millennia before an ---- powerful explosion A) by / over
occurs. B) for / through
A) immensely C) beyond / to
B) insufficiently D) from / at
C) adversely E) in / with
D) inconveniently
E) elaborately 10. The boiling point of a liquid substance is the
temperature ---- which the vapour pressure of the
5. Swifts, one of the fastest small birds, can be --- liquid equals the external pressure ---- the liquid.
from the superficially-similar African swallows by A) of/ by
their characteristic style of flight. B) among /off
A) derived C) at / on
B) prevented D) for / with
C) extracted E) in / under
D) distinguished
E) obtained
11. After 13 years in Saturn's orbit, the Cassini 16. The solid core inside the Moon is similar to
spacecraft ended its mission in September 2017 that of Earth; ----, the Moon's core is gradually
---- making a planned dive ---- the planet's cooling, which creates cracks on the surface, in
atmosphere. contrast to the Earth's warming
A) after / with core.
B) about / over A) however
C) in / at B) eventually
D) by / into C) furthermore
E) from / through D) for instance
E) in brief
12. ---- the Earth's long history, scientists divide its
4.5-billion-year existence using the geologic time 17. Atmosphere observation includes such well-
scale, which makes this history manageable. known instruments as the thermometer and
A) Unlike barometer --- less familiar devices such as the
B) Except for radiosonde.
C) On behalf of A) according to
D) Because of B) in terms of
E) Similar to C) with the purpose of
D) owing to
13. It takes up to five years--- a cocoa tree bears E) as well as
fruit, and it then produces around 1.poo beans a
year, but that is only enough for one kilogramme 18. According to a study, a common species of
of chocolate. wasp appears to be becoming smaller in number
A) because ---- the ongoing global rise in temperatures.
B) unless A) except for
C) before B) rather than
D) as if C) as a consequence of
E) as soon as D) contrary to
E) in pursuit of
14. ---- continental islands are part of their nearby
continental land mass, Oceanic islands are the 19. Studies have shown that flying animals
result of undersea volcanoes or tectonic plate manage well ---- due to the fact that they can
activity pushing up the sea floor. escape predators by taking flight, ---- because
A) Unless flight has supplied them with a number of
B) After advantageous qualities.
C) While A) such/ that
D) Because B) the more /the more
E) As long as C) neither / nor
D) not only / but also
15. Like people, animals can also have reactions E) as / as
to pollen and other environmental allergens, ----
they have different symptoms than we do and 20. Inside the Sun, density and temperature rise
should be treated differently as well. steadily toward the core, ---- the pressure is more
A) as if than 100 billion times greater than the
B) once atmospheric pressure on the Earth's surface.
C) but A) where
D) so B) how
E) since C) which
D) whom
E) what
For thousands of years, humans had relied on Before the invention of the microscope, it was
animals and manpower to move heavy loads and impossible to see cells. Some biological theories
drive machinery. This all changed in the late 18th were therefore based on speculations (26) ----
century with the arrival of a new invention: the Scientific observation. For example, people
steam engine. Steam engines operate by burning believed in 'spontaneous generation' (27) ---- it
fuel to heat water (21) ---- it boils. The resulting was hard to believe that cells would regenerate.
hot steam (22) --- the boiling water is trapped to The development of the microscope, including that
create pressure, which is used to drive machinery. of an electronic version in the 20th century, made
This simple principle opened the way to powerful (28) ---- observation of the internal structure of the
new engines. Steam engines were more (23) ---- cell possible. Robert Hooke was the first (29) ----
than windmills or waterwheels which had to be dead cells in 1665. In 1838, Matthias Schleiden
built in specific places. They were more powerful observed living cells, and in 1839, in collaboration
than humans and animals, and they (24) ---- (30) ---- Theodor Schwann, he developed the first
equipment used on farms and in factories. (25) --- theory of cells; that all living organisms consist of
all these advantages, larger models were used to cells.
pump vast amounts of water to drain mines and
supply canal systems. 26.
A) despite
21. B) owing to
A) as if C) rather than
B) unless D) similar to
C) until E) as a result of
D) although
E) just as 27.
A) in case
22. B) as long as
A) into C) because
B) from D) although
C) without E) so that
D) at
E) for 28.
A) weak
23. B) scarce
A) urgent C) accidental
B) tedious D) vague
C) threatening E) detailed
D) redundant
E) flexible 29.
A) to see
24. B) seeing
A) may drive C) to have been seen
B) have to drive D) having seen
C) should have driven E) to be seen
D) could drive
E) would have driven 30.
A) with
25. B) between
A) Such as C) to
B) Regardless of D) from
C) Contrary to E) for
D) Instead of
E) In addition to
31. Despite their benefits in farms where pests 35. Although traditional recruitment sources such
are abundant, --- as newspaper advertisements are still used to
A) pesticides are widely used by farmers to recruit job applicants, ----
increase agricultural productivity A) people also argue that the Internet may pose
B) pesticides are responsible for about one million potential threats to personal privacy
poisoning cases globally every year B) use of Internet is less likely to reduce the time
C) humans cause much more severe environmental associated with traditional recruitment methods
damage than pesticides do C) most people seeking jobs are still looking at
D) pesticides can also be classified according to the newspaper advertisements instead of using the
similarities of their chemical structures Internet
E) contagious diseases in crops can be prevented D) the Internet has changed the way in which many
by using pesticides organisations announce job opportunities
E) the Internet recruiting poses challenges for
32. Once it has decided on its target, --- organisations that use online recruiting programmes
A) the dragonfly attacks the prey in mid-air using
its legs 36. Although lead was widely known at a very early
B) the dragonfly s menu also features mosquitoes, date, ----
flies and butterflies A) the first metal to be practically utilised was
C) the dragonfly is often seen over water in the copper
wild B) that period is known as the Chalcolithic Age
D) the dragonfly has hardly changed, proving itself C) metallurgical developments originated in
to be the champion of adaptation mountainous regions
E) the dragonfly is an insect with a long thin body D) the emergence of rock-melting process started
the Copper Age
33. Although several geological phenomena E) most of the larger metal artefacts were produced
account for the formation of numerous lakes on in the Middle East
Earth, ----
A) most lakes were formed as a result of glacier 37. Fossils may be the body parts or direct traces of
activity activities left behind by animals, plants, fungi, and
B) they are inland bodies of water scattered over microorganisms; ----
the earth's surface A) thus, they might include a mammalian tooth, a
C) salt lakes have high levels of chalky deposits at clam shell, a leaf or the entire skeleton of a dinosaur
the bottom B) on the other hand, fossils are real and truly the
D) young lakes have less organic matter as remains of long-dead organisms
opposed to old ones C) by comparison, they are usually formed as dead
E) lake basins formed at the edge of glaciers were organisms become buried by layers of sediment
generally too deep D) however, some people have historically studied
fossils as an interest
34. As the technology for piping gas from the E) for example, ancient people used fossils to make
source began to improve, ---- necklaces and to exchange in trade
A) it was the product of the decaying of living
matter over millions of years 38. The life cycle of different insect species varies
B) Alaska and Texas were the largest sources of gas greatly, ---
in the US A) while the field of insect ecology investigates
C) it became possible to transport gas over Mortality factors that help regulate insect
thousands of miles populations
D) it was initially inconvenient to store in large B) as it is essential to understand populations and
amounts their reproductive capacity
E) it was believed to have been first discovered and C) thus some feed on living plants, others on
used by the Chinese decaying plants, and still others on animals
D) given that some species that coexist in an area
and interact with each other form an ecological
community
E) but all insects undergo the basic stages of
development from an egg to a reproductive adult
39. Insect-pollinated flowers are usually brightly 42. By opening the way to the use of high-rise
coloured and sugary-smelling ---- buildings, the elevator played a decisive role in the
A) although birds or bats use these colourful creation of the characteristic urban geography of
flowers as landing pads many modern cities.
B) while hummingbirds are the only pollinating
birds that fly as they feed A) Pek çok modern şehrin karakteristik kentsel
C) because insects are attracted by vivid colours coğrafyasını oluşturmada belirleyici bir rolü olan
and sweet scents asansör, çok katli binaların kullanılmasinin yolunu
D) only when some plants try to shed their shiny açmıştır
pollen into the air
E) as some flower heads have much larger flowers, B) Asansör, çok katli binaların kullaniminin yolunu
spaced much further apart açarak pek çok modern şehrin karakteristik kentsel
coğrafyasının oluşmasında belirleyici bir rol oynamıştır.
40. Humans have drastically altered wetlands for
a variety of reasons; ---- C) Çok katlı binaların kullaniminin yolunu açan asansor,
A) for example, an estimated 26 per cent of the pek çok modern şehrin karakteristik kentsel
world's wetlands have been converted for coğrafyasının oluşmasında belirleyici bir rol oynamıştır.
agricultural purposes alone
B) however, more than half of the original D) Asansör çok katlı binaların kullanımınin yolunu açtığı
wetlands in the United States have been destroyed için pek çok modern şehrin karakteristik kentsel
in the past 200 years coğrafyasının oluşumunda belirleyici bir rol oynamıştır.
C) as a result, people thought that they were
nothing more than breeding places for diseases E) Çok katli binaların kullanımınin yolunu açan asansör,
D) on the contrary, wetland birds migrate to cold pek çok modern şehrin karakteristik kentsel
places during summer months coğrafyasının oluşmasında belirleyici bir role sahip
E) in other words, the wetlands are home to a olmuştur.
Large variety of wildlife
43. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution,
41. Chestnut wood can be worked easily to engineers devoted their efforts almost entirely to
manufacture fine furniture and musical making devices that functioned profitably, but with
instruments; ---- no attention to their safety
A) on the other hand, chestnuts are species of
trees in the genus Castanea A) Sanayi Devrimi'nin başlangıcında mühendisler
B) moreover, it is also used for its durability in roof neredeyse butun çabalarını kârlı bir şekilde işleyen,
materials and construction timber ancak güvenliğine önem vermedikleri aygıtlar yapmaya
C) for example, true chestnut seeds could be adadılar.
confused with horse chestnuts
D) thus, in 1999, the global crop of sweet chestnut B) Sanayi Devrimi'nin başlangıcında hemen hemen
was harvested from about 630,000 acres bütün çabalarını kârlı bir şekilde çalışan aygıtlar
E) similarly, they are species of temperate üretmeye adayan mühendisler, güvenliğe hiç önem
hardwood forests found in the northern vermediler.
hemisphere
C) Güvenli aygıtlar yapmak, Sanayi Devrimi'nin
başlangıcında mühendislerin kârlı bir şekilde çalışan
aygıtlar yapmak kadar önem verdikleri bir konu değildi.

D) Kârlı bir şekilde işleyen aygıtlar üretme çabaları,

Sanayi Devrimi'nin başlangıcında, mühendislerin
güvenli aygıtların üretilmesine pek önem
vermemelerine neden oldu.

E) Sanayi Devrimi'nin başlangıcında mühendisler

kendilerini tamamen kârlı bir şekilde çalışan aygıtlar
yapmaya adadilar, fakat güvenliğine hiç önem
vermediler.
44. In 725, Chinese engineer Liang Ling-Zan and 46. Severe frost is a great threat to organisms, as
Buddhist monk Yi-Xing invented a water clock the cold causes enzymes and cell membranes to
which displayed various astronomical events function poorly.
rather than the time.
A) Şiddetli don organizmalar için büyük bir
A) Zamanı ve çeşitli astronomik olayları gösteren tehdittir, çünkü soğuk, enzimlerin ve hücre
su saati, Çinli mühendis Liang Ling-Zan ve Budist zarlarının zayıf bir şekilde çalışmasına neden olur.
rahip Yi-Xing tarafından 725 yılında icat edilmiştir.
B) Şiddetli donun, organizmalar için büyük bir
B) 725 yılında, Çinli mühendis Liang Ling-Zan ve tehdit oluşturmasının sebebi, enzimlerin ve hücre
Budist rahip Yi-Xing, zamanı ve çeşitli astronomik zarlarının soğukta zayıf bir şekilde çalışmasıdır.
olayları gösteren su saatini icat ettiler.
C) Organizmalar için büyük bir tehdit yaratan
C) 725 yılında, Çinli mühendis Liang Ling-Zan ve şiddetli don ve soğuk, enzimlerin ve hücre
Budist rahip Yi-Xing tarafından icat edilen su saati, zarlarının zayıf bir şekilde çalışmasına neden olur
zamanı göstermek yerine çeşitli astronomik
olayları gösteriyordu. D) Enzimler ve hücre zarları soğukta zayıf bir
şekilde çalışır ve şiddetli don organizmalar için
D) 725 yılında, Çinli mühendis Liang Ling-Zan ve büyük bir tehdit oluşturur.
Budist rahip Yi-Xing, zamandan ziyade çeşitli
astronomik olayları gösteren bir su saati icat E) Soğuk, enzimlerin ve hücre zarlarının zayıf bir
ettiler. şekilde çalışmasına neden olur, bu yüzden şiddetli
don organizmalar için büyük bir tehdittir.
E) Zamandan çok çeşitli astronomik olayları
gösteren su saati, Çinli mühendis Liang Ling-Zan'ın 47. The availability of information about
yardımıyla Budist rahip Yi-Xing tarafından 725 products on the Internet, as long as it is well-
yılında icat edilmiştir. organised and easy to access, is an important
reason why some consumers prefer shopping
45. Early farmers quickly learned that a supply of online.
water was essential to farming thus, the primary
fields of grain were processed alongside the A) Internette ürünlerle ilgili bilgi mevcuttur ve bu
great rivers of the Middle East. bilgi iyi bir şekilde düzenlenmişse ve erişimi
kolaysa, bazı tüketiciler Internette alışveriş
A) İlk çiftçiler su tedarikinin çiftçilik için önemli yapmayı tercih ederler.
olduğunu çabucak öğrendiler, bu yüzden başlıca
tahıl arazileri Orta Doğu'nun buyuk nehirleri B) Bazı tüketicilerin Internette alışveriş yapmayı
boyunca işlendi. tercih etmelerinin önemli bir sebebi, Internette
ürünlerle ilgili bilginin mevcut olması ve bu
B) ilk çiftçiler su tedarikinin çiftçilik açısından bilginin iyi düzenlenmiş ve erişiminin kolay
önemli olduğunu çabucak oğrenmelerinden dolayı olmasıdır.
başlıca tahil arazilerini Orta Doğu'nun büyük
nehirleri boyunca işlediler. C) İyi düzenlenmiş ve erişimi kolay olduğu sürece
Internette ürünlerle ilgili bilginin mevcut olması,
C) Su tedarikinin çiftçilik için önemli olduğunu bazı tüketicilerin Internette alışveriş yapmayı
çabuk öğrenen ilk çiftçiler başlıca tahil arazilerini tercih etmesinin önemli bir sebebidir.
Orta Doğu'daki büyük nehirler boyunca işlediler.
D) Internette ürünlerle ilgili mevcut olan bilgi iyi
D) Başlıca tahil arazilerinin Orta Doğu'daki büyük düzenlenmiş ve erişimi kolay olduğunda, bu
nehirler boyunca işlenmesinin sebebi, ilk durum tüketicilerin Internette alışveriş yapmayı
çiftçilerin su tedarikinin çiftçilik açısından önemli tercih etmesi için önemli bir neden olarak görülür.
olduğunu çabucak kavramalarıdır.
E) Ürünlerle ilgili bilginin Internette yer alması,
E) Ilk çiftçiler su tedarikinin önemli bir çiftçilik bazı tüketicilerin Internette alışveriş yapmayı
meselesi olduğunu çabuk öğrendiler ve başlıca tercih etmelerinin önemli bir nedenidir, ancak bu
tahil arazilerini Orta Doğu'nun büyük nehirleri bilgi iyi düzenlenmiş ve erişimi kolay olmalıdır.
boyunca işlediler.
48. Karnabahar ve brokoli gibi sebzeler, vücudun 50. Nörologlar tarafından yeni geliştirilen bir çip,
kafeini daha hızlı parçalamasına yardımcı olur, beynin anatomik yapılarını kopyalamaya
bu nedenle aşırı kafein alımı hâlinde bunları çalışmak yerine, insan zihninin bilişsel
tüketmek makul olacaktır. becerilerini taklit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

A) As vegetables like cauliflower and broccoli help A) The aim of the chip recently developed by
the body break down caffeine faster, it will be neurologists is to mimic the cognitive abilities of
wise to consume them when caffeine is taken the human mind rather than replicating the
excessively anatomical structures of the brain

B) In case of excessive caffeine intake, it will be B) A chip recently developed by neurologists aims
wise to consume vegetables like cauliflower and to mimic the cognitive abilities of the human
broccoli because they help the body by breaking mind instead of trying to replicate the anatomical
down caffeine faster. structures of the brain.

C) Vegetables like cauliflower and broccoli help C) A chip recently developed by neurologists not
the body break down caffeine faster, so it will be only tries to replicate the anatomical structures of
wise to consume them in case of excessive the brain, but also aims to mimic the cognitive
caffeine intake. abilities of the human mind.

D) In case of excessive caffeine intake, consuming D) Trying to replicate the anatomical structures of
vegetables like cauliflower and broccoli will be the brain, a chip recently developed by
quite wise as they help the body break down neurologists aims to mimic the cognitive abilities
caffeine faster. of the human mind.

E) The body breaks down caffeine faster when E) A chip that aims to mimic the cognitive abilities
vegetables like cauliflower and broccoli are of the human mind instead of trying to replicate
consumed, so it will be wise to consume them if the anatomical structures of the brain has been
caffeine is taken excessively. recently developed by neurologists.

49. 1862 yılında, Louis Pasteur, süt 70 dereceye 51. Çöller corak olabilir, ancak hem uzun
kadar Isıtılırsa içindeki bakterilerin öleceğini ve kuraklıklar boyunca hem de nadir bir yağış
bu nedenle sütün daha uzun süre muhafaza sonrasında pek çok bitki ve hayvanın yuvasıdır.
edilebileceğini kanıtladı.
A) Deserts may be barren during the long
A) 1862 was the year when Louis Pasteur proved droughts, but after a rare rainfall, they are home
that if milk was heated up to 70°C, the bacteria in to a wide range of plants and animals.
it would be killed, and therefore it could be kept
longer. B) Even barren deserts may be home to many
plants and animals, both during the long droughts
B) What Louis Pasteur proved in 1862 was that if and after a rare rainfall.
milk was heated up to 70 °C, this would kill the
bacteria it contained, and thus the milk could be C) Although deserts may be barren, they are
kept longer. home to a number of plants and animals during
the long droughts and after a rare rainfall.
C) In 1862, Louis Pasteur proved that if milk was
heated up to 70 °C, the bacteria in it would die, D) Deserts, even if barren, are home to both
and therefore the milk could be kept longer. plants and animals during the long droughts and
after a rare rainfall.
D) Demonstrating that the bacteria milk
contained would die if it was heated up to 70 °C, E) Deserts may be barren, but they are home to
Louis Pasteur, in 1862, proved that the milk could many plants and animals, both during the long
be kept longer. droughts and after a rare rainfall.

E) In 1862, Louis Pasteur proved that milk would

be kept longer provided that it was heated up to
70°C to kill the bacteria it contained.
52. Büyük Patlama kuramını destekleyen sağlam 54. Suspension bridges have many advantages over
bilimsel kanıtlar vardır, ancak henüz kanıtlanmamış other kinds of bridges because of their design. For
pek çok detay ve cevaplanmamış pek çok soru da one thing, they can span great distances. The
bulunmaktadır. longest suspension bridge in the world is the
Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge in Japan, covering an
A) Although there are many details yet unproven impressive 12,831 feet. ---- For example, if the deck
andmany questions still unanswered, there is solid of the bridge is too thin, it can lose its stability in
scientific evidence to support the Big Bang theory. heavy winds and shake itself to pieces, which is
what happened to the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in
B) While there is solid scientific evidence to support the United States in 1940.
the Big Bang theory, there are also many details yet
unproven and many questions still unanswered. A) The first suspension bridge is considered to have
been constructed in the 7th century BC by Mayans.
C) Despite the presence of solid scientific evidence to B) This $3.3 billion bridge, which took 12 years to
support it, the Big Bang theory still has many details build, is seen as a great engineering masterpiece.
unproven and many questions unanswered. C) Furthermore, the wonderful design of these
structures can make you wonder how they stay up.
D) There is solid scientific evidence supporting the D) However, suspension bridges require careful
Big Bang theory, however, there are also many design and planning to avoid any undesirable
details yet unproven and many questions still consequences
unanswered. E) A suspension bridge hangs from steel cables that
are supported by towers at each end.
E) The Big Bang theory has many details yet
unproven and many questions still unanswered, but 55. The sun's heat energy passes easily through
there is solid scientific evidence to support it. glass and warms the room beyond, which means
windows make ideal solar collectors. For maximum
53. Hücre klonlamanın amacı, belirli hücre türlerinin capture of solar energy, a house needs large south-
bilimsel araştırmalar için kullanılabilecek pek çok facing windows. ---- Even if it cannot be oriented
kopyasını üretmektir. precisely north-south, it is still possible to harness a
good percentage of the sun's energy. Also, to adapt
A) Producing many copies of certain types of cells an existing house, there are several options. For
that can be used for scientific research is one of the instance, bigger windows on southfacing walls
purposes of cell cloning. could be installed.

B) The purpose of cell cloning is to produce many A) The type of glass in your windows determines how
copies of certain types of cells, as they are used for efficiently solar energy is captured.
scientific research B) In new construction, this is easy to achieve by
siting the house accordingly.
C) The aim of cell cloning is to produce many copies C) The idea is to store heat and to radiate it back
of certain types of cells, and these copies can be after the sun has gone down.
used for scientific research. D) The most efficient way to do this is with a heat
recovery ventilation system.
D) The purpose of cell cloning is to produce many E) The sun is a fantastic source of costless heat that
copies of certain types of cells that can be used for can be harnessed very simply.
scientific research.

E) Cell cloning aims to produce many copies of

certain types of cells so that they can be used in
scientific research.
56. Dissolved oxygen is the amount of oxygen 58. Cold storage through refrigeration or
present in fresh water, such as a stream, or freezing makes it possible to extend both the
freshwater lake. A certain amount of dissolved seasons of harvest and the geographic area in
oxygen is required to sustain fish, animals, and which a product is available. ---- But now,
other aquatic life. ---- These include fish being modern cold storage technology makes
killed and loss of aquatic ecosystems. virtually any product available year-round on a
global basis. Other technologies have been
A) The oxygen is refilled through several combined with refrigeration to further improve
mechanisms, one being the simple diffusion of this availability, such as a sealed room where
the oxygen from the atmosphere into the water. the air is modified to increase its nitrogen
B) Since most aquatic organisms need oxygen to content to keep food fresh.
live, it is important to maintain dissolved oxygen
in water. A) Time and temperature are the key factors
C) Any decrease in dissolved oxygen can cause that determine how well foods can retain their
changes, usually negative, in an aquatic system. properties.
D) Determining the amount of dissolved oxygen B) The next step in the cold storage food chain is
in an aquatic system aids in the measurement of transport by railroad cars, trucks, airplanes, or
biochemical oxidation. boats.
E) Dissolved minerals such as magnesium and C) Refrigerated warehouses maintain the
calcium contribute to the hardness of water. temperatures required to assure maintenance of
quality.
57. Species have evolved throughout the D) Food that is placed in cold storage is
course of natural history, and the fossil record protected from the degradation that is caused
is filled with evidence of extinctions, some of by microorganisms.
which have been sudden and catastrophic. E) Food products were previously grown locally
Ecologists believe that we are in such an era of and had to be marketed within a short period of
rapid species extinctions today. ---- For time.
example, the spotted owl is endangered by
overharvesting of old-growth forests in the 59. Flash floods are floods that occur extremely
United Kingdom, and the bald eagle has been quickly, usually within several minutes or
nearly rendered extinct in the United States hours. They cause streams and rivers to rise
outside of Alaska due to poisoning with rapidly and wash over the land, destroying
pesticides. almost everything in their path. Their
destructiveness is based on several factors,
A) Species biodiversity has a number of health including rainfall intensity, duration, surface
benefits for humans conditions, and slope of the area. --- Mountain
B) Enacted in 1973, the Endangered Species Act regions are also prone to flash flooding, and
emerged to protect wildlife in the United States. even deserts and arid regions are vulnerable to
C) Using fossil records to determine which flash floods, since many dry regions are known
species became extinct is a well-established for intense thunderstorms which can produce a
method. lot of rainwater in a short time.
D) The most prominent current cause is human
activity, which brings about loss of habitat for A) Flash floods are very unpredictable and can
species and also causes pollution. occur at any time of the year.
E) The protection of endangered species is a B) Floodwaters can carry a great deal of
very complex and challenging task. sediment and debris, coating the inside and
outside of a building.
C) Flash flooding is considered to be the main
reason for deaths associated with
thunderstorms, especially when they occur at
night.
D) The destructive potential of flood currents is
tremendous as they can cause massive amounts
of erosion
E) Urban areas are the most susceptible to flash
floods, since a high percentage of the surface
area cannot absorb water.
60. (I) The name 'reptiles' refers collectively to a 64. (I) Earth's major terrestrial, marine, and
confused mixture of different animals, such as freshwater ecosystems are known as biomes. (ll)
turtles, crocodiles, lizards, and snakes, that are not Significant changes in the global environment
birds or mammals. (II) The antique scientific and climate are causing major shifts in some
concept reptilia promotes misperception and biomes. (III) They are classified according to
misunderstanding of history and the diversity of similarities in species composition of plants and
some vertebrates (1) The term 'reptile' is now a animals and by environmental attributes. (IV)
deeply established popular name rather than a These include temperature, precipitation, and
scientific one. (IV) For much of the later 19th and soil type in terrestrial biomes and temperature,
most of the 20th century, reptilia was taken to depth, and salinity in aquatic biomes. (V)
mean a group composed of the ancestors of living However, there are no hard boundaries
reptiles. (V) Similarly, the ancestors of all mammals between biomes and there is much intermixing
and birds were taken under the term reptilia. of species between them.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

61. (I) One can usually see rainbows after summer 65. (I) After 1890, the development,
rains, early in the morning or late in the afternoon, manufacture, and use of glass increased so
when the sun is low. (II) Diamond-shaped glass rapidly as to be almost revolutionary. (II) The
objects, mirrors or other transparent items can science and engineering of glass as a material
also be used to form a rainbow. (III) Raindrops act are now so much better understood that glass
as tiny prisms and disperse the white sunlight into can be tailored to meet an exact need. (III)
the form of a large beautiful arch composed of Machinery has been developed for precise,
visible colours. (IV) To see these colours, one must continuous manufacture of sheet glass, tubing,
be located between the sun and raindrops forming containers, bulbs, and a host of other products.
an arc in the sky. (V) When sunlight enters the (IV) In the early 1800s, the greatest demand was
raindrops at the proper angle, it is refracted by the for window glass. (V) New methods of cutting,
raindrops, then reflected back at an angle that welding, sealing, and tempering have also led to
creates a rainbow. the use of glass in completely new fields.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

62. (I) Dominique-François-Jean Arago was the

leading French astronomer for the first half of the
19th century. (II) Among Arago's achievements in
astronomy is his discovery of the Sun's
chromosphere. (III) The chromosphere is the thin
and usually transparent layer of the Sun's
atmosphere. (IV) He also offered a pioneering
explanation for the twinkling of stars. (V) In
addition, Arago conducted research that helped
lead one of his assistants, Urbain Jean Joseph
Leverrier, to discover the planet Neptune.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

63. (I) It is estimated that sales of genetically

modified (GM) seed in 2015 amounted to $15.3bn.
(ll) This was grown in over 20 countries on an area
greater than 440 million acres - more than a 100-
fold increase since 1996. (III) In 2015, the top five
countries in order of area of GM crops cultivated
were the USA, Brazil, Argentina, India and Canada.
(IV) In contrast, only about 290,000 acres were
grown in the EU, all were an insect-resistant
variety of maize. (V) Miami was the first to
announce that specific genes could be introduced
into plant cells, and then whole plants could be
generated with only a single altered characteristic.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
One of the most famous volcanoes may be The science behind growing meat without animals
misunderstood. Carmelo Fertilo, a geologist from is fairly simple. Growing the cells that form
Italy, believes the material feeding Mount Etna's cultured meat is not hugely different from other
cone is mostly water, so it is effectively a giant 'cell culture' methods that biologists have used to
hot spring. However, most geologists are study cells since the early 1900s. The process starts
unconvinced. Mount Etna is almost always active. with a few 'satellite' cells, which can be obtained
It may have spewed 70 million tonnes of lava in from a small sample of muscle taken from a live
2011 alone. What really puzzles the Italian animal. These are stem cells that can turn into the
geologist is that Etna also discharges more than 7 different cells found in muscle. Just one cell could,
million tonnes of steam, carbon dioxide and in theory, be used to grow an infinite amount of
sulphur dioxide every year. The normal meat. When fed a nutrient rich setum, the cells
explanation is that gas bubbles out of magma as turn into muscle cells and proliferate, doubling in
it moves up the volcano's vent. However, Fertilo number roughly every few days. After the cells
claims that Etna would need to erupt ten times have multiplied, they are encouraged to form
more lava than it does to account for all the gas. strips, much like how muscle cells form fibres in
He also argues that Etna is not just fed by living tissue. These fibres are attached to a sponge-
magma. He states that its deep plumbing system like scaffold that floods the fibres with nutrients
could hold lots of water, carbon dioxide and and mechanically stretches them, 'exercising' the
sulphur dioxide. making up about 70 percent of muscle cells to increase their size and protein
the material feeding the volcano. According to content. The resulting tissue can then be
Fertilo, such a system is closer to a spring rather harvested, seasoned, cooked and consumed as
than a volcano. However, according to Kayla boneless processed meat.
lacovino, there are simpler alternatives. She has
argued that the excess gas could come from deep 69. It is clearly stated in the passage that ---
molten rock that does not enter Etna. A) it is not a must to have a sample cell from a
living animal to produce meat
66. It can be understood from the passage that B) studying cells is a relatively new concept in the
most geologists --- current decade
A) doubt Fertilo's arguments about Mount Etna C) producing meat from a muscle cell in a lab is
B) have misunderstood Fertilo's claims about quite a complicated process
Mount Etna D) the first step in creating meat is to double the
C) agree with lacovino as well as Fertilo number of muscle cells
D) claim that Mount Etna is a hot spring E) growing meat without animals is a process
E) try to provide new findings to support their similar to other cell culture methods
own claims
70. According to the passage, stem cells ---
67. According to the passage, Fertilo believes A) are cells that do not have the ability to multiply
that Mount Etna ---- B) are composed of various cells that have different
A) had its largest and most devastating functions
eruption in 2011 C) have the ability to transform into different cells
B) erupts ten times more lava than gas in a muscle
C) includes some of the characteristics of a hot D) need to be attached to other cells to form living
spring tissues
D) is the most unpredictable volcano on Earth E) decrease in number at the end of the production
E) can remain inactive for long periods of time process

68. Which could be the best title for this 71. The passage is mainly about ---
passage? A) the advances in human cell production under
A) The Eruptions of Mount Etna Throughout scientific intervention
History B) the reasons why cell production may not be
B) Excess Gas in Mount Etna practical for common use
C) What Really Feeds Mount Etna? C) different types of cell culture methods used by
D) Why is Mount Etna Always Active? biologists since the early 1900s
E) The Most Famous Volcanoes on Earth D) an alternative way of growing meat through
unconventional means
E) some steps followed by scientists to cure
animal diseases by producing cells
River systems are completely changed when 74. The underlined word in the passage
dams are built. The main reason is obvious: dams 'replenish' is closest in meaning to ---
block the channels, altering the water's direction A) reduce
by decreasing or increasing the amount of water B) ruin
that flows through the channel - the defined C) renew
pathway the water follows. In turn, this modifies D) resist
or completely changes the river's erosional and E) restrict
depositional characteristics, thus changing the
channel's landscape and affecting the local
environment. Although there are good reasons
for dams (mainly to stop flooding in populated
areas), there are often just as many potential
problems. One in particular is the erosion that
occurs just below the main structure holding back
the water. Because sediment is no longer
transported within the water (the load is dropped
in the reservoir), the water from the spillway
often erodes the channel immediately below.
Another problem can also arise from the fact that
because there is less sediment load, there is also
less of a delta being formed at the mouth of a
river. For example, the Aswan High Dam along
the Nile River in Egypt was finished in 1966,
primarily to provide electricity and irrigation. But
the water is dammed up in a lake about 280
kilometers long, and this is starving the Nile delta
of sediments. Because of this, the currents in the
Mediterranean Sea are carrying away more
sediment than the river can replenish and causing
the delta to slowly erode away.

72. According to the passage, dams –

A) do not affect erosional characteristics of a river
as much as depositional ones
B) provide more beneficial than harmful effects to
the local environment
C) may adversely affect river systems and the
local environment
D) can stop flooding but have no other real
benefits
E) generally increase the amount of water that
flows through channels

73. The problem with the Aswan High Dam is

that ----
A) it cannot provide enough electricity
B) it has a negative impact on the currents in the
Mediterranean Sea
C) sediment is flooding in from the
Mediterranean Sea
D) the people in the Nile region are still facing
problems with irrigation
E) it is reducing the size of the Nile delta
An 11-year-old boy taps furiously on a laptop,
hiding from enemies as he runs through a city.
They catch him before he reaches safety - game
over. Frustrated, he opens the game's
programming window, adjusts the settings, and
this time gets past the bullies. Victory! This could
be the future of American education. The Quest
to Learn' school opened last September in
Manhattan, welcoming the first class of sixth-
graders who will learn almost entirely through
videogame-inspired activities, an educational
strategy developed to keep kids engaged and
prepare them for high-tech careers. For many
years, videogames have outperformed teachers
in one key way: They are exceptionally good at
engaging kids, which is, in fact, a serious problem
for teachers. Videogames drop kids into complex
problems where they fail and fail, but they try
again and again. When kids face tough problems
in school, however, they sometimes just give up,
which is why only a third of eighth-graders earn
proficient math scores on national assessment
tests. The educators behind 'The Quest to Learn'
school hope that videogame-based lessons will
help to overcome that problem.

75. According to the passage, the introduction

of videogame-based lessons into American
education system ----
A) will dramatically help students to find the
easiest way to overcome their problems
B) will encourage many students to have high-
tech careers
C) is necessary to help students adjust to
technology
D) will assist children in dealing with bullies
E) may negatively affect students' self-confidence
since they can fail several times

76. It is stated in the passage that it is a

challenge for many teachers to ----
A) prepare students for high-tech careers
B) adapt themselves to technological changes
C) use video games effectively in class
D) attract and keep students' attention and
interest
E) help students gain new learning strategies

77. The reason why many eighth-graders cannot

get proficient math scores is that they ----
A) spend too much time playing videogames
B) tend to give up when they face a challenge
C) are given very complex math problems to
solve
D) mostly take videogame-based lessons that are
not aimed at improving their math skills
E) are not adequately prepared by their teachers
With its flat landscape, Copenhagen is an unlikely 80. What is the author's attitude towards
ski destination. But an innovative project called Copenhill?
Copenhill aims to pair recreation with renewable A) Supportive
energy. Copenhill is a massive facility in the city's B) Critical
industrial area that converts trash to electricity, C) Doubtful
providing power for 30,000 homes in Copenhagen D) Neutral
and heat for more than twice that number. The E) Ignorant
new structure will eventually include an urban ski
park, a climbing wall, and a cafe on its roof with
an attractive city view Copenhill is 25 percent
more efficient than the other waste-burning
facility in Copenhagen and will be able to control
its own carbon dioxide emissions, in line with
Denmark's ambitious goal to become carbon-
neutral by 2050. The idea of burning garbage has
its critics, who say waste-to-energy facilities
merely reinforce excessive consumerism. But in
2018, Copenhill processed almost 500,000 tons of
garbage. That is better than filling up landfills,
which are potent sources of methane - a
greenhouse gas that can ruin the prospect of
anyone's enjoyment.

78. According to the passage, Copenhill ----

A) will be able to power thousands of homes in
many cities across Denmark once construction is
complete
B) will provide several recreational opportunities
in the future, such as skiing, climbing and
enjoying the city view
C) will probably not include a cafe at its roof due
to high amounts of carbon dioxide in Copenhagen
D) was built in its current location as it is
important to construct recycling facilities in flat
areas
E) will stop functioning as a recycling facility when
an urban ski park is built

79. According to the critics of Copenhill, ----

A) waiting until 2050 to start seeing the possible
benefits promised by the new facility is far too
long
B) the other waste-burning facility is more
efficient even though it cannot control its carbon
dioxide emissions
C) it may not be possible to convert trash to
electricity if an urban ski park is integrated into
the facility
D) the facility is going to result in methane
increases in landfills, which will ruin the
environment
E) recycling waste in order to produce power is
not reasonable because it promotes high
consumption
DENEME 6 6. The very earliest exploration of the sea ----
human endurance, that is, how deep a person
1. At just the right distance from the Sun for could dive.
water to exist in liquid form on the surface, A) filled out
Earth has vast oceans, an oxygen-rich B) turned down
atmosphere, and a huge ---- of life forms from C) carried out
bacteria to plants and animals. D) depended on
A) diversity E) worked out
B) measurement
C) durability 7. In the past 100 years, astrophysicists ---- that
D) implication space-time ---- at an accelerating rate and that
E) identification the universe is about 14 billion years old.
A) deduced / has expanded
2. Titanium is the element most commonly B) have deduced / is expanding
added to steel because it increases its C) had deduced / will expand
strength and ---- to corrosion. D) are going to deduce / expands
A) destruction E) deduce / had expanded
B) specialty
C) pattern 8. Evidence that drinkable a once flowed on
D) achievement Mars, as ---- by NASA's Opportunity rover,
E) resistance suggests that the planet ---- life in the past.
A) to be found / had harboured
3. From its invention until the telephone became B) being found / will be harbouring
a ---- system, the telegraph was the standard C) found / could have harboured
means of communicating both between and D) finding / might have harboured
within metropolitan areas. E) to have been found / would harbour
A) rare
B) sensitive 9. An organism's metabolism is a set of
C) suspicious chemical processes by which it obtains,
D) practical energy ---- the nutrients it consumes and then
E) repetitive uses this energy ---- basic life functions.
A) at/ through
4. Global warming is a very complex issue that B) upon / about
one cannot ---- understand vhtdüt looking at C) from / for
extensive data and studying the changes to D) into / with
climate systems. E) to/over
A) temporarily
B) simultaneously 10. Although most of the known amino acids
C) privately were identified ---- the nineteenth century, the
D) entirely chemical structures of many were not known ----
E) desperately much later.
A) before/by
5. If our petroleum-based civilisation keeps B) at /for
burning fuel at current or increasing rates, C) in / since
some scientists ---- that the concentration of D) over/ about
ârbon dioxide in the Earth's air will double the E) during/ until
preindustrial levels by the year 2030.
A) endure
B) regret
C) extracted
D) differentiate
E) appreciate
11. Canines, members of the dog family, 17. ---- failures such as those in the Bay Bridge and
originated ---- North America during the the Tacoma Narrows Bridge; engineers have
Eocene era, ---- there they spread throughout developed methods for making bridges more
the world. aerodynamically sound.
A) in / from A) As a result of
B) through / during B) On behalf of
C) on / to C) For the sake of
D) by /over D) In terms of
E) for / around E) Regardless of

12. ---- there are various ways to define desert 18. Titan ---- Saturn's largest satellite ---- is the only
climate; a classification system widely used by place in the solar system ---- Earth that has stable
modern scientists defines it as averaging at least liquid on its surface.
twice as much potential evaporation as rainfall A) instead of
during the year. B) owing to
A) In case C) by means of
B) Although D) with regard to
C) Once E) other than
D) Unless
E) Given that 19. By analysing the spectrum of light from a star
or galaxy, astronomers can tell how fast it is
13. ---- the major technical problems associated moving, and ---- it is moving toward ---- away from
with reducing emissions from gasoline-fueled cars Earth.
are solved, such reductions alone might not be A) not only / but also
sufficient to solve the air pollution problems. B) the more / the less
A) Now that C) neither / nor
B) Once D) whether /or
C) Even if E) as / as
D) As soon as
E) Until 20. Silicon refers to a large group of organic
compounds ---- molecules consist of organic
14. Global warming is likely to make many parts of groups attached to silicon atoms.
the world uninhabitable, ---- there are ways to A) which
limit the impact before it is too late. B) that
A) for C) whose
B) thus D) that
C) as E) who
D) but
E) once

15. ---- jaguars are secretive and rare, biologists

have not been able to determine the exact number
remaining in the wild.
A) Unless
B) While
C) In case
D) Because
E) As if

16. Unlike other waves, tsunami is caused neither

by wind nor by tidal movement;---- it is the result
of major disturbances on the ocean floor.
A) even so
B) consequently
C) otherwise
D) rather
E) similarly
How do you sleep in zero gravity? The crew on Polar bears are instantly recognisable for their
the International Space Station (ISS) sleep in vividly white coats. But believe it or not, they are
sleeping bags (21) ---- to the wall with special not actually white - their fur (26) ---- no pigment
equipments. On average, crew members get six at all. Each hair is transparent and hollow, and
hours of sleep a night; (22) ----, since there is zero only appears white because it reflects and
gravity, they feel drowsy and tired al the time. scatters visible light. (27)---- this, polar bears
Many suffer (23) ----sleep disorders. These are seem to us masters of disguise, but not every
made worse by the fact the ISS experiences 16 animal sees them this way. While their fur
sunrises and sunsets every 24 hours. This reflects visible light, it absorbs ultraviolet light,
frequent switching between day and night (24) --- (28)----- the polar bears appear black to animals
the production of the hormone melatonin, which able to see UV light. (29) ---- polar bears are in
regulates our sleep cycle. Another cause of sleep captivity in mild environments; the colour of their
deprivation (25) ---- this are solar lightning strikes, fur may turn yellow or green, which may be
which the astronauts can still see with their eyes because algae grow in warmer environments.
closed. (30) ----- the not-so-white fur, polar bears have
black skin. As black reflects the least amount of
21. light, and therefore heat, it is probable this helps
A) having attached the bears stay warm on the snow.
B) attaching
C) attached 26.
D) to attach A) obtains
E) to be attaching B) gathers
C) demands
22. D) acquires
A) however E) contains
B) similarly
C) thus 27.
D) for instance A) With the aim of
E) in short B) Prior to
C) As a result of
23. D) Instead of
A) with E) On behalf of
B) by
C) for 28.
D) from A) making
E) over B) to make
C) to be made
24. D) to be making
A) resumes E) to have been made
B) expands
C) tolerates 29.
D) promotes A) Until
E) disturbs B) When
C) As if
25. D) Although
A) instead of E) Even if
B) along with
C) according to 30.
D) because of A) On
E) thanks to B) At
C) Into
D) Under
E) With
31. Since so much of the economy has a vested 34. In nature, it is very rare for species to die out
interest in the conventional internal so quickly; ----.
combustion engine burning gasoline or
diesel fuel, ----. A) thus, dinosaurs died out completely, creating
new opportunities for mammals and birds
A) the energy density of the alternative fuels is B) similarly, all of the extinct species outnumber
considerably less than gasoline the living ones by roughly one hundred to one
B) gasoline-powered automobiles are modified C) instead, they normally go into a slow decline,
to burn a fuel such as ethanol alone which gives better-adapted species time to take
C) any short-term move to an alternative fuel will their place
meet environmental air quality regulations D) furthermore, huge number of species become
D) it will always take longer to refuel a vehicle extinct together when disasters or climate change
using a lower-energy-density liquid fuel strike
E) a market transition to alternative fuels and E) in addition, human activities such as farming
vehicles is likely to be slow and gradual and hunting are making species extinct at an
ever-increasing rate
32. Conservation is not only about protecting the
species that we like; ----. 35. Pure aluminium is relatively soft and not the
strongest of metals, ----.
A) therefore, more and more species around the
world are now facing the risk of extinction A) but when melted together with some specific
B) as a result, rescue projects for nature are elements, it forms alloys with a wide range of
never short of volunteers useful properties
C) likewise, most people are concerned about B) because it has been quite expensive to
endangered mammals produce aluminium metal in any quantity until
D) instead, it is about protecting the whole of the recent years
natural world C) provided that four million tons of aluminium
E) on the contrary whales have a special place are produced every year in the United States
in wildlife conservation D) as long as the metal itself is known to
conduct electricity about 60% as well as
33. Despite their threatening and low-pitched copper
buzzing sound, ----. E) given that some people claim that it is toxic
and that aluminium cookware is therefore
A) we have to examine the constant dangerous
characteristics to identify species of
bumblebees 36. In the late 1980s, the production of
B) bumblebees appear to thrive best in the commercial aerosols fell slightly ----.
temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere
C) some bumblebees nest underground, where A) because some groups became concerned
they take over cavities like mouse tunnels about their environmental effects
D) one had better not go in the vicinity of their B) since there have been a number of advances in
nests or massively threaten a single aerosol technology
bumblebee C) unless in many cases this substitution
E) bumblebees are very peaceful creatures who resulted in relatively inferior products
very seldom use their considerable stinger D) in case aerosol technology helps combustion
systems vastly improve
E) even if these limitations had forced the
aerosol industry to seek alternative solvents
37. ----, the protein content of it may not be as high 41. ----, many humans find rats frightening and
as that of duckweed or insects. revolting.
A) Although it makes financial sense to grow raw
materials around near-shore wind farms A) Because the ancestor of New York's rats
B) Since a lot of seaweed farmers are thinking lived in northern China
about installing their farms near windmills B) Despite the fact that rodents are seen as
C) Even if some researchers believe seaweed carriers of contagious and fatal diseases
carries the greatest feed-the-world potential C) Until cities radically change how they deal
D) As most of us already eat mostly protein-based with their household waste
meals about twice as much as we require D) Even though rats and people have occupied
E) Because there is enough land to farm shared living spaces for long
seaweed or duckweed for our expanding E) Just as the populations of native rats have
population been reduced intentionally in New Zealand

38. Pests are one of the biggest problems for 42. Only in recent years, with the advance of
agricultural lands, ----. technologies like fMRI, have Neuroscientists
A) even if we know caterpillars eat many vital begun to figure out how and why we dream.
food crops like rice
B) so that they can destroy a farmer’s entire A) fMRI gibi teknolojilerin gelisimiyle, sinir
crop ina single night bilimciler nasıl ve neden rüya gördüğümüzü
C) but natural predators can stop them from ancak son yıllarda anlamaya başlamışlardır.
causing a total disaster
D) unless they ruin crops that are worth billions of B) Sadece fMRI gibi teknolojilerin gelişimi
dollars annually sayesinde, sinir bilimciler nasıl ve neden rüya
E) although identifying crops that are more gördüğümüzü son yıllarda anlamaya
resistant to pests is essential başlamışlardır.

39. The wood of pines is used as timber for C) fMRI gibi teknolojiler ancak son yıllarda
construction and furniture; ----. gelişmiş ve böylelikle sinir bilimciler nasıl ve
A) similarly, wind or animals generally spread neden rüya gördüğümüzü anlamaya
their seeds into the environment başlamışlardır.
B) moreover, it is used for the manufacture of
many products, including paper D) fMRI gibi teknolojilerin gelişmeye
C) on the other hand, the leaves of all pines are başlamasının ardından sinir bilimciler nasıl ve
needle-like neden rüya gördüğümüzü ancak son yıllarda
D) in other words, one of the most important anlayabilmiştir.
pines of the 1800s was the eastern white pine
E) however, in modern times, several other E) Sinir bilimcilerin nasıl ve neden rüya
species of pine are economically important gördüğümüzü ancak son yıllarda
anlayabilmeleri, fMRI gibi teknolojilerin
40. Despite minerals’ variety and complexity, ----. gelişimiyle mümkün olmuştur.
A) humans have made use of minerals in
various ways for a long time
B) they must be of nonbiological or inorganic,
origin, which excludes coal and peat
C) there are several physical characteristics they all
share
D) their hardness is defined as their ability to
scratch another mineral
E) everything that humankind consumes, uses,
or produces has its origin in minerals
43. Solubility is quite an important property as 45. A study shows that destruction of tropical
most chemical reactions occur when the rain forests, in particular, has brought
substances reacting with each other are humans face-to-face with microbes that are
dissolved. naturally seen in wild animals.

A) Çözünürlüğü önemli bir özellik yapan şey A) Bir araştırma, özellikle yağmur ormanlarının
kimyasal reaksiyonların çoğunun birbiriyle yok edilmesinin insanları normalde yabani hayvanlarda
tepkimeye giren maddelerin çözünmesinden görülen mikroplarla karşı karşıya
meydana gelmesidir. bırakmış olduğunu göstermektedir.

B) Çözünürlüğün oldukça önemli bir özellik B) Normalde yabani hayvanlarda görülen mikropların
olması birçok kimyasal reaksiyonun birbiriyle insanlarda da görülmesi, bir araştırmaya göre özellikle
tepkimeye giren maddeler çözündüğünde yağmur ormanlarının yok edilmesi sonucunda
meydana gelmesindendir. gerçekleşmiştir.

C) Çoğu kimyasal reaksiyon birbiriyle tepkimeye C) Bir araştırmaya göre, yağmur ormanlarının yok edilmesi
giren maddeler çözündüğünde meydana gelir sonucunda insanlar, normalde özellikle yabani
ve bu da çözünürlüğü önemli bir hale getirir. hayvanlarda görülen mikroplarla karşı karşıya kalmaktadır.

D) Çözünürlük oldukça önemli bir özelliktir çünkü D) Özellikle yağmur ormanlarının yok edilmesiyle
çoğu kimyasal reaksiyon, birbiriyle tepkimeye insanların normalde yabani hayvanlarda görülen
giren maddeler çözündüğünde meydana gelir. mikroplarla karşı karşıya kaldığı, bir araştırma sonucunda
ortaya çıkmıştır.
E) Çözünürlük oldukça önemlidir çünkü çoğu
kimyasal reaksiyonun birbiriyle tepkimeye E) Bir araştırma, normalde yabani hayvanlarda görülen
giren maddeler çözündüğünde meydana mikropların insanlarda da ortaya çıkmasının özellikle
gelmesi bu özellik sayesinde olur. yağmur ormanlarının yok edilmesine bağlı olduğunu
göstermektedir.
44. Canned goods are the backbone of an
emergency food supply because they can be 46. When people try to stop using caffeine, they may feel
stored without refrigeration and eaten without headache and fatigue, but these symptoms can be
being heated. controlled by gradually reducing the amount of caffeine
consumed.
A) Konserve kutulu ürünler acil durum yiyecek
temininin belkemiğidir çünkü buzdolabı A) Kafeini bırakmaya çalışan insanlar baş ağrısı ve
olmadan depolanabilir ve ısıtılmadan yorgunluk gibi belirtiler gösterebilir ama bu belirtiler
yenebilir. tüketilen kafein miktarı kademeli olarak azaltılarak kontrol
edilebilir.
B) Buzdolabı olmadan depolanabilen ve
ısıtılmadan yenebilen konserve kutulu ürünler B) İnsanlar kafein kullanmayı bırakmaya çalıştıklarında baş
acil bir durumda yiyecek temininin belkemiğini ağrısı ve yorgunluk hissedebilirler, ama bu belirtiler
oluşturur. tüketilen kafein miktarı kademeli olarak azaltılarak kontrol
edilebilir.
C) Acil durum yiyecek temininin belkemiğini
oluşturan konserve kutulu ürünler, buzdolabı C) İnsanların kafein kullanmayı bırakmaya çalıştıklarında
olmadan muhafaza edilebilir ve ısıtılmadan yaşadıkları baş ağrısı ve yorgunluk hissi gibi belirtiler
yenebilir. tüketilen kafein miktarı kademeli olarak azaltılarak kontrol
altına alınabilir.
D) Yiyecek temininin belkemiği olan konserve
kutulu ürünler, buzdolabı olmadan D) İnsanlar tüketilen kafein miktarını kademeli olarak
depolanabildiği ve ısıtılmadan yenebildiği için azaltarak baş ağrısı ve yorgunluk gibi belirtileri kontrol
acil durumlarda kullanılabilmektedir. altına alabilir ve böylece kafein kullanmayı bırakabilir.

E) Konserve kutulu ürünler buzdolabı olmaksızın E) Tüketilen kafein miktarını kademeli olarak
depolanabilmesi ve ısıtılmaksızın yenebilmesi gibi azaltarak bırakmaya çalışan insanlar yine de
özellikleriyle acil durum yiyecek temininin bu dönemde yoğun baş ağrısı ve yorgunluk
belkemiğidir. gibi belirtileri hissedebilir.
47. Most parts of meteors evaporate when they 49. Modern kozmoloji, Hubble Uzay Teleskopu
hit the Earth, as their kinetic energy is gibi teçhizatları kullanarak evrenin düzenini
converted into heat and high temperatures tanımlama girişimidir.
turn even rock into gas.
A) Modern cosmology is an attempt to describe
A) Dünya'ya çarptıklarında kinetik enerjileri ısıya the order of the universe by using such
dönüşen meteorların birçok parçası, kayayı bile gaz instruments as the Hubble Space Telescope.
hâline getiren yüksek sıcaklıklardan
dolayı buharlaşır. B) Modern cosmology that uses instruments like
the Hubble Space Telescope attempts to
B) Meteorların birçok parçası Dünya'ya identify the order of the universe.
çarptığında buharlaşır çünkü kinetik enerjileri
ısıya dönüşür ve yüksek sıcaklıklar kayayı C) With an attempt to describe the order of the
bile gaz hâline getirir. universe, modem cosmology makes use of
instruments such as the Hubble Space
C) Meteorların birçok parçasının Dünya'ya Telescope.
çarptığında buharlaşması, kinetik enerjilerinin
ısıya dönüşüp yüksek sıcaklıklarda kayayı D) Using instruments like the Hubble Space
bile gaz hâline getirmesi sebebiyledir. Telescope, modem cosmology attempts to
describe the order in the universe.
D) Meteorların kinetik enerjilerinin ısıya
dönüşmesi sonucunda oluşan yüksek E) Modern cosmology is an area in which an
sıcaklıklar kayayı bile gaz hâline getirdiği için attempt is made to describe the order of the
birçok meteor parçası Dünya'ya çarptıktan universe by using instruments such as the
sonra buharlaşır. Hubble Space Telescope.

E) Dünya'ya çarpan meteorların birçok parçası 50. Organik kimya yeni maddeleri yeni
buharlaşır, çünkü kinetik enerjilerinin ısıya özelliklerle sentezlemek için karbon
dönüşmesiyle oluşan yüksek sıcaklıklar atomlarından oluşan bileşiklerin nasıl
kayayı bile gaz haline getirir. değiştirileceğini ve birleştirileceğini araştırır.

48. Nükleer endüstrinin günümüzde karşılaştığı en A) Organic chemistry explores how to change
büyük teknolojik sorun yaaa miktardaki atıkların and connect compounds made up of carbon
uzun süreli ve güvenli olarak elden çıkarılmasıdır. atoms in order to synthesise new substances
with new properties.
A) Currently, the biggest technological problem
of the nuclear industry is how to get rid of B) How to change and connect compounds
high-level waste safely for a long term. made up of carbon atoms should be explored
by organic chemistry to synthesise new
B) The biggest technological problem which the substances with new properties.
nuclear industry is currently facing is related
to how to dispose high-level waste safely in C) Organic chemistry explores the changes and
the long term. connections of compounds made up of
carbon atoms for the purpose of synthesising
C) Long-term and safe disposal of high-level new substances with their new properties.
nuclear waste is the biggest technological
problem the nuclear industry has D) In order to synthesise new substances with
encountered. new properties, organic chemistry is to make
explorations on the changes or connections
D) The biggest technological problem the of compounds made up of carbon atoms.
nuclear industry is presently facing is the
long-term and safe disposal of high-level E) Organic chemistry synthesises new
waste. substances with new properties by exploring
how to change and connect compounds
E) The nuclear industry currently is facing their made up of carbon atoms.
biggest problem, which is the long term and
safe disposal of high-level waste.
 51. Orta Çağın en müthiş ve insan hayatı 53. Geniş alanı göz önünde bulundurulduğunda
üzerinde en yaygın etkiye sahip icatlardan biri olan Afrika diğer kıtalardan daha az büyük sıra dağlara
baskı işlemi Johannes Gutenberg tarafından sahiptir.
tasarlanmıştı.
A) There are fewer extensive mountain ranges
A) In addition to being one of the greatest inventions of in Africa than there are on the other
the Middle Ages, the printing process, devised by Johannes continents, although it is a continent with a
Gutenberg, had also the most widespread influence on vast size.
the lives of people.
B) While it has a vast size, Africa has fewer
B) The printing process, which was one of the greatest extensive mountain ranges than do the other
inventions of the Middle Ages and that had the most continents.
widespread effect on the lives of people, was devised by
Johannes Gutenberg. C) Considering its vast size, Africa has fewer
extensive mountain ranges than any other
C) The printing process devised by Johannes Gutenberg continent.
was one of the most brilliant inventions of the Middle Ages
as it had the most widespread influence on the lives of D) In Africa, there are not as many extensive
people. mountain ranges as there are on any other
continents despite its vast size.
D) The printing process devised by Johannes Gutenberg
was one of the most brilliant inventions of the Middle Ages E) Compared to the other continents, there are
as it had the most widespread influence on the lives of fewer extensive mountain ranges in Africa in spite of
people. its vast size.

E) The printing process, which was devised by Johannes 54. ---- The latter are quite costly and typically
Gutenberg, and which had a widespread effect on the lives consist of 90% fuel, 5% hull, and only 5% payload in
of people, was one of the greatest inventions of the Middle the shape of astronauts, satellites, and other things.
Ages. The elevators, on the other hand, will be powered
by solar energy and have room for much more than
52. Fosiller sadece kemikler gibi kabuklar gibi taşlaşmış goods. According to a group of scientists, an
gövde parçaları değildir, miti bakteri ve dinozor ayak elevator capsule can ferry 30 passengers to a
izlerini de içerirler. space station some 35,000 km above Earth in
7.5 days. A trip to space could cost as much
A) Fossils are not just petrified bones, shells or as a business-class plane-ticket very soon.
body parts, they are also ancient bacteria and
dinosaur prints of fossils. A) If space elevators become a reality one day,
they will be a much cheaper means of
B) Petrified body parts like bones and shells are not the only transport into space than rockets.
fossils; also there are fossils of ancient bacteria and dinosaur B) The idea of a space elevator has existed
footprints. since the late 1800s, but for almost 100
years, it seemed unrealistic.
C) Fossils are not just petrified body parts such as bones and C) Scientists are still not sure which method is
shells, they also include ancient bacteria and dinosaur the best for building an advanced space
footprints. elevator.
D) A recent satellite experiment has eventually
D) Fossils are both petrified body parts like bones and shells become the predecessor of a full scale space
and they also include ancient bacteria and footprints of elevator.
dinosaurs. E) in theory, hundreds of kilograms are required to
keep a space elevator structure stable in the orbit.
E) In addition to fossils like petrified body parts such as
bones and shells, ancient bacteria and dinosaur footprints
are fossils, too.
55. Researchers looked at how the genetic 57. Earthquakes and volcanoes have affected
diversity of African lions has changed over humans' history, culture, and civilisation.
time. They discovered that the diversity of the Earthquakes have been reported to result in
population in the Kavango-Zambezi great human casualties as well as economic
conservation area which spans parts of destruction. ---- Earthquakes and volcanoes
Angola, Botswana; Namibia, Zambia and have terrified people, both young and old
Zimbabwe, has fallen by up to 17 percent with their destructive power.
since1895. ---- It is known that there are now
fewer lions in Africa, and they occupy a A) Humans have been adversely affected by
smaller area, but it was previously less clear numerous disasters, including floods and
how well they were doing in their heartlands. tsunamis.
B) With regard to the hazard that they present,
A) The loss of genetic variation in the Kavango- volcanoes can be classified as active, dormant, or
Zambezi lions reduces their ability to adapt to extinct.
future changes and threats. C) One would think that with all the human
B) This drop is significant because it occurred in advances in technology, earthquakes and
an area that is home to one of the continent's volcanoes would become less damaging.
most important lion populations. D) Volcanoes have even been credited with
C) Stopping the decline in the lion's genetic altering the Earth's climate, thereby causing some
diversity will require political support. of the major famines and even plagues in history
D) In Botswana, there is political will to protect E) Volcanic rocks produced from partially melted
lions because tourism is seen so significant for continental crust usually appear red, brown, or
the country. grey in colour.
E) Researchers have been studying the genetic
diversity of the world's lion population since 58. Scientists determine the global water level
the end of the 19th century. by means of satellites equipped with altimeters.
Every second, the altimeter emits some 1700
56. The Sun is a typical star, little different from pulses of microwave energy towards Earth. By
billions of others in our galaxy, the Milky Way. It measuring the time passing before the reflected
dominates everything around it, accounting for energy from the ocean surface returns to the
99.8 percent of the solar system’s mass: satellite, it is possible to determine the level of
Compared with any of its planets, the Sun is the surface with impressive precision. ---- By
immense. ---- Yet, the Sun is by no means the collecting all data from multiple overflights,
biggest star; VY Canis Majoris, known as a scientists can calculate the average global water
hypergiant, could hold almost 3 billion Suns. level over a calendar year, screening out the
effects of wind, waves, ocean currents, tides and
A) Now approximately halfway through its life, in soon, all of which can influence individual data
about 5 billion years it will turn into a red points.
giant, swelling and surging out toward the
planets. A) Before the first water-level satellite was
B) Energy traveling from the Sun is responsible Iaunched in 1992, harbour water-level markers
for sustaining the entire life on Earth. were scientists' most important tools.
C) Earth would fit inside the Sun over one million B) Additionally, satellites can cover the entire
times; even the biggest planet, Jupiter, is a planet in about 10 days, providing an overall
thousandth of the Sun's volume. picture of water levels for all seas and oceans.
D) It may seem like an unchanging yellow ball in C) Those satellites should be able to dismiss local
the sky, but the Sun is incredibly dynamic. effects, such as in Scandinavia, where the
E) The pressure inside the Sun is more than 100 landmass is rising compared with the rest of the
billion times greater than atmospheric world.
pressure on Earth's surface. D) A local water-level marker in a harbour in the
Gulf of Bothnia would indicate that water levels
there are falling by about 1 cm annually.
E) Satellite data can show that there is a local
effect, with no relevance to global water levels, in
the case of local factors such as tides.
59. ---- First, wind pumps are environmentally 62. (I) With pictures of wildfires captured by
friendly. As with the atmosphere, wind turbines satellite cameras in hand, researchers
will not contaminate the land, they are not likely at the University of Waterloo in Canada, are using
to contaminate the water either. Also, wind an artificial intelligence strategy called
turbines generally do not affect the wildlife that reinforcement learning to create models that
inhabits the area. Sheep, cattle, deer, and other predict how the fires spread. (Il) Researchers are
wildlife are not bothered by the turbines, and in already considering applying the same technique to
fact, have been known to graze under them. predict flooding and drought (III) In a repetitive
process using images from previous fires, the model
A) Several types of wind pumps have been used receives images showing a fire's location every 16
for centuries and continue in use around the days. (IV) The model then predicts the next 16 days'
world. spread and receives feedback about the accuracy of
B) There are many advantages to using wind its prediction, improving the model's understanding
energy for pumping water. of how fires move. (V) As it progresses, the model
C) Birds have long been reported to have a learns 'rules' that wildfires follow - for example,
tendency to collide with wind pumps. that fire stops when it meets a lake.
D) Research suggests that the impact of the A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
wind turbines on birds does not compare to
that of other things. 63. (I) The world's first land plants were just
E) Using fossil fuels to pump water is more anklehigh, and they reproduced by releasing tiny
costly than wind pumps. spores. (Il) Over millions of years, animals and
plants became close partners. (lll) As time went by,
60. (I) Scientists try to find new ways to harness plants became taller, tougher and more varied, and
natural processes in the fight against the new plants included giant horsetails and tree
environmental disaster. (II) A team of ferns, which grew in vast forests on swampy
researchers, for instance, announced that fungi ground. (IV) The breakthrough came later when
could be key to winning the battle against plastic some plants developed seeds. (V) Seeds turned out
waste. (IlI) After several research studies, a to be one of nature's greatest inventions, allowing
fungus called Aspergillus tubingensis, which plants to spread to some of the driest and coldest
produces an enzyme that can break down even places on Earth.
super-resilient plastics, fully digesting it within A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
weeks, was found. (IV) The genes that produce it
could be put in marine fungi to help clear plastic 64. (I) Fungi release digestive enzymes that break
in the oceans. (V) Meanwhile, deep in Oman's al- down food on the immediate contact. (II) Different
Hajar mountain range, geologists have found a species of fungi have several different ways of
potential way to remove carbon dioxide from air sending spores on their journey. (III) Mushrooms,
and water. for example, shed their spores downwards, but
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V puffballs give theirs a flying start by blowing them
up into the air. (IV) When a puffball is newly grown,
61. (I) The mammals of the world are increasingly it feels hard and rubbery, like a ball; however, as its
active during the night instead of during the day, spores begin to ripen, it dries out. (V) The top of the
according to a major study. (lI) American puffball then opens up, forming a hole so that the
scientists monitored the circadian rhythms of 141 spores can be released.
animal groups of 62 different species from all A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
continents except Antarctica. (III) The nocturnal
activity also brings animals in contact with new 65. (I) Pollution is not a new phenomenon. (ll) In
predators that they must learn how to handle. the Middle Ages, London's air was so badly polluted
(IV) It was found that the animals' nocturnal by smoke from coal fires that in 1273 Edward-|
activity on average increased by 3696 in places passed a law banning coal burning. (lll) In 1306 a
where they would often come into contact with Londoner was tried and executed for breaking this
humans during the day. (V) Individual species are law. (IV) Coal burning remained the most serious
nocturnal for different reasons such as to get source of pollution until modem times. (V) Despite
access to food or avoid hunters, but generally, it this, pollution was not checked, and on one
is to limit the contact with humans to a minimum. occasion in 1578, Elizabeth I refused to enter
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V London because there was so much smoke in the
air.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
Chimps might have spontaneously figured out 68. One can understand from the passage that
how to use a stick to mash a potato, a skill not the chimps in Zambia that had never seen stick-
observed in most other primates. Wild pounding before ----.
chimpanzees in Guinea climb palm trees to eat A) successfully used sticks to open boxes before
the trees' 'hearts, which look like white they were tested by Tennie
asparagus. They use sticks to mash the hearts B) preferred to wait for a long time before
before eating them. Chimps elsewhere do not do collecting sticks to mash the potatoes given
this,suggesting that the behaviour is cultural and C) had an inherent tendency to eat raw potatoes
that Guinea chimps pick it up by copying each rather than the boiled ones
other. However, Claudio Tennie of the University D) could also display a new behaviour of
of Tübingen in Germany is sceptical about mashing hard food with a stick before they
copying. Many studies have demonstrated sat
copying among chimps by showing them how to E) initially struggled to use sticks to mash food
get food out of puzzle box and seeing if they can before eating palm trees' hearts
then do it. Tennie says these studies are flawed
because the chimps may simply be grasping how
such boxes work and then figuring out how to
open them themselves. To see whether chimps
can work out such tricks on their own, Tennie
studied semi-wild chimps in Zambia. The chimps
had never seen

66. According to the passage; chimps in Guinea

- ---.
A) might have developed the behaviour to mash
the trees' hearts with sticks on their own
B) were unique in the way their ability to climb
palm trees
C) learned more easily to adopt new behaviour
while eating
D) made scientists rethink how tool use is
acquired by other primates
E) tend to copy the behaviours of their enemies in
the wild

67. It is pointed out in the passage that Claudio

Tennie ----.
A) was one of the few scientists who claim that
chimps might copy each other
B) lacked the necessary knowledge about
chimpanzees in Guinea and their
environment
C) considered the new behaviour of Guinea
chimps as a typical development in primates
D) suspected the development of a new
behaviour among chimps would ever be
possible
E) doubted the idea that Guinea chimps may
have figured out how to use sticks by copying
each other
Plants have a number of properties that we do
not encounter in synthetic materials: plants self-
repair, they are easy to recycle, and they are low-
cost. More importantly, they harvest energy from
the Sun via photosynthesis. Then they store that
energy in the form of sugars and starches. So, a
plant can be thought as a combination of a solar
cell and battery. Plant 'nanobionics' seeks to work
out the ways that you could transform a living
plant use these capabilities. Scientists are using
small particles that can enter the plant and
interact with biochemical pathways to give it new
functions. One example of these new functions is
the glowing plants. Thanks to nanobionics, the
plants glow for about 3.5 hours. The brightness is
visible to the naked eye. The amount of light that
is generated out of plants is actually enough for
what architects call 'indirect lighting'. So, if you
had a bunch of these plants lined up along a wall,
you would contribute to ambient lighting and
make your room attractive.

69. Which of the following is not true about

plants?
A) They have a lot of features different from
synthetic materials.
B) They possess properties similar to those of a
solar cell and a battery.
C) It is quite costly to recycle and repair them.
D) They get energy from the Sun through
photosynthesis.
E) Scientists are trying to add more properties to
them.

70. It is understood from the passage that

glowing plants ----.
A) can be used for decorative purposes
B) are exclusive interest of study for nanobionics
C) fail to repair themselves in case of damage
D) become brighter after 3.5 hours
E) attract a lot of attention from all over the
world

71. The passage is mainly about ----.

A) the comparison of nanobionics with other
fields of study
B) nanobionics giving plants new functions
C) altenative ways of creating ambient lighting
D) how plants use photosynthesis to repair
themselves
E) the practicality of plants for recycling
A large proportion of soil in the lands south of the 74. According to the passage, how do
Sahara Desert lacks the organic matter and nutrients researchers feel about using the existing
needed by plants. The soil needs to be rebuilt with perenniation techniques in different
decomposed plant and animal material, which adds environments?
nitrogen and carbon, helps to retain water and A) Critical
nourishes microbes that keep the Earth productive. B) Ignorant
However, a majority of African farmers can neither C) Questioning
create nor afford to buy enough organic matter to D) Assured
improve their lands. Therefore, some farmers have E) Neutral
adopted a set of strategies known as 'perenniation'.
These methods rely on raising trees, shrubs, or
perennial grasses right among or alongside food
crops to renew soils, boosting crop yields and
improving the long-term sustainability of food
production. The perennial plants supply carbon and
nitrogen to the ground, help to retain water, reduce
erosion, fight off pests and raise crops' uptake of
chemical fertilisers. They also provide farmers with
feed for livestock and wood for fuel. These efforts are
good starts, though researchers are not yet certain
whether existing perenniation techniques would
work best in various environments. A group of
scientists have established 45 research stations to
study the suitability of a range of trees, shrubs and
other perennials for local climate, environmental and
cultural conditions to explore alternative
perenniation techniques.

72. What is the main problem with the soil in the

south of the Sahara Desert?
A) It has a great amount of chemical fertilisers.
B) The amount of organic matter and nutrients in it is
insufficient.
C) The strategies used in farming have helped it to
retain large quantities of water.
D) The abundance of nitrogen has caused it to
become infertile.
E) Perennial plants have led to a decrease in the
amount of nitrogen in it.

73. According to the passage, which of the

following is true about 'perenniation'
techniques?
A) They increase pests' chances of survival.
B) They result in a larger loss of soil due to
erosion.
C) They boost the variety of crops that can be
grown in one field.
D) They provide more than just soil benefits to
farmers.
E) They include the use of livestock to increase
fertilisation of the soil.
In pure form, menthol is a white crystallıne 77. Which of the following can be inferred
material with a cooling taste and odour and from the passage?
occurs naturally in the peppermint plant. A) Menthol is regarded as a safe compound,
Peppermint is one of (the oldest known herbal allowing its continued use as a food additive.
remedies. Dried peppermint leaves were B) The Egyptians developed a method for
found in Egyptian pyramids dating to at least drying peppermint leaves, which affected later
1000 BCE, and its use among the ancient generations.
Greeks and Romans in cooking and medical C) In the 18th century, menthol used to have
preparations is well known. Peppermint was fewer undesirable side effects than it does
not introduced to Western Europe, however, today.
until the 18th century, when it was used to D) Treating morning sickness has been the
treat a variety of ailments ranging from too to most frequent reason for the use of menthol.
morning sickness. It was first brought to the E) Europeans brought menthol to America,
United States about a century later. Although where it had already been used as a herbal
menthol has been classified as a generally safe remedy.
product and approved for use in foods, some
side effects have been reported. On contact
with the skin, menthol may cause irritation in
certain populations. İngesting large quantities
can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting,
dizziness and abdominal pain, nausea,
vomiting, dizziness and drowsiness. These
effects are more likely to occur in infants and
children than in adults.

75. According to the passage, peppermint

was ---
A) the largely used herbal remedy for serious
diseases in Western Europe until the 18th
century
B) used for medical purposes by various
ancient cultures
C) discovered almost simultaneously by the
Europeans and the Americans
D) initially applied by the Americans for the
relief of toothaches in the 1900s
E) extracted from the leaves of a plant which
was crystallised and purified

76. According to the passage, exposure to

high amounts of menthol ----.
A) was reported to cause severe damage to
the body by the Greeks and Romans
B) requires immediate medical attention when
menthol is consumed by the elderly
C) might pose more serious health threats for
some people than others
D) is generally considered safe when it is
absorbed by skin rather than ingested
E) has been classified safe by the authorities in
the United States
Corn was first created by the genius of native 80. According to the passage, corn plants ----.
Americans - thousands of years ago from an A) can produce grain that has a higher
annual grass that had an extraordinarily high nutritive value as compared to wheat
natural mutation rate. There is nothing B) will help many farmers to raise livestock by
comparable to it among all the wild grasses; feeding them with corn cobs
corn Was created by farmers' careful seed C) will need a lot of sunshine to grow kernels
selections over the millennia, and is still being that could be used next year
thus 'created'. Com is a space and D) can naturally grow anywhere in the world
soil/nitrogen hog, but it gives abundantly in E) offer various benefits and uses as well as
return for what it gets. Com is good for having an important nutritional value
homesteaders because it can easily be grown
on a small plot without draft animals or farm
machinery. İt is also a sensible crop to be
ambitious about. It yields generously. You
plant one kernel and get about 750 back. It
can provide high-quality food for every man
and beast on the place. A single corn plant can
produce enough grain to feed a person for a
day. İt is a bread, it is a vegetable, it is a
decoration. The husks can be made into
paper, rope, or stuffing. The cobs provide fuel
to burn. The stalks and leaves are as good as
hay for winterfeeding.

78. It is clearly stated in the passage that

native Americans ----.
A) generated corn from a kind of a grass with
quite a high natural mutation speed
B) inspired the modern farmers to mutate wild
grasses for new species
C) initially failed to make use of corn as a fuel
D) started a temporary cycle of mutation for
wild grasses and corn
E) selected various seeds to grow in different
places of the world

79. It can be understood from the passage

that growing corn ----.
A) is a difficult task in achieving constant yield
annually
B) could be profitable only if it is done with
fertile soil
C) needs large farming areas because it is
more efficient
D) is advantageous for farmers since it offers
high yields
E) is more efficient in providing fuel than hay
for winterfeeding
DENEME 1 48. C
49. B
1. C 50. A
2. D 51. D
3. B 52. B
4. A 53. D
5. C 54. A
6. E 55. E
7. D 56. C
8. C 57. D
9. D 58. B
10. A 59. E
11. E 60. A
12. B 61. A
13. D 62. E
14. C 63. D
15. E 64. C
16. D 65. B
17. A 66. A
18. B 67. D
19. E 68. A
20. D 69. B
21. A 70. E
22. A 71. C
23. C 72. C
24. B 73. B
25. D 74. E
26. E 75. C
27. B 76. B
28. E 77. A
29. C 78. C
30. A 79. D
31. B 80. E
32. E
33. D DENEME 2
34. A
35. C 1. C
36. E 2. D
37. A 3. B
38. D 4. A
39. B 5. E
40. C 6. B
41. E 7. D
42. B 8. C
43. C 9. A
44. D 10. E
45. A 11. B
46. B 12. C
47. E 13. E
14. D
15. D
16. C
17. C
18. A
19. B
20. D
21. B
22. E
23. A
24. E
25. B
26. D
27. A
28. C
29. C
30. A
31. E
32. A
33. D
34. B
35. C
36. D
37. D
38. B
39. B
40. D
41. C
42. A
43. E
44. B
45. A
46. E
47. E
48. D
49. E
50. A
51. B
52. E
53. C
54. D
55. D
56. E
57. C
58. B
59. D
60. E
61. A
62. A
63. E
64. B
65. C
66. B
67. A
68. A
69. D
70. A
71. E
72. B
73. C
74. A
75. C
76. E
77. B
78. C
79. D
80. C

DENEME 3

1. A
2. C
3. B
4. D
5. E
6. A
7. B
8. D
9. E
10. C
11. D
12. C
13. A
14. B
15. E
16. A
17. D
18. C
 66. A
19. B 67. B
20. C 68. E
21. A 69. A
22. D 70. D
23. E 71. C
24. C 72. B
25. B 73. E
26. A 74. A
27. E 75. D
28. B 76. C
29. D 77. D
30. A 78. B
31. C 79. C
32. D 80. E
33. E
34. B DENEME 4
35. A
36. C 1. A
37. A 2. D
38. D 3. A
39. E 4. C
40. B 5. D
41. C 6. B
42. E 7. A
43. C 8. E
44. D 9. A
45. E 10. D
46. D 11. C
47. A 12. B
48. B 13. A
49. E 14. B
50. C 15. B
51. A 16. C
52. D 17. D
53. B 18. C
54. B 19. D
55. C 20. A
56. A 21. B
57. D 22. D
58. E 23. E
59. E 24. A
60. D 25. C
61. B 26. B
62. A 27. D
63. B 28. B
64. E 29. A
65. C 30. E
31. B
32. B
33. D
34. A
35. D
36. A
37. A
38. B
39. B
40. A
41. B
42. C
43. A
44. E
45. C
46. A
47. A
48. A
49. B
50. C
51. E
52. B
53. C
54. B
55. D
56. A
57. D
58. B
59. D
60. A
61. B
62. B
63. C
64. D
65. C
66. B
67. D
68. D
69. C
70. E
71. A
72. C
73. B
74. B
75. A
76. B
77. B
78. E
79. A
80. C

DENEME 5

1. D
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. A
9. E
10. C
11. D
12. D
13. C
14. C
15. C
16. A
17. E
18. C
19. D
20. A
21. C
22. B
23. E
24. D
25. E
26. C
27. C
28. E
29. A
 77. B
30. A 78. B
31. B 79. E
32. A 80. A
33. A
34. C DENEME 6
35. D
36. A 1. A
37. A 2. E
38. E 3. D
39. C 4. D
40. A 5. C
41. B 6. D
42. B 7. B
43. A 8. C
44. D 9. C
45. A 10. E
46. A 11. A
47. C 12. B
48. C 13. C
49. C 14. D
50. B 15. D
51. E 16. D
52. D 17. A
53. D 18. E
54. D 19. D
55. B 20. C
56. C 21. C
57. D 22. A
58. E 23. D
59. E 24. E
60. C 25. B
61. B 26. E
62. C 27. C
63. E 28. A
64. B 29. B
65. D 30. D
66. A 31. E
67. C 32. D
68. C 33. E
69. E 34. C
70. C 35. A
71. D 36. A
72. C 37. C
73. E 38. C
74. C 39. B
75. B 40. C
76. D 41. D
42. A
43. D
44. A
45. A
46. B
47. B
48. D
49. A
50. A
51. B
52. C
53. C
54. A
55. B
56. C
57. D
58. B
59. B
60. E
61. C
62. B
63. B
64. A
65. D
66. A
67. E
68. D
69. C
70. A
71. B
72. B
73. D
74. C
75. B
76. C
77. A
78. A
79. D
80. E