CM9 07 5.3_5.

2 Final 12/8/04 11:35 AM Page 217

geometrical
figures
Syllabus outcomes
SGS5.2.1 Develops and applies results related to the angle sum of interior and exterior angles
for any convex polygon
SGS5.2.2 Develops and applies results for proving that triangles are congruent or similar
WMS5.3.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to
Stage 5.3 content
WMS5.3.2 Solves problems using a range of strategies, including deductive reasoning
WMS5.3.4 Uses deductive reasoning in presenting arguments and formal proofs
WMS5.3.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations about,
existing knowledge and understanding in relation to Stage 5.3 content

In this chapter you will learn to:

nname polygons according to number of sides
ndistinguish between regular and irregular polygons
ndistinguish between convex and non-convex (concave) polygons
napply the result for the interior angle sum of a triangle to find, by dissection, the interior
angle sums of polygons with 4 or more sides
ndefine the exterior angle of a convex polygon
nestablish that the sum of the exterior angles of any convex polygon is 360°
napply angle sum results to find unknown angles
ndetermine what information is needed to show that two triangles are congruent
napply the congruence tests to justify that two triangles are congruent
napply congruent triangle results to establish properties of isosceles and equilateral
triangles
napply congruent triangle results to establish some of the properties of special
quadrilaterals, including diagonal properties, for example the diagonals of a parallelogram
bisect each other
nidentify the elements preserved in similar triangles, namely angle size and the ratio of
corresponding sides
ndetermine whether triangles are similar
ncalculate unknown sides in a pair of similar triangles
napply the triangle congruence tests in numerical exercises to find unknown sides
and angles
napply the enlargement or reduction factor to find unknown sides in similar triangles
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Polygons
The word polygon has been derived from the
Number of sides Name of polygon
Greek words poly, meaning ‘many’, and gonia,
meaning ‘angle’. This means that a polygon is a 3 triangle
plane closed figure with many angles. However, in 4 quadri lateral
a plane closed figure the number of sides is the 5 pentagon
same as the number of angles, so we can also 6 hexagon
define a polygon as a closed figure with many 7 heptagon
sides (straight lines). 8 octagon
Polygons have special names depending on 9 nonagon
the number of sides they have. Some of the names 10 decagon
are given in this table. The first part of the name 11 undecagon
indicates the number of sides of the polygon. 12 dodecagon

If all the sides of a polygon are equal and all its angles
are equal, it is called a regular polygon. If any of the sides
or angles are not equal, it is an irregular polygon.
convex
Polygons can be convex or non-convex (concave). In a polygon
convex polygon, all the interior angles are less than 180°.
In other words, each angle of a convex polygon is either
acute or obtuse. All the diagonals of a convex polygon lie
inside the figure.
In a non-convex (concave) polygon, at least one interior
angle is greater than 180°. In other words, the polygon has
one or more reflex angles.
non-convex (concave) polygon

E x e r c i s e 7A P O LY G O N S

■
1 Which of these shapes are polygons?
A B C D E

■
2 Which of these shapes are not polygons?
A B C D E

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■
3 What is a polygon? Is a circle a polygon? Why?

■
4 Write the special name for the polygon with the given number of sides:
a 3 b 4 c 5 d 6
e 7 f 8 g 10 h 12

■
5 Which of these shapes are polygons? Name them.
A B C D E

■
6 Name each polygon and state whether it is a regular or an irregular polygon:
a b c d

e f g h

■
7 Name each polygon and state whether it is a convex or a non-convex polygon:
a b c

A polygon
d e f with equal
sides and equal
angles is called a
regular polygon.

■
8 What is the special name given to:
a a 3-sided regular polygon? b a 4-sided regular polygon?

■
9 Sketch:
a a regular convex pentagon b a non-convex (concave) hexagon

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■
10 Name these non-convex polygons:
In a convex polygon, each
a b interior angle is less than 180°.

Concave means
non-convex.

The angle sum of a triangle

A polygon is a closed figure with many sides, and the minimum number of sides
CD-ROM
needed to close any figure is 3. A triangle is a 3-sided polygon (the polygon with the
least number of sides).
There are 2 important rules about the angles in triangles:

The sum of the interior angles

The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to
and
of a triangle is 180°. the sum of the 2 interior opposite angles.

Examples
●
1 Find the size of the unknown angle in
ABC. A
a°
a
55
30  180 (The angle sum of a
a
85  180 triangle is 180°.) 55° 30°
B C
a  180  85
 a  95
The size of the angle is 95°.
A pronumeral is a
●
2 Find the value of each A variable. Its value
changes according to
pronumeral in this diagram. 80° the problem.

110° y° x°
E D C B

ADC
110 180 (Supplementary angles add

ADC  180  110 up to 180°.)
ADC  70
Now: x  ADC
80 (The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to
x  70
80 the sum of the 2 interior opposite angles.)
 x  150

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y
80
70  180 (The angle sum of a triangle is 180°.)

y
150  180
y  180  150
 y  30

●
m° 68° The exterior angle is
3 Find the value of m in
the angle formed by
this triangle. extending one side of
the triangle.
128°

m
68  128 (The exterior angle of a triangle is

m  128  68 equal to the sum of the
 m  60 2 interior opposite angles.)

E x e r c i s e 7B THE ANGLE SUM OF A TRIANGLE

■
1 Find the value of the pronumeral in each triangle:
a b c 120° y°
85° x°

60° a° 25°
50° 70°

■
2 Find the unknown angle in each triangle:
a b c The angle sum
83° y° x° of a triangle
is 180°.
m° 45° 37°
75°
65° 49°

■
3 Find the value of each pronumeral:
a b c Vertically
opposite angles
y° are equal.
15°

x°
x° 75° 140° a °

■
4 Find the value of each pronumeral in these figures:
a b c
60° 30° a°
b° a°

68°
78° 38°
x° 65°

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■
5 Find the value of y in each figure:
a b c
y° 54° y°

35° y° 126° 125° 40°

■
6 Find the value of x in each figure:
a b c 150° 60°
3x°

x°
2x° 30°
x°

■
7 Find the value of each pronumeral:
a b c
m°
p° 50°
60° 154°

a° b°
c°
60° 55°

■
8 Find the value of each pronumeral:
a b x°
y°
a° Complementary angles
c° add up to 90°.
40° d°
e°
58°
b° z°

Supplementary angles
add up to 180°.

■
9 Find the value of x in each triangle:
a b c 2x °
3x° x°

2x ° x°
x° 4x °
x°

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■
10 Find the value of the pronumeral:
a b 4a °
110°

x°
a°

The angle sum of a quadrilateral CD-ROM

A quadrilateral is a 4-sided polygon, and therefore squares, rectangles, parallelograms,

rhombuses, trapeziums and kites are all polygons.
C
A diagonal divides a quadrilateral into 2 triangles and the sum of the
angles of each triangle is 180°. So the angle sum of both the triangles
is 360°, as shown in the diagram. This gives us the following rule: 180°
D
180°

The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°. A

B

A
Examples x°

●
1 Find the size of the unknown angle in
80° D
quadrilateral ABCD.
100° 120°
B C
x
100
120
80  360 (The angle sum of a
x
300  360 quadrilateral is 360°.)
x  360  300
 x  60
The size of the angle is 60°.
30° 40°

●
2 Find the value of the pronumeral in this quadrilateral. 240°

x
240
30
40  360 (The angle sum of a

x
310  360 quadrilateral is 360°.)
x  360  310 x°

 x  50

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●
3 Find the value of each pronumeral 120°
in this figure.
x° y°

x
120
90
90  360 (The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°.)

x
300  360
x  360  300
 x  60
Also: x
y  180 (A straight angle is 180°.)
60
y  180
y  180  60
 y  120

E x e r c i s e 7C T H E A N G L E S U M O F A Q U A D R I L AT E R A L

■
1 Find the value of the pronumeral in each quadrilateral:
a b c 60°
45°
40°
y°

x°
125° 110°
70°
140°
m°

■
2 Find the value of each pronumeral:

a 97° x° b 110° x° c a° a°

y° x° 110°
57°
a° a°

■
3 Find the value of a:

a b
a° 125°
110°

245°
54° The angle
20° 30° a° sum of a
quadrilateral
is 360°.
c
3a ° 2a °

2a ° 3a °

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■
4 Find the value of x:
a x° b 3x ° c
72° 75°
98°
120°
120°
95°
68°
(x
10)°

x°
■
5 Find the value of each pronumeral:
a b
y° a° 67°

75°
115° b°
110° 130°

c
x°
In a rhombus,
opposite sides are parallel
and all sides are equal.
120°

■
6 Find the unknown angles:
a x°
b 130° c x° x°

y° x° x°
75°

■
7 Find the value of x in each quadrilateral:
a 76° b x° c
25°

x° 115° x°
60°
88° 30°

■
8 Find the value of each pronumeral:
a b c
3a °
4a° a°
y°
51°
a° 2a °
98° x° 60° x°

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■
9 Find the value of each pronumeral:
a b x° c
10° 110°
y° 110°
3x ° x°
30°

270° x°

x° 130°

■
10 Find the value of m:
a b c
91°
m°
155°

2m° 5m°
m°
4m°
m° m° 2m°

The angle sum of a polygon

We can divide a polygon into triangles by drawing all the diagonals from one vertex. The angle
sum of a triangle is 180°, so to find the angle sum of the polygon, we multiply 180° by the
number of triangles formed.

Examples
●
1 Draw a quadrilateral and find the sum of its interior angles.
A quadrilateral is a 4-sided polygon. As shown in the diagram,
the diagonal drawn from vertex A divides the C

quadrilateral into 2 triangles.

B
A

The angle sum of a quadrilateral  2  the angle sum of a triangle

 2  180°
 360°
The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°.

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●
2 Draw a pentagon and find the sum of its interior angles.
A pentagon is a 5-sided polygon. As shown D

in the diagram, diagonals drawn from

vertex A will divide it into 3 triangles.
E C

A B

The angle sum of a pentagon  3  the angle sum of a triangle

 3  180°
 540°
The angle sum of a pentagon is 540°.

The results from the above examples, along with results for other polygons, are summarised
in this table:

Name of polygon Number of sides Number of triangles formed Angle sum of polygon

triangle 3 1 1  180°  180°

quadrilateral 4 2 2  180°  360°
pentagon 5 3 3  180°  540°
hexagon 6 4 4  180°  720°
heptagon 7 5 5  180°  900°
octagon 8 6 6  180°  1080°
nonagon 9 7 7  180°  1260°
decagon 10 8 8  180°  1440°
undecagon 11 9 9  180°  1620°
dodecagon 12 10 10  180°  1800°

From this table, we can see that the number of triangles formed in a polygon is always 2 less
than the number of sides.
So for a polygon with n sides, the number of triangles formed is n  2.

The angle sum of a polygon with n sides is (n  2)  180°.

S  (n  2)  180°

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Examples
●
1 By using the formula, prove that the angle sum of a polygon with n sides is also
equal to (2n  4) right angles.
S  (n  2)  180°
But 180°  2 right angles, so:
S  (n  2)  2 right angles
∴ S  (2n  4) right angles

●
2 Find the sum of the interior angles of a polygon with 15 sides.
The angle sum of a polygon with n sides is (n  2)  180°.
S  (n  2)  180°
 (15  2)  180°
 13  180°
 2340°
The angle sum of a 15-sided polygon is 2340°.
x° 105°
●
3 Find the value of x.
140°
The polygon has 5 sides, so the angle sum is 540° (3  180°). 130°
x
105
140
75
130  540
x
450  540 75°
x  90

E x e r c i s e 7D T H E A N G L E S U M O F A P O LY G O N

■
1 Divide each polygon into triangles by drawing all the diagonals from vertex A.
a b C c D
d
C E D

D
E C
F C

A B A B
A B A B

■
2 Draw an octagon and from one vertex (A) draw all the diagonals.
a How many diagonals have you drawn?
b How many triangles are formed?
c What is the sum of the interior angles of an octagon?

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The sum of the interior angles

■
3 Copy and complete this table: of a polygon is given by the
formula S  (n  2)  180°.
Number of sides of polygon Number of triangles formed
a 16
b 19
c 25
d 30

■
4 Use the angle sum formula S  (n  2)  180° to find the sum of the interior angles of
a polygon with:
a 7 sides b 21 sides c 18 sides d 9 sides

■
5 Find the size of the unknown angle in each polygon:
a b c x ° 100°
130° 110°
150°

150° 110° 140°

82°
155°
93°
x°
x° 125°

■
6 Use the formula for the sum of the interior angles of a polygon to find the angle sum of
a polygon with 28 sides.

■
7 Find the sum of the interior angles of a polygon with:
a 17 sides b 23 sides c 49 sides

■
8 Find the number of sides of a polygon whose interior angle sum is:
a 5580° b 4680° c 2520°

■
9 A pentagon has 4 equal angles. The
fifth angle is 92°. What is the size of
each equal angle?

■
10 A regular polygon has all its angles equal
and all its sides equal. Find the size of
each angle of a regular octagon.

■
11 Three angles of a pentagon are equal and
the sum of the other two angles is 240°.
Find the size of each equal angle.

■
12 Five angles of an octagon are equal and the sum of the other three angles is 375°.
Find the size of each equal angle.

■
13 The angles of a hexagon are x°, 2x°, 3x° and three equal angles that add to 390°. Find
the size of each angle.

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Regular polygons
A polygon is regular if all its angles are equal and all its sides are equal. So the size of each
interior angle of a regular polygon with n sides is the angle sum divided by n.

(n  2)  180°
In a regular polygon with n sides, each interior angle is equal to .
n

Example
Find the size of each interior angle of a regular dodecagon (12-sided polygon).
(n  2)  180°
Interior angle  
n
(12  2)  180°
 
12
10  180°
 
12
1800°
 
12
 150°
Each interior angle of a regular dodecagon is 150°.

E x e r c i s e 7E R E G U L A R P O LY G O N S

■
1 Calculate the size of each interior angle in each polygon:
a b c

x° x°
x°

■
2 For each polygon in question 1, find the size
of the exterior angle x°.
An interior angle of a
■
3 Find the size of each interior angle of a regular polygon is given by
regular polygon with: the formula:
a 12 sides b 9 sides c 10 sides (n  2)  180°
Angle   
n

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■
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each interior angle is:
a 108°? b 150°? c 160°?

■
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each interior angle is:
a 162°? b 168°? c 156°?

■
6 Find the size (to the nearest degree) of each interior angle of a regular:
a hexagon b heptagon c undecagon

■
7 Find the size (to the nearest degree) of each interior angle of a regular polygon whose
angle sum is:
a 2880° b 3600° c 3960°

■
8 The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 2340°.
a Find the number of sides the polygon has.
b Find the size of each interior angle.

■9 Find the size of each interior angle of a regular polygon with 24 sides.

■
10 The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 360°.
a Find the size of each interior angle.
b How many sides does the polygon have?
c What is the special name given to this polygon?

The exterior angle sum of a polygon

When each side of a polygon is produced (extended) in a clockwise or anticlockwise
direction, exterior angles are formed as shown. CD-ROM

c°

b°
d°

a°
e°

The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360°.

In this case:
a
b
c
d
e  360

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The exterior angle sum of a triangle

The sides of triangle ABC have been produced in C
an anticlockwise direction to form exterior angles as shown. r°
c°

We know that: q°
A a° b°
a
p  180 (Supplementary angles add to 180°.) p° B

Similarly:
b
q  180
and c
r  180
 (a
p)
(b
q)
(c
r)  3  180°
(a
b
c)
(p
q
r)  540°
But a
b
c  180. (The angle sum of a triangle is 180°.)
 180
(p
q
r)  540
p
q
r  540  180
p
q
r  360
So the sum of the exterior angles of a triangle is 360°.

The exterior angle sum of a quadrilateral

r°
The sides of quadrilateral ABCD have been produced in D C
s° d° c°
an anticlockwise direction to form exterior angles as shown.
We know that: A a°
b° q°
a
p  180 (Supplementary angles add to 180°.) p°
B
Similarly:
b
q  180
c
r  180
d
s  180
 (a
p)
(b
q)
(c
r)
(d
s)  4  180
(a
b
c
d )
(p
q
r
s)  720
But a
b
c
d  360. (The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°.)
 360
p
q
r
s  720
p
q
r
s  720  360
p
q
r
s  360
So the sum of the exterior angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
We can similarly prove that the sum of the exterior angles of a pentagon or a hexagon or any
polygon is 360°.

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Examples
●
1 The exterior angle of a regular polygon is 72°. Find:
a the number of sides of the polygon b the name of the polygon CD-ROM
c the size of each interior angle d the sum of the interior angles

a Each exterior angle  72°

The number of sides
Sum of exterior angles  360° is the same as the
number of angles.
Number of sides  360°  72°
5
The polygon has 5 sides.
b The polygon is a pentagon.

c Interior angle (i)
exterior angle (e)  180 (Supplementary angles

i
72  180 add to 180°.)
i  180  72
i  108
Each interior angle is 108°.
d Angle sum  5  108°
 540°
The sum of the interior angles is 540°.

●
2 The interior angle of a regular polygon is 150°. Find:
a the size of each exterior angle b the number of sides of the polygon
c the name of the polygon d the sum of the interior angles

a Each interior angle  150°

Exterior angle (e)
interior angle (i )  180 (Supplementary
e
150  180 angles add to 180°.)
e  180  150
e  30
Each exterior angle is 30°.
b Sum of exterior angles  360°
360°
Number of sides  
30°
 12 The polygon has 12 sides.
c The polygon is a dodecagon.
d Angle sum  150°  12
 1800° The sum of the interior angles is 1800°.

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E x e r c i s e 7F T H E E X T E R I O R A N G L E S U M O F A P O LY G O N

■
1 Find the size of each exterior angle of a regular:
The sum of the
a pentagon b hexagon c octagon exterior angles
of any polygon
■
2 Find the size of each exterior angle of an equilateral triangle is 360°.
(a regular 3-sided polygon).

■
3 Find the size of each exterior angle of a square (a regular
4-sided polygon).

■
4 Find the size of each exterior angle of a regular 24-sided polygon.

■
5 Each exterior angle of a regular polygon is 12°.
Find the number of sides of this polygon.

■
6 Find the value of x: 140°
a b

2x°

3x ° 150°
4x °
70°
x°

■
7 If each exterior angle of a regular polygon is 40°, what is:
a the number of sides of the polygon? b the size of each interior angle?
c the sum of the interior angles?

■
8 Each exterior angle of a regular polygon is 24°. Find:
a the number of sides of the polygon b the size of each interior angle
c the sum of the interior angles

■
9 For a regular polygon of 18 sides, find:
a the size of each exterior angle b the size of each interior angle
c the sum of the interior angles

■
10 For each regular polygon below, find:
i the size of each exterior angle ii the size of each interior angle
iii the sum of the interior angles
a b

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W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY

Polygons
Many shapes in our environment are polygons. Study these images carefully and discuss any
differences and similarities.

Can you think of any more polygons in our environment?

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Construction of regular polygons

in a circle
To construct a regular polygon in a circle, we need to position the vertices of the polygon so
that they are equally spaced around the circle. This can be easily done by drawing equal
angles from the centre of the circle. The size of the angle can be calculated by dividing 360° by
the number of the vertices the polygon has.

Examples C
●
1 Construct a 3-sided regular polygon
CD-ROM (equilateral triangle) in a circle of
radius 3 cm.
Draw a circle of radius 3 cm.
A 3-sided regular polygon has 120°
120° B
3 vertices. The size of each angle 120°
at the centre of the circle is
360°
  120°.
3
Construct 3 equal angles at the
centre by drawing 3 radii 120° apart.
A
Join the vertices to form the regular
3-sided polygon ABC.
D
●
2 Construct a regular pentagon in a
circle of radius 4 cm.
Draw a circle of radius E
4 cm. A regular
pentagon has 5 vertices,
so construct 5 equal
angles at the centre.
72°
The size of each angle 72°
360° 72° C
is   72°.
72°
5 72°

Join the vertices to form

the regular pentagon
ABCDE.
A

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E x e r c i s e 7G C O N S T R U C T I O N O F R E G U L A R P O LY G O N S I N A C I R C L E

■
1 Construct a square in a circle of radius 3 cm.

■
2 Construct a regular hexagon in a circle of radius 4 cm.

■
3 a How many sides does a regular decagon have?
b How many vertices does it have?
c Find the size of the angle at the centre that is needed to draw a regular decagon.
d Construct a regular decagon in a circle of radius 3 cm.

■
4 a How many sides does a regular nonagon have?
b How many vertices does it have?
c Find the size of the angle at the centre that is needed to draw a regular nonagon.

■
5 Draw a regular octagon in a circle of radius 4 cm.

■
CD-ROM
6 Draw a regular dodecagon in a circle of radius 3 cm.

■
7 a How many vertices does a regular 15-sided figure have?
b Find the size of the angle at the centre that is needed to draw a 15-sided
regular polygon.

■
8 a How many sides does a regular heptagon have?
b How many vertices does it have?
c Find the size of the angle at the centre that is needed to draw a regular heptagon.

■
9 a How many sides does a regular undecagon have?
b How many vertices does it have?
c Find the size of the angle at the centre that is needed to draw a regular undecagon.

■
10 a How many vertices does a regular 20-sided figure have?
b Find the size of the angle at the centre that is needed to draw a 20-sided
regular polygon.

■
11 A 50c coin is a regular dodecagon.
a What is the size of each angle in a regular
dodecagon?
b Trace around a 50c coin. Use a ruler to extend any
two adjacent sides so that you can measure the
angle between them easily.
c What is the size of this angle?
d How close is your measured angle to your answer to a?
e Describe how you can find the centre of your 50c coin drawing so that you can draw
a circle touching all the vertices of the dodecagon.
f What is the radius of this circle?

C H A P T E R 7 P R O P E R T I E S O F G E O M E T R I C A L F I G U R E S 237
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Congruent triangles
Two triangles are congruent if they are the same shape and size. Each triangle can be fitted
exactly on top of the other, so their corresponding sides and corresponding angles are equal.
If
ABC is congruent to
DEF, We write: A D

ABC

DEF

B C E F

Tests for congruent triangles

It is not necessary to measure all the sides and all the angles of two triangles to prove that
they are congruent. Two triangles are congruent if they satisfy any of the following tests:

1 Side, Side, Side (SSS) You must name the

congruent triangles in
If the 3 sides of the first triangle are respectively equal to the corresponding order.
3 sides of the second triangle, the triangles are congruent.

In
ABC and
DEF : A D

AB  DE
AC  DF
B C E F
BC  EF

ABC

DEF

ABC

DEF (SSS) but

ABC 
EFD

2 Side, Angle, Side (SAS)
If 2 sides and the included angle of a triangle are respectively equal to 2 sides
and the included angle of the other triangle, the triangles are congruent.

In
ABC and
DEF : A D

AB  DE
A  D
B C E F
AC  DF

ABC

DEF (SAS)

3 Angle, Angle, Side (AAS)

If 2 angles and 1 side of a triangle are respectively equal to 2 angles and the
corresponding side of the other triangle, the triangles are congruent.

238 C O N N E C T I O N S M A T H S 9 S T A G E 5.3 / 5.2 / 5.1

CM9 07 5.3_5.2 Final 12/8/04 11:35 AM Page 239

In
LMN and
OPQ : L O

M  P
N  Q
M N P Q
MN  PQ

LMN

OPQ (AAS)

4 Right angle, Hypotenuse, Side (RHS)

If the hypotenuse and a side of a right-angled triangle are equal to the hypotenuse
and a side of the other right-angled triangle, the triangles are congruent.

In
GHI and
JKL:

H  K (right angles) G J
GI  JL (hypotenuse)
GH  JK

GHI

JKL (RHS) I H L K

E x e r c i s e 7H TESTS FOR CONGRUENT TRIANGLES

■
1 Which congruence test (SSS, SAS, AAS or RHS) would you use to prove that each pair of
triangles is congruent?
a
Congruent triangles can be
transformations of each
other (flipped or rotated).

b
The symbol for
congruence is
.

c d

e f

C H A P T E R 7 P R O P E R T I E S O F G E O M E T R I C A L F I G U R E S 239
CM9 07 5.3_5.2 Final 12/8/04 11:35 AM Page 240

g h

i j

k l

■
2 Which congruence test (SSS, SAS, AAS or RHS) would you use to prove that each pair of
triangles is congruent?
a A B b A B c A

D C
D C B D C
A
d B
e P Q f L

K M
O

D S R
C J
O is the centre of the circle.

■
3 Select each pair of congruent triangles and write the congruence test (SSS, SAS, AAS or
RHS) used to prove this. All length measurements are in centimetres.
a i ii iii

6
6 6 4

110° 110° 110°

4 4

240 C O N N E C T I O N S M A T H S 9 S T A G E 5.3 / 5.2 / 5.1

CM9 07 5.3_5.2 Final 12/8/04 11:35 AM Page 241

b i ii 50° iii
60° 9 9 50°
9
50° 60° 60°

3
c i ii 3 iii 3

8 9
10 8
10 10

d i 6 ii 6 iii

10 10 6
10

e i ii iii

10 10 11

58° 58° 58°

11 11 10

f i ii iii
65° 60°
12 12 12

60° 65° 60° 65°

■
4 For each of the following, write the third condition needed to prove that the two triangles
are congruent:
a Two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of the other triangle.
b Two sides of one triangle are equal to two sides of the other triangle.
c The hypotenuse of one right-angled triangle is equal to the hypotenuse of the other
right-angled triangle.
d A side of a right-angled triangle is equal to a side of the other right-angled triangle.

C H A P T E R 7 P R O P E R T I E S O F G E O M E T R I C A L F I G U R E S 241
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Applying the congruence tests

Tests for congruent triangles can be used to prove that the two triangles are congruent and to
solve various numerical problems.

Examples
A B
●
1 In this diagram, AD  BC and AB  DC.
a Prove that
ABD

BDC.
b Prove that ABD  BDC.
c What type of quadrilateral is ABCD? D C

a In
ABD and
BDC:

AB  DC (given) Give a reason for
AD  BC (given) every step.
BD  BD (common)

ABD

BDC (SSS)
b Since
ABD and
BDC are congruent:
ABD  BDC (corresponding angles of congruent triangles)
c Since the opposite sides of quadrilateral ABCD are equal, it is a parallelogram.

●
2 In
ABC, B  C. Also, D lies on BC and AD  BC.
Always draw a
a Prove that
ABD

ACD.
diagram.
b Prove that AB  AC.

a In
ABD and
ACD: A

In congruent
B  C (given) triangles, the angles
ADB  ADC  90° (AD  BC given) that match are called
corresponding angles.
AD  AD (common)

ABD

ACD (AAS) B D C

b Since
ABD and
ACD are congruent:

AB  AC (corresponding sides of congruent triangles)

●
3 Find the value of x in this diagram. Give reasons for A x B
your answer. 60°
12 cm
In
ABC and
DEC:
C
A  D  60° (given)
ACB  DCE (vertically opposite angles) 12 cm
BC  EC  12 cm (given) 60°
E 7 cm D

ABC

DEC (AAS)
 x  7 cm (corresponding sides of congruent triangles)

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E x e r c i s e 7I A P P LY I N G T H E C O N G R U E N C E T E S T S

■
1 a Prove that
ADB

BCA. D
E
C
b Prove that
ADE

BCE.
P
A B

■
2 Given that PQ  PS and QR  RS, prove that
PQR

PSR. S Q

■
3 AB || DC and CB || DA. A B

Prove that:
a BAC  DCA
b BCA  DAC D C R
c
ABC

CDA

■
4 AB and CD are diameters of a circle. D
CM  AB and DN  AB. Prove that

COM

DON. M
A B
O N

■
5 AB and CD are diameters of a circle.
A D
Give a reason for
Prove that
AOC

BOD. every step.

C B

■
6 PQ  SR and PS  QR. P Q

Show that
PSR

PQR.

S R

■
7 AE  EC and DE  EB. A B

Prove that
ADE

BCE.

E
D C

■
8 O is the centre of the circle and AC  CB.
Prove that
OCA

OCB.
O

A C B

C H A P T E R 7 P R O P E R T I E S O F G E O M E T R I C A L F I G U R E S 243
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■
9 a Use the given information to prove that A 12 cm B

ABD

CDB. 25° x °
b Find the value of x. 5.6 cm 5.6 cm
c Find the value of y. 65° y°
D 12 cm C
A
■
10 In
ABC, M is the midpoint of BC.
Also, BD  ME and CE  MD.
Prove that
BMD

CME. D E

B M C

Proving properties of triangles and

quadrilaterals
A triangle with 2 equal sides is
Congruent triangles can be used to prove the properties an isosceles triangle. The angles
of isosceles and equilateral triangles and to prove the opposite the equal sides are also equal.
properties of special quadrilaterals. If you have proved
that 2 triangles are congruent, you have proved that
they are identical in every respect. This means that the
3 sides and 3 angles of one triangle are exactly the same
as the 3 sides and 3 angles of the other triangle.
All sides of an equilateral
triangle are equal. Each
angle of this triangle is 60°.
Examples
●
1 ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB  AC. Prove that B  C.

Given: ABC is an isosceles triangle A

with AB  AC. If 2 triangles are
congruent, their
To prove: B  C corresponding
angles are equal
Construction: Draw AD, the bisector of BAC. and their
corresponding
Proof: In
ABD and
ACD: sides are equal.
AB  AC (given) B D C
BAD  CAD (constructed)
AD  AD (common)

ABD

ACD (SAS)
 B  C (corresponding angles of
congruent triangles)

244 C O N N E C T I O N S M A T H S 9 S T A G E 5.3 / 5.2 / 5.1

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●
2 ABCD is a rectangle. Prove that its diagonals A B

are equal.
Given: A rectangle ABCD in which AB  DC
and AD  BC. Diagonals AC and BD
are drawn. D C

To prove: AC  BD
Proof: In
ADC and
BCD: Congruent figures
are always the
AD  BC (opposite sides of a rectangle) same shape and
ADC  BCD  90° (angles of a rectangle) same size.
DC  DC (common)

ADC

BCD (SAS)
 AC  BD (corresponding sides of
congruent triangles)
 the diagonals of a rectangle are equal.

●
3 Prove that the diagonals of a parallelogram A B
bisect each other.
Given: A parallelogram ABCD in which O
AB  DC and AD  BC.
D C
To prove: AO  OC and DO  OB
Proof: In
AOD and
BOC:
DAO  BCO (alternate angles)
ADO  CBO (alternate angles)
AD  BC (given)

AOD

BOC (AAS)
 AO  OC
and DO  OB (corresponding sides of congruent triangles)
 the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

E x e r c i s e 7J P R O V I N G P R O P E R T I E S O F T R I A N G L E S A N D Q U A D R I L AT E R A L S

■
1 ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB  AC. AD is drawn perpendicular A
to BC. Prove that
ABD

ACD and hence that B  C.

■
2 ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB  AC. A
The vertex A is joined to D, the midpoint
of BC. Prove that
ABD

ACD and hence
that B  C.
B D C

B D C

C H A P T E R 7 P R O P E R T I E S O F G E O M E T R I C A L F I G U R E S 245
CM9 07 5.3_5.2 Final 12/8/04 11:35 AM Page 246

A
■
3 ABC is an equilateral triangle with AB  AC  BC. AD is the
bisector of BAC. Prove that A  B  C and hence that
each angle is 60°.
A

■
4 In
ABC, B  C and AD is the B D C
bisector of BAC. Prove that AB  AC.

B D C

■
5 Prove that if the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are P Q
equal, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

S R

■
6 Prove that if one pair of opposite sides of a C D
quadrilateral are equal and parallel, the quadrilateral is
a parallelogram.
F E

■
7 PQRS is a kite in which PQ  QR and PS  RS. Prove that P

PQS

RQS and hence that P  R.

Q S

■
8 Prove that the opposite sides A B
and angles of a parallelogram
R
are equal.
D C

■
9 For the rhombus ABCD, prove that AE  EC, that A B
BE  ED and that AEB  90°. (In other words, prove
that the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at 90°.)
E

D C

■
10 ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB  AC. From the A
vertex A, a perpendicular AD is drawn to meet the
side BC at D. Prove that BD  DC.

B D C

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A B
■
11 The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD bisect each other.
Prove that the quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram. E

D C
A
■
12 In
ABC, AB  AC, DE || BC and C  65°. Prove that
ADE
is an isosceles triangle. Also, find the size of ADE.

D E

B C

■
13 ABCD is a parallelogram in which AB  DC and AD  BC. A B
Also, ADB  52°, CDB  30°, BC  6.3 cm and
DC  10.0 cm. 6.3 cm
a Find ABD and DBC. 52°
30°
b Prove that
ABD

CDB.
D 10.0 cm C
c Find the length of AB and the length of AD.

Similar figures
In mathematics, two figures are said to be similar if they are of exactly the same shape but
not necessarily the same size. When two figures are similar, one can be considered as the
enlargement of the other. Dividing the length of any side of the enlargement by the length of
the corresponding side of the other figure will give the scale factor (or enlargement factor).
Suppose the scale factor is 2. This means that the length of each side in the second figure is
twice the length of the corresponding side in the first figure.
In this diagram,
ABC is similar to and A'
an enlargement of
ABC. The symbol for
similarity is |||.
A

O
B B'
C
The enlargement factor is 2 and O is
the centre of enlargement. So: C'
AB BC  AC  2 ABC ||| ABC  is also used to
       mean ‘is similar to’.
AB BC AC 1

C H A P T E R 7 P R O P E R T I E S O F G E O M E T R I C A L F I G U R E S 247
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Here, square PQRS has been enlarged to square PQRS using P' Q'
a scale factor of 3 and the centre of enlargement O. P
O Q
We find that:
R
OP  OQ  OR  OS' 3 S
        
OP OQ OR OS 1
S' R'
P Q  Q R  R S  S P  3 PQRS ||| PQRS
         
PQ QR RS SP 1

The corresponding angles are also equal.

We can conclude that:

p In similar figures, the corresponding angles are equal.

p In similar figures, the lengths of corresponding sides are in the same ratio.

Example
Two quadrilaterals ABCD and EFGH are similar. F
(All measurements are in centimetres.) B

●
1 List the pairs of 4
6
9
corresponding sides. 6
A E
●
2 List the pairs of 2
3
corresponding angles. D 5 C
H x G
●
3 Find the value of x.

●
1 The corresponding sides are:
AB and EF ; BC and FG ; CD and GH ; DA and HE.

●
2 The corresponding angles are:
A and E; B and F ; C and G ; D and H.

HG EH
●
3    (corresponding sides of similar quadrilaterals)
DC AD
x 3
  
5 2
3 Similar figures are If similar figures
x    5
2 the same shape but have a scale factor
1 not necessarily the of 1, they are
 x  72 same size. congruent.

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Similar triangles
We have seen that for figures to be similar, they must have corresponding angles equal and
the lengths of corresponding sides in the same ratio. However, triangles are similar if any one
of the following conditions is satisfied:

1 The triangles are equiangular. If one condition

of similarity is true,
2 The corresponding sides are in the same ratio. all the other
3 Two corresponding sides are in the same ratio conditions
are true.
and the included angles are equal.

Examples
●
1 In this diagram, PQ  BC. A
a Prove that
APQ 
ABC.
b List the corresponding angles. 12 cm
c List the corresponding sides. x cm
d Find the value of x. P Q
8 cm

B C
16 cm

a APQ  ABC (corresponding angles)

A  A (common angle)
AQP  ACB (corresponding angles)

APQ and
ABC are equiangular and hence similar.
b The corresponding angles are:
PAQ and BAC; APQ and ABC; AQP and ACB.
c The corresponding sides are:
AP and AB; AQ and AC; PQ and BC.
d Since
APQ and
ABC are similar, their corresponding sides are in the
same ratio. So:
AB BC
  
AP PQ
x 16
  
12 8
16
x    12
8
x  24

C H A P T E R 7 P R O P E R T I E S O F G E O M E T R I C A L F I G U R E S 249
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●
2 Show that these triangles are similar. All lengths are in centimetres.
A 2 D
1 4
C 2
B 3 F
E 6

The ratios of corresponding sides are:

AB 1 AC 2 1 BC 3 1
              
DE 2 DF 4 2 EF 6 2
The corresponding sides are in the same ratio.

ABC 
DEF

E x e r c i s e 7K SIMILAR FIGURES

■
1 Decide whether or not each pair of shapes are similar. Give reasons. (All lengths are
in centimetres.)
6
a 9 b
6
2
4 6 2 6

c 7 d
3.5
2.12 4.24
1.5 3
5
10 5
9

■
2 Are each pair of triangles similar? Why? (All lengths are in centimetres.)
A D F
D
a A
b 100° 60°

5
4 10
8
B 2 C
60° 100°
E F B C
4
E
c P d A
D
7 10
C

5
B
S T 14

Q R
E

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■
3 For each pair of similar triangles, write the corresponding sides and the
corresponding angles:
a A b J
D G

E F
B C H I
K L
O
c L d D
A
40° 5
40° 3 10
6

70° B 4 C
70°
M N E 8 F
P Q

■
4 From each group of 3 triangles, select 2 triangles that are similar. Give reasons.
(All lengths are in centimetres.)
a E F b E F
G G
A
A 8 8
3
7 5
3 3 6 6 40° 14
4
40° 40° I H
I
B C D
B C 3
H
D

c A D
G
70° 70° If triangles are
70° equiangular, they
50° are similar.
E F
60° 40°
B C H I

I H
d B A F
30°
60°
40°

C E D
G

■
5 Prove that
ABC 
ADE. A

D E

B C

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■
6 Prove that
PQR 
PST. Q R

S T

P
C 10 cm B
■
7 Prove that
ABC 
DEF. F 5 cm E
6 cm

12 cm
16 cm

L 8 cm D

■
8 Prove that
LMN 
PQN.
A
Q
M N

Applications of similarity
The properties of similar triangles can be used to find unknown angles and the lengths of the
unknown sides.

Examples
●
1
ABC and
DEF are similar. Find the value of x. (All lengths are in centimetres.)
A
D
6 12 x 4

E F
5
B C
15

Since
ABC 
DEF, their sides are in the same ratio.
If triangles are
DE EF similar, the
    corresponding
AB BC
x 5 sides are in the
   same ratio.
6 15
5
x    6
15
x2

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●
2 Show that
ABC 
DEF and then find the value of x.
D
A

x cm 24 cm
12 cm 18 cm

α β
B C
α β
E F

B  E  α° (given)
C  F  β° (given)
 A  D (third angle of a triangle)

ABC 
DEF (equiangular)
Since
ABC and
DEF are similar, their sides are in the same ratio.
AB AC
   
DE DF
x 12
  
24 18
12
x 
18  24
 x  16

●
3 Given that
ABC 
ADE, find the length of BC. A
(All measurements are in centimetres.)
12
The scale factor from
ABC to
ADE is 9 (the ratio
of corresponding sides of similar triangles). 9

BC 12
   
6 9
12 D E
BC    6 6
9 3
BC  8 cm
B C

E x e r c i s e 7L A P P L I C AT I O N S O F S I M I L A R I T Y

■
1 Find the value of x in each pair of similar triangles. (All lengths are in centimetres.)
a b
4 5
24
x 4 12

6 7
x
18

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c d
x 30 x
60 12
56

8
12

■
2 For each pair of similar triangles, find the value of each pronumeral. (All lengths are
in centimetres.)
a 12 b
x
10 x y
3 9
5 y 50° 20
108°
4 50°
108°
c d 10
93° 93°
x 6 6 8 10 y 15
12
49° 49°
9 y x
20

■
3 Find the value of each pronumeral in these pairs of similar triangles. (All lengths are
in centimetres.)
a b

x 5
3 15 6 y
x 8
7 y 1.5
3
c d
7.5
x

x 30 12 y y
4
7 10.5
27
45

■
4 For each pair of similar triangles, find the values of the pronumerals. (All lengths are
in centimetres.)
a A b 13
24
10 x
12
y° 10
x
12
53°
B 18 C

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c A 6 B d B
4 y 8
C
D y
15 x
12 14

E 18 D A 15 E x C

■
5 Prove that the 2 triangles are similar and then find the value of each pronumeral.
(All lengths are in centimetres.)
a A b P
21 D
y 35 x 15
C

B 15
3 T
S 5
42 18
x Q R
y

E
c C 32 B d A
6 24 x 26
D E 10
y D
y 20
B 24 C 5
x
A E

P R O B L E M S O LV I N G 7
1
The number of diagonals in a polygon is equal to 2n(n  3), where n is the number of sides
1
of the polygon. For example, a pentagon has 2  5  (5  3)  5 diagonals.
There are not many diagonals in a pentagon, so you can quickly draw
a pentagon and draw in the diagonals to check this.
■
1 Use the formula to show that a triangle does not have any diagonals.
■
2 How many diagonals are there in:
a a hexagon? b an octagon? c a decagon?
■
3 How many diagonals are there in a 20-sided polygon? CD-ROM

■
4 A polygon has 54 diagonals. How many sides does it have?
(You may need to use ‘guess and refine’ strategies to find out.)
■
5 Show that it is not possible for a polygon to have 100 diagonals.

C H A P T E R 7 P R O P E R T I E S O F G E O M E T R I C A L F I G U R E S 255
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Literacy
L
Li racy skills
acy skillsills
c
kills Literac y SKILLS 7

polygon convex non-convex triangle hexagon

heptagon octagon nonagon decagon dodecagon
supplementary quadrilateral rhombus regular
congruent similar corresponding enlargement factor
interior exterior pentagonal complement
literacy

■
1 Draw both a convex and a non-convex hexagon, then draw all their diagonals. Use
these diagrams to help you write a definition of a non-convex polygon. Your definition
must contain the word ‘diagonal’.
A
■
2 a Write a full sentence for each missing reason x°
in the proof below. Do not use abbreviations.
y°
In
ABC, let BAC  x ° and ABC  y °. B D
C
ACB  180°  (x °
y °) (....................................)
ACD  180°  [180°  (x °
y °)] (....................................)
ACD  180°  180°
(x °
y °)
ACD  x °
y °
b State the rule that has been proved above.

■
3 a Complete the missing reasons below. 97° x°
Use two different reasons.
y °  83° (....................................) y° 57°
x °  123° (....................................)
b Explain why you cannot write these two reasons in reverse order.
c You can find the size of x ° without first calculating y °. Explain why, using the word
‘supplementary’ at least once.

■
4 Say the words in the table to yourself. Noun Adjective
Describe the difference in pronunciation triangle triangular
between the nouns and the adjectives. pentagon pentagonal
Use the words ‘syllable’ and ‘but’ in your hexagon hexagonal
comparison.

■
5 Explain why a rhombus is not a regular polygon.

■
6 The incomplete procedure below tells you how to construct a square in a circle of
radius 3 cm. Complete the procedure.
Step 1 Open the compass radius to 3 cm.
Step 2 Draw a circle.
Step 3 Draw a diameter of this circle.

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Chapter review 7

■
1 Define the word polygon and write the special name for a polygon with:
a 7 sides b 9 sides c 11 sides

■
2 Which of the following shapes are polygons? Name each polygon and state whether it is
regular or not.
A B C D

■
3 Name each polygon and state whether it is convex or non-convex:
a b c d e

■
4 Name these non-convex polygons:
a b

■
5 Find the value of x in each triangle:
a b
x°
25°

70° 35° x° 130°

■
6 Find the value of each pronumeral in these 3-sided polygons:
a b
75°
b° 40°

a°
x°

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■
7 Find the value of x in each figure:
a b

x°
x°

50°

68° 145°
120°

■
8 Find the value of each pronumeral:
a b
x° x°
62°

2x °
y°
z° 3x °

■
9 Find the unknown angle in each quadrilateral:
a b
50° 45°

x°

110°
y°
120° 115°

■
10 Find the value of x:
a b
x° x°
115° 2x °

2x° 115°
x° x°

■
11 Find the unknown angle:
a b
123°
x°

70°
x°

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■
12 Find the value of each pronumeral:
a b

30°

42° y°
x°
68°
25° 115°

■
13 Draw a hexagon and from one vertex (A) draw all the diagonals.
a How many diagonals have you drawn?
b How many triangles are formed?
c What is the sum of the interior angles of a hexagon?

■
14 Find the value of x:
a b
140° 115°

x°
150°
110°

x° 105° 120°

■
15 Find the sum of the interior angles of a polygon with 10 sides.

■
16 Find the number of sides of a polygon whose interior angle sum is 4320°.

■
17 Find the size of each interior angle:
a b

■
18 For a regular nonagon (9-sided polygon), find:
a the sum of the interior angles
b the size of each interior angle

■
19 The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 2880°. Find:
a the number of sides of the polygon
b the size of each interior angle

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■
20 The size of each interior angle of a regular polygon is 165°. Find:
a the number of sides of the polygon
b the sum of the interior angles of the polygon

■
21 For a regular polygon with 20 sides, find:
a the size of each exterior angle
b the size of each interior angle
c the sum of the interior angles

■
22 If each exterior angle of a regular polygon is 30°, what is:
a the number of sides of the polygon?
b the size of each interior angle?
c the sum of the interior angles?

■
23 Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 135°. Find:
a the size of each exterior angle
b the number of sides of the polygon
c the sum of the interior angles

■
24 Find the value of x in:
a b
3x °

x°
2x °
3x °
5x ° x°
4x °

■
25 If in a regular polygon each interior angle is 3 times the size of the exterior angle, how
many sides does the polygon have?

■
26 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon in which each exterior angle is half the
size of each interior angle.

■
27 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon in which each interior angle is 5 times
the size of each exterior angle.

■
28 Name 2 congruent triangles in each diagram. Give reasons.
a C b P S
5 cm 9 cm
T
D B

5 cm 9 cm
Q R
A

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■
29 In this diagram, ML  PQ, MLN  50°, L
LNQ  105° and NPQ  55°.
50°
Prove that MN  NP.
105° Q
M N

55°

■
30 ABCD is a square. P, Q, M and N are the A M B
midpoints of the sides on which they lie.
Prove that PQ  MN.
P N

D Q C

■
31 ABD  ACD and AD bisects BAC. A
Prove that
ABD

ACD.

D
B C

■
32 For each pair of triangles, use a test of similarity to find the value of the pronumeral.
(All measurements are in centimetres.)

a 5 x b
2
3
6 2 3
9

1
x

■
33 Name a pair of similar triangles and find the
5
15
value of x. A E B
3

D x
P

■
34 In
PQR, ST is drawn parallel to QR.
Prove that
PST |||
PQR.

S T

Q R

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■
35 Write true (T) or false (F) for each statement:
a All equilateral triangles are similar.
b All isosceles triangles are similar.
c All right-angled triangles are similar.
d All triangles that are congruent to each other are similar to each other.
e All triangles that are similar to each other are congruent.

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