Area

13
This chapter at a glance
Stage 2/3
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

use the standard abbreviations for square units

find areas of shapes that have been drawn on a square centimetre grid

estimate areas of irregular figures that have been drawn on a square
centimetre grid

select appropriate units to calculate particular areas.

Stage 4
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

develop and use formulae for the area of a square and rectangle

find the side length and perimeter of a square given its area

find the side length and area of a square given its perimeter

find the dimensions and perimeter of a rectangle given the area and the length of one
side

find the dimensions and area of a rectangle given the perimeter and length of one side

develop and use the formula for the area of a triangle

find one of the perpendicular sides of a right-angled triangle given the other
perpendicular side and the area


Area

find areas of simple composite figures by dissection

solve practical problems involving area

convert between metric units of area

calculate large areas using square kilometres and hectares.

481
482 Mathscape 7

13.1 Definition of area

Area is a measure of the space inside a two-dimensional or plane figure.

We can determine the area of a figure by dividing it into small squares of side length 1 unit,
then counting the squares. If each small square has side length 1 unit, then its area is 1 unit 2,
read as ‘1 square unit’.
The rectangle shown has been divided into 15 squares,
so its area is 15 square units, i.e. 15 units2.
Many questions specify the units of length, such as centimetres. If the figure is divided into
small squares of side length 1 cm, then the area is given in square centimetres, i.e. cm 2.
In general, the area of a figure cannot be calculated given only its perimeter, and vice versa.

Example
EG The figure shown has been drawn on 1 cm
+S grid paper. Find its area.

Solution
Area = 9 whole squares + 4 half squares
= 9 whole squares + 2 whole squares
= 11 whole squares
∴ the figure has an area of 11 cm2

Exercise 13.1

1 Find the area of each figure, in square units.

a b c d
 Chapter 13 : Area 483

e f g h

2 Find, in square centimetres, the area of each of these figures.

a b

c d

e f
484 Mathscape 7

■ Consolidation
3 Find the area of each figure, in square centimetres.
a b c

d e

f g

h i
 Chapter 13 : Area 485

4 i Find the perimeter and area of each figure.

ii Do figures with the same area always have the same perimeter?
a b c

5 The approximate area of a figure can be determined by covering the figure with a 1 cm grid
and counting only those squares that are at least half coloured. What is the approximate area
of each of the following?
a b

c d

■ Further applications
6 Draw a diagram on 1 cm grid paper that has:
a an area of 15 cm2 and a perimeter of 16 cm
b an area of 11 cm2 and a perimeter of 24 cm

7 Trace your hand onto a 1 cm grid sheet and estimate its area.
486 Mathscape 7

13.2 Areas of rectangles and

squares
■ Area of a rectangle
To find the area of a rectangle, we can multiply the number of squares along the length by the
number of squares along the breadth.

The area of a rectangle with length l units and breadth b units is given by the
formula:
A=l×b

For example, 4 cm

A=l×b
=4×3
3 cm = 12
∴ A = 12 cm2

■ Area of a square
To find the area of a square, we can multiply the number of squares along the length by the
number of squares along the breadth. That is, we could square the number of squares along
one side.

The area of a square of side s units is given by the formula:

A = s2

For example, 3 cm

A = s2
= 32
3 cm =9
∴ A = 9 cm2
 Chapter 13 : Area 487

Example 1
EG Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these.
+S
a 9 cm b p mm

k cm

Area = 63 cm2 Area = 64 mm2

Solutions
a A=l×b b A = s2
63 = 9 × k 64 = p2
k = 63 ÷ 9 p = 64
∴k=7 ∴p=8

Example 2
EG a Find the area of a square whose perimeter is 24 cm.
+S b Find the perimeter of a square whose area is 49 m2.

Solutions
a i Side length = perimeter ÷ 4 b iSide length = area
= 24 ÷ 4 = 49
=6 =7
∴ Side length = 6 cm ∴ Side length = 7 m
ii Area = s2 ii Perimeter = 4 × side length
= 62 =4×7
= 36 = 28
∴ Area = 36 cm2 ∴ Perimeter = 28 m

Example 3
EG Find the shaded area in each of these.
+S
a 10 cm b 12 mm

6 cm

8 mm
3 cm
6 mm
4 cm
488 Mathscape 7

Solutions
a i A1 = 6 × 10 ii A2 = 3 × 4 iii A = A1 + A2
= 60 = 12 = 60 + 12
∴ A1 = 60 cm2 ∴ A2 = 12 cm2 ∴ A = 72 cm2
b i A1 = 12 × 8 ii A2 = 6 2 iii A = A1 − A2
= 96 = 36 = 96 − 36
∴ A1 = 96 mm2 ∴ A2 = 36 mm2 ∴ A = 60 mm2

Exercise 13.2

1 Find the area of each rectangle. 3m

a b 8 mm c
2 cm
9m
5 cm 5 mm

4 mm
d e 13 m f 9 cm
3m
6 mm
8 cm

2 Find the area of a square with side length:

a 3 cm b 5 mm c 11 m

3 Calculate the area of a rectangle whose:

a length is 6 cm and breadth is 7 cm b length is 8 m and width is 6 m
c width is 5 mm and length is 12 mm

■ Consolidation
4 Measure the dimensions of each rectangle, then find its area.
a b
 Chapter 13 : Area 489

c d

5 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these.

a b y cm c 12 cm
a cm

6 cm 7 cm p cm
Area = 30 cm2

Area = 96 cm2
Area = 28 cm2

6 a Find the length of a rectangle whose width is 5 mm and area is 45 mm 2.

b Find the width of a rectangle whose area is 66 m2 and length is 11 m.
c Find the breadth of a rectangle whose length is 8 cm and area is 56 cm 2.

7 Find the side length of a square whose area is:

a 9 mm2 b 16 mm2 c 36 mm2
d 49 mm 2 e 81 mm2 f 144 mm2
8 Find the area of a square whose perimeter is:
a 12 cm b 44 cm c 52 cm

9 Find the perimeter of a square whose area is:

a 25 m2 b 64 m2 c 100 m2

10 a Find the perimeter and area of a rectangle with dimensions:

i 6 cm × 4 cm ii 8 cm × 3 cm iii 12 cm × 2 cm
b Do rectangles with the same area necessarily have the same perimeter?

11 a Find the perimeter and area of a rectangle with dimensions:

i 11 cm × 4 cm ii 9 cm × 6 cm iii 8 cm × 7 cm
b Do rectangles with the same perimeter necessarily have the same area?

12 Find the area of a rectangle whose:

a perimeter is 18 cm and width is 5 cm b perimeter is 28 cm and length is 8 cm
c perimeter is 39 cm and breadth is 7 cm d perimeter is 47 cm and width is 3.5 cm
490 Mathscape 7

13 Find the perimeter of a rectangle whose:

a area is 36 cm2 and width is 3 cm b area is 63 cm2 and length is 9 cm
c area is 84 cm2 and breadth is 8 cm d area is 20 cm2 and width is 2.5 cm

14 Calculate the area of each rectangle.

a b
8 mm 30 cm

1.3 cm 2.5 m

15 Find the shaded area in each figure.

a b Area =
Area = 49 cm2
25 cm2

18 cm
Area =
64 cm2

16 Find the total area of each figure by addition of areas. (All angles are right angles and all
measurements are in metres.)
a 7 b c 2
3
3 5
8 4 4
4
4 7
7
6
6
5
9
d 5 e 19 f 3 2
5 4 5
6 8
12 43 3 15 12
8
8
17
 Chapter 13 : Area 491

17 Find the area of each figure by subtraction of areas.

a b c
2 cm 6 cm
8 cm
4 cm 11 cm
5 cm
3 cm 3 cm
7 cm 10 cm

18 Find the shaded area in each figure. (All angles are right angles and all measurements are
in mm.)
a 14 b c
1.5
5
8 3
10 4
6 12
5
3
7
13

d e 5 f 5
3
11 9 2
2
10
14 5 5

3
11

■ Further applications
19 Find, by trial and error, the dimensions of the rectangle whose:
a perimeter is 28 cm and area is 33 cm2 b perimeter is 26 cm and area is 42 cm2
c perimeter is 34 cm and area is 72 cm2 d perimeter is 40 cm and area is 91 cm2

20 The total area of all faces of a solid is called the surface area. Find the total surface area of
each solid.
a b

5 cm 4 cm

3 cm
6 cm

21 A cube has a surface area of 726 cm2. How long are the edges of the cube?
492 Mathscape 7

TRY THIS How many people are there in your

classroom?
If there wasn’t any furniture in your classroom, how many people could stand inside
it? Estimate this figure mentally! Now how could you actually calculate an answer?

13.3 Area of a triangle

The area of a triangle is related to the area of a rectangle as shown below.
1 Right-angled triangles
A B The shaded area is equal to the unshaded area.
∴ Area of ∆BCD
1
h = --- area of rectangle ABCD
2
1
D C = --- × (b × h)
b 2
1
= --- bh
2
2 Acute-angled triangles
P Now A1 = A2 and A3 = A4
A B ∴ A1 + A3 = A2 + A4
∴ Area of ∆DPC
A2 A4 1
h = --- area of rectangle ABCD
2
A1 A3
1
= --- bh
D C 2
b

3 Obtuse-angled triangles
B Area of ∆ABD = area of ∆ABC − area of ∆DBC
1 1
= --- (a + b)h − --- ah
2 2
h 1 1
= --- h(a + b) − --- ah
2 2
1 1 1
A
b D a
C = --- ah + --- bh − --- ah
2 2 2
1
= --- bh
2
From these three triangles we can see that the same formula can be used to find the area of a
right-angled triangle, an acute-angled triangle or an obtuse-angled triangle. In each case, the
area of the triangle is half the area of the surrounding rectangle.
 Chapter 13 : Area 493

The area of a triangle with base b units and height h units is given by the formula:
1
A = --- bh
2

Example 1
EG Find the area of each triangle.
+S
a b c

5 cm 3 cm
8 cm

10 cm 11 cm
12 cm

Solutions
1 1 1
a A = --- bh b A = --- bh c A = --- bh
2 2 2
1 1 1
= --- × 10 × 5 = --- × 12 × 8 = --- × 11 × 3
2 2 2
= 25 = 48 = 16.5
∴ A = 25 cm2 ∴ A = 48 cm2 ∴ A = 16.5 cm2

Example 2
EG Find the shaded area in each of these.
+S
a b

4 cm
11 cm 6 cm
8 cm
5 cm

8 cm
12 cm

Solutions
1
a i A1 = 8 × 5 ii A2 = --- × 8 × 6 iii A = A1 + A2
= 40 2 = 40 + 24
∴ A1 = 40 cm2 = 24 = 64
∴ A2 = 24 cm2 ∴ A = 64 cm2
1 1
b i A1 = --- × 12 × 6 ii A2 = --- × 8 × 4 iii A = A1 − A2
2 2 = 36 − 16
= 36 = 16 = 20
∴ A1 = 36 cm2 ∴ A2 = 16 cm2 ∴ A = 20 cm2
494 Mathscape 7

Exercise 13.3

1 a What fraction of this rectangle has been shaded?

b If the area of the rectangle is 12 cm2, what is the area
of the shaded triangle?
c If the area of the shaded triangle is 8 cm2, what is the
area of the rectangle?
2 B What fraction of each of the following rectangles have
A C been shaded?
a ABEF b BCDE c ACDF

F D
E

3 In which of these figures is the area of the shaded triangle half the area of the rectangle?
a b

c d

4 Find the area of each of these triangles that have been drawn on 1 cm grid paper.
a b

d
 Chapter 13 : Area 495

e f

■ Consolidation
5 Find the area of each triangle.
a b 10 cm c
5 cm 5 cm 3 cm
4 cm
6 cm

d e 7 cm f

6 cm
4 cm 10 cm
3 cm

11 cm
i 11 cm
g h 8 cm

4 cm
12 cm

9 cm 5 cm

6 Measure the length of the base and height of each triangle with a ruler, then find the area.
a b c
496 Mathscape 7

7 Calculate the area of a triangle with:

a a base of 11 m and a height of 16 m b a base of 9 mm and an altitude of 8 mm
c a base of 15 cm and a height of 7 cm
d perpendicular sides of length 13 cm and 5 cm

8 Determine the area of each figure.

a 6 cm b c 5 cm

12
cm 9 cm
5 cm 10 cm

14 cm
8 cm
7 cm

d 7 cm e f
2 cm
8 cm
11 15 cm
cm
5
cm 9 cm
3 cm
12 cm
20 cm

g h i
12 cm
9c 5 cm 5 cm
4c m
m 13 cm 7 cm
4 cm 8 cm

14 cm
3 cm

9 Find the shaded area in each of these. 20 mm

a 13 mm b 7 mm
12 mm

5 mm
9 mm 15 mm

8 mm
 Chapter 13 : Area 497

c d
3 mm
5 mm

11 mm 10 mm
12 mm 11 mm
3 mm 2
mm 7 mm
12 mm

10 Divide these figures into squares, rectangles and triangles, then find the area of each figure
in square units.
a b

■ Further applications
11 Find the value of the pronumeral in each triangle. (HINT: Consider each triangle as half a
rectangle.)
a b c
5 cm
w cm
7 cm
k cm
Area = 20 cm2
q cm 18 cm
Area = 21 cm2 Area = 63 cm2
498 Mathscape 7

d 11 cm e f

h cm u cm
9 cm
c cm

Area = 13.5 cm2 5 cm

Area = 16.5 cm2 Area = 22.5 cm2

12 Find the area of a rhombus with diagonals of length 16 cm and 12 cm by first dividing the
figure into two triangles.

TRY THIS Building blocks

Due to poor planning, a block of land is surrounded
by three roads.
A land developer decides to divide this land into
three blocks. Each block is to have the same land
area. How would you do this?
Can you find more than one way of doing it?

13.4 Solving area problems

Example
EG Cork tiles measuring 20 cm × 10 cm are to be laid covering the floor of a kitchen that is
+S 4 m long and 3 m wide.
a Find, in cm2, the area of the kitchen.
b Find the number of cork tiles that are needed to cover the floor.
c Find the cost of the tiles if they are sold in packets of 200 at $90 per packet.

Solutions
a Area of the kitchen = 4 m × 3 m
= 400 cm × 300 cm
= 120 000 cm2
b i Area of each tile = 20 cm × 10 cm
= 200 cm2
ii Number of tiles = area of kitchen ÷ area of each tile
= 120 000 ÷ 200
= 600
∴ 600 tiles are needed to cover the floor.
 Chapter 13 : Area 499

c i Number of packets of tiles needed = 600 ÷ 200 ii Cost = $90 × 3

=3 = $270
∴ 3 packets of tiles are needed.

Exercise 13.4

1 A ceiling measuring 4 m by 7 m is to be repainted. Each tin of paint will cover an area

of 14 m2.
a What is the area of the ceiling? b How many tins of paint are required?
c Find the cost of painting the ceiling if paint costs $8 per tin.

2 Luke wants to wallpaper two walls each measuring 2.6 m high and 5 m wide. One of the
walls includes a doorway 1.2 m wide and 2 m high.
a Find the total area that is to be wallpapered.
b Each roll of wallpaper will cover an area of 7 m2. How many rolls must Luke buy?

3 A small park is triangular in shape and has a perimeter of 51 m.

Two sides of the park have lengths 17 m and 12 m respectively,
intersecting at the main entrance, which is 9 m from the third 9m
17 m 12 m
side of the park.
a Find the length of the third side.
b Find the area of the park.
Entrance
4 A sheep paddock on a farm is in the shape of a right-angled triangle. The perpendicular
sides of the paddock measure 40 m and 30 m respectively. Each sheep in the paddock needs
a minimum grazing area of 20 m2.
a Find the area of the paddock.
b What is the maximum number of sheep that the paddock can hold?

■ Consolidation
5 A square shaped backyard of width 12 m is to be returfed. The grass is sold in rolled
rectangular strips measuring 50 cm by 4 m and each strip of turf costs $10.
a Calculate the area of the yard.
b Find the area of lawn that can be covered by each strip of turf.
c Determine the number of strips of new turf that are required to cover the yard.
d Calculate the cost of returfing the yard.

6 The floor of a laundry 2 m long and 150 cm wide is to be tiled with square tiles of
width 10 cm.
a What is the area of the laundry floor in cm2?
b How many tiles are needed to cover the laundry floor?
500 Mathscape 7

7 Olivia’s garden is triangular in shape, with the 15 m

dimensions shown in the diagram. A lawn mowing
service charges $0.20 per square metre plus a
12 m
surcharge of $3.50 on Sundays. How much will Olivia
pay to have her lawn mowed on a Sunday?
8 Gary wants to build a timber deck in the shape of a 8m
trapezium at the back of his house.
a Find the area of the deck.
b Calculate the cost of building the deck if the deck 3m
timber costs $40 per square metre. 6m

9 The games room shown is to be tiled with slate tiles. 8m

Calculate the cost of tiling the room at $25/m2.
3m
5m

4m
10 The cost of having carpet steam cleaned is 7m
advertised as follows:
Family
Room 4m

$23 per room

Dining 4m
or 6m Lounge Room
Room
$1 per square metre 4.5 m

5m
Freda wants to have the carpet cleaned in these three rooms.
Which payment option should she choose?
11 The L-shaped lounge/dining room shown is to be 4m
carpeted. Perry has to decide between two different
carpets. The more expensive carpet costs $36 per 2.5 m
square metre, while the cheaper carpet costs $21 per
3m
square metre. How much would Perry save if he
chose the cheaper carpet?
3m
 Chapter 13 : Area 501

12 What fraction of this rectangle is shaded, given that AP = P Q

A B
PB and PQ = QB.

D C
13 Julie owns the block of land shown and wants to build a
house measuring 18 m by 15 m. The council will not
permit a house to be built that occupies more than
one-quarter of the area of the block. Will Julie be able 18 m 60 m
to build her house?
30 m 15 m

24 m

14 A stained glass window measuring 180 cm by 350 cm is to be fitted into the wall in
a church.
a Find the area of the window in m2.
b If stained glass costs $200/m2 and labour costs amount to $135, find the total cost of
fitting the window.
15 A front porch measuring 3 m by 2 m is to be covered with tiles measuring 10 cm by 5 cm.
The tiles can be purchased in packets of 100 for $15.
a Find in cm2, the area of the porch.
b How many tiles are needed to cover the area?
c Calculate the cost of the tiles.

16 A square window of length 136 cm contains 9 panes of 3 cm 5 cm

glass as shown. If there is a 3 cm wide aluminium
support between each pane and a 5 cm wide aluminium
frame surrounding the panes, find the total area of
the glass.
136 cm 3 cm

5 cm

136 cm

■ Further applications
1
The area of a polygon that has been drawn in a lattice is given by the formula A = --- P + I – 1,
2
where A is the number of square units in the area, P is the number of lattice points that lie on
the perimeter and I is the number of lattice points that lie inside the figure. This formula is
known as Pick’s rule.
502 Mathscape 7

For example, in the diagram shown:

• P = 16, since there are 16 points on the perimeter
• I = 7, since there are 7 points inside the figure
1
A = --- P + I – 1
2
= ⎛ --- × 16⎞ + 7 − 1
1
⎝2 ⎠
∴ A = 14 units2
17 Find the area of each figure below using Pick’s Rule.
a b c

d e f

13.5 Large areas and area

conversions
Consider a rectangle with length 6 cm and width 4 cm.

6 cm Area = 6 cm × 4 cm or Area = 6 cm × 4 cm
= 24 cm2 = 6 × 10 mm × 4 × 10 mm
4 cm = (6 × 4 × 102) mm2
= 2400 mm2

From this example, we see that the conversion factor between cm and mm (i.e. 10) is a factor
in both the length and the width of the rectangle. To convert the area from cm 2 to mm2 we could
have calculated the area in cm2 then multiplied it by the square of the conversion factor.
That is, 24 cm2 = (6 × 4 × 102) mm2
= 2400 mm2
While units such as mm2, cm2 and m2 are sufficient to describe small areas, other units are
needed to describe very large areas. In these situations the preferred units of area are the
hectare (ha) and the square kilometre (km2).
 Chapter 13 : Area 503

A hectare is an area of 10 000 m2. To get a proper perspective of the 100 m

size of a hectare, imagine an area that is 100 m long and 100 m wide.
It is approximately equal to the area of two football fields placed side
by side. Hectares are used to measure areas such as farms, large urban 100 m
parks or housing estates.
A square kilometre is an area equal to that of a square 1 km long and
1 km wide. That is, 1 km2 = 1 000 000 m2. Square kilometres are used
to measure areas such as national parks, states or countries.

To convert to a smaller unit of area:

multiply by the square of the conversion factor.
To convert to a larger unit of area:

divide by the square of the conversion factor.

Example 1 Solutions
EG Convert: a 5 m2 = (5 × 1002) cm2
+S = 50 000 cm2
a 5 m2 to cm2
b 35 000 cm2 to m2 b 35 000 cm2 = (35 000 ÷ 1002) m2
= 3.5 m2

Example 2 Solutions
EG Express: a 3 ha = (3 × 10 000) m2
+S = 30 000 m2
a 3 ha in m2
b 42 600 m2 in ha b 42 600 m2 = (42 600 ÷ 10 000) ha
= 4.26 ha

Example 3
EG A national park has an area of 28 km2. Express this area in hectares.
+S
Solution
i 2.8 km2 = (2.8 × 10002) m2 ii 2 800 000 m2 = (2 800 000 ÷ 10 000) ha
= 2 800 000 m2 = 280 ha

Exercise 13.5

1 Convert each of the following.

a 3 cm2 to mm2 b 7 m2 to cm2 c 9 km2 to m2
d 40 000 cm2 to m2 e 800 mm2 to cm2 f 6 000 000 m2 to km2
g 1.8 m2 to cm2 h 5.64 km2 to m2 i 490 mm2 to cm2
j 375 000 m2 to km2 k 4670 cm2 to m2 l 0.5 cm2 to mm2
2
m 0.9 km to m 2 n 7 mm2 to cm2 o 12.95 m2 to cm2
p 0.004 cm2 to mm2 q 251 000 m2 to km2 r 5.3 cm2 to m2
504 Mathscape 7

2 Complete these area conversions.

a 2 ha = ______ m2 b 60 000 m2 = ______ ha c 1.5 ha = ______ m2
d 35 000 m2 = ______ ha e 700 000 m2 = ______ ha f 2.75 ha = ______ m2
g 0.4 ha = ______ m 2 h 2000 m2 = ______ ha i 38 m2 = ______ ha
j 0.025 ha = ______ m2 k 0.0008 ha = ______ m2 l 3 m2 = ______ ha

■ Consolidation
3 Choose the most appropriate unit (mm2, cm2, m2, ha, km2) that could be used to measure:
a a large park b a television screen c a lounge room
d a fingernail e New South Wales f a backyard
g an envelope h a five cent coin i Taronga Park Zoo

4 Find the area of each of these paddocks in hectares. (All angles are right angles and all
dimensions are in metres.)
a 300 b 100 c 400
500 200
200 100
400 200 50 400
100
100 150

5 A rectangle has a length of 700 cm and a width of 50 cm. Find the area of the rectangle in:
a square centimetres b square metres

6 Find in m2, the area of a square of side 120 cm.

7 One side of a cube has an area of 0.49 m2. Find the side length of the cube in cm.

8 A racehorse paddock has an area of 3 ha and a length of 500 m. Find the width of the
paddock.
9 A cattle farmer owns 420 ha of land. If he purchases 2.5 km2 of land from an adjacent farm,
how many hectares of land will he own then?
10 A couple purchased a 0.36 ha block of land in order to build their first house. The house is
to occupy one-eighth of the area of the property. How many square metres of land will
remain after the house is built?

■ Further applications
11 a How many hectares are equivalent to 1 square kilometre?
b The area of Australia is 768 230 000 ha. Express this area in square kilometres.
 Chapter 13 : Area 505

12 A surveyor drew the following field sketch for a B

block of land. If BX = 16 m, XY = 18 m,
YZ = 15 m, ZA = 45 m, XD = 24 m, EY = 23 m 16 m
and ZC = 60 m, find the total area of the land X D
24 m
in hectares. 18 m
23 m
E Y
15 m
Z 60 m C
45 m

B P ROBLEM SOLVING

1 On a cube, a dot is put on every corner and also the midpoint of every
edge. How many dots are there altogether?
x
2 If x = 1, what does --------------- equal? Now if we make x a very large number,
x + 99
x
which whole number is closest to --------------- ?
x + 99
3 Water is poured into a tin so that its volume doubles every minute. If the tin is full at
11 am, at what time was it half full?
4 The council has asked the residents of 500 houses in a street to put in new house
numbers. How many of the digits from 1 to 9 would be needed for this job? Tricky!
5 If a new mathematical operation ⊗ is given as a ⊗ b = a × b × ab, what does a ⊗ b ⊗ c
equal?
6 At a Chinese restaurant, 30 people decided to have the banquet meal at a cost of $15
each. As can often happen, 5 people left without paying. How much extra will each of
the remaining people pay?
7 A machine has two cogs which intermesh. The back cog has
6 teeth and the front cog has 8 teeth. If the front cog turns
12 times, how many times will the back cog turn?

8 When making concrete, Jill mixes together 4 parts of screenings (small stones), 2 parts
of sand, and 1 part of cement. If she uses 8 bags of sand, how many bags of screenings
and of cement does she use?
9 Suppose you have 9 coins, one of which weighs less than the others, and a balance
scale. How do you find the underweight coin in only 2 weighings?
10 Arrange the numbers 1 to 8 so that consecutive integers are not next to each other,
vertically, horizontally or diagonally: i.e. not 2 3 , 2 , or 2 .
3 3
 506 Mathscape 7

0
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GOAL! THE WORLD CUP 2002

E M A T L YI C A L L Y
HEMATICAL
W O R K I N G M A TA TH
M

Introduction
N G

The 2002 World Cup international football competition held in South Korea and Japan attracted
I

a television audience of millions of people. The final, played between Germany and Brazil, was
K
FOCUS ON WOR

won by Brazil. The game is played on a rectangular field. There is also a very important
rectangular area called the penalty area in front of the goal. If a player on the defending team
commits a serious offence inside this area, the referee can award a penalty kick to the attacking
team. This kick is taken from the penalty spot, marked clearly on the ground in front of the goal.
The defending goalie has a tough task to save the goal because the penalty spot is only 11
metres away, directly in front of the goal.
The goals are rectangles too. In this activity we will look at the area of the goal mouth and the
angles that players must take into account in shooting for a penalty goal.
 Chapter 13 : Area 507

2L EARNING ACTIVITIES

Materials: Paper and pencil, geometrical instruments, calculator, graph paper, and internet
access if possible.

A T I C A L L Y
1 The goal mouth is a rectangle 7.32 m long and 2.44 m high. Calculate the area of the goal
mouth. The diagram (not drawn to scale) also shows the penalty spot, 11 m from the
midpoint of the goal mouth and perpendicular to it.

2.44 m

TICALLY
7.32 m
Penalty

W O R K I N G M A T H E AM
spot 11 m

MATHEM
Goal
line

FOCUS ON WORKING
Look around your classroom to see if you can locate an area about the same size. This will
give you a ‘feel’ for the actual size of the goal mouth.
2 In the diagram (not drawn to scale) the rectangular penalty area in front of the goal is
shown. Calculate its area.
Penalty spot
Penalty
area
16.5 m 16.5 m
11 m

16.5 m 16.5 m

Goal Goal Goal

7.32 m
post post line
between
goal posts
 508 Mathscape 7

3 On graph paper, using a scale of 1 cm = 1 m (or choose your own scale to suit your page)
draw a diagram to show a side view of the goal and the penalty spot.
When the ball is kicked from the penalty spot, measure the maximum vertical angle for the
ball to go into the net.
4 Using the same scale, draw a plan view of the goal and the penalty spot.
When the ball is kicked from the penalty spot, measure the maximum angle to the left or
L YI C A L L Y

right for the ball to go into the net.

5 Write a single statement regarding the angle at which the ball must be kicked in order that
a goal could be scored from the penalty spot, assuming that the goalkeeper misses the ball.

8E XTENSION ACTIVITIES

1 The length of a football field is 100 m and breadth 64 m. Write down the area of the field.
2 Use your data for the area of the penalty area (remember there is one at each end of the field)
and your calculator to find the fraction of the field covered by the penalty areas.
E M A T

3 Draw a three-dimensional diagram of the goal, the penalty spot and the angles you
measured in Q3 and Q4 above. What is the most difficult kick for a goalie to defend? What
HEMATICAL

is the easiest?
4 On your diagram shade the triangular area between the goal line and the lines drawn from
the goal posts to the penalty spot. Find this area. What fraction of the penalty area is it?
5 If you can, find out which four teams made the semifinals of the 2002 World Cup. Which
team had the least number of goals scored against them? Who was the goalie? What other
information would you need to decide if the goalie on this team was the best in the world?
W O R K I N G M A TA TH

Check out the statistics on the FIFA web site, http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com

E
M

L ET’S COMMUNICATE
G

Make a poster to show the goal size, the penalty spot and the angles within which a player must
N

strike the ball to score a goal. Collect action shots of great saves of the World Cup and the
K I

names of the top goalies and their countries. Check the web for additional information and add
FOCUS ON WOR

it to your poster.

%R EFLECTING

Think over the mathematical measures you would need to decide the best goalie in the World
Cup for 2002. Look at the statistics collected for the World Cup at the FIFA web site. Who do
you think deserves the title?
 Chapter 13 : Area 509

1 What does the formula Area = length × 5 Read the Macquarie Learners’ Dictionary
breadth refer to? entry for area:
2 Explain the difference between area and
perimeter. area noun 1. a particular part: a suburban area | an area
3 When do we use hectares to describe of the body 2. the size of a flat or curved surface: The
area? area of the floor of this hall is 100 square metres.
4 When do we use square kilometres to Why is an understanding of area important
describe area? for an architect or builder?

VIEW
1 Find the shaded area of each figure, in c d
square units. 8 cm
a

6 mm

CHAPTER RE
3 Find the value of the pronumeral in each
of these.
b
a
ym

8m
Area = 32 m2
2 Find the area of:
a b b d cm
5m
7 cm 12 cm

11 m
9 cm
Area = 60 cm2

CHAPTER REVIEW
 510 Mathscape 7
CHAPTER RE

c 14 mm 9 Find the total area of each figure.

a 9 cm
u mm
3 cm
4 cm
Area = 98 mm2

4 Find the side length of a square whose

5 cm
area is 121 cm2.
5 a Find the perimeter of a square whose
area is 81 cm2.
b
b Find the area of a square whose
perimeter is 40 cm.
6 a Find the area of a rectangle whose 15 cm
perimeter is 48 cm and width is 7 cm.
9 cm
b Find the perimeter of a rectangle
whose area is 108 cm2 and length is
12 cm.
VIEW

7 cm
7 Calculate the area of each triangle.
c
a b
5 cm
5 cm
6 cm
7 cm
4 cm
9 cm

c
16 cm
5 cm

10 Find the shaded area in each of these.

5 cm
a 10 cm
8 Find the area of a triangle with:
a a base of 14 mm and a height of 8 mm
b perpendicular sides of length 16 mm 6 cm
and 9 mm. 18 cm
7 cm

CHAPTER REVIEW
 Chapter 13 : Area 511

12 Trevor intends to lay new tiles on his

VIEW
b
bathroom floor. The floor is rectangular
3 cm 9 cm in shape and its dimensions are
7 cm 2 m × 2.4 m. One third of the floor area is
taken up by the bath, shower and vanity.
13 cm
The tiles are sold in packs of 80, with
c each tile measuring 5 cm × 4 cm.

CHAPTER RE
a Find in cm2, the area that is to be tiled.
10 b How many packets of tiles does
cm Trevor have to buy?
6 cm c Find the cost of tiling the floor if each
4 cm pack of tiles costs $24.
3 cm 3 cm
13 Convert:
11 Aaliah wants to paint the walls in her a 4 cm2 to mm2
bedroom. Two of the walls measure b 7 m2 to cm2
3 m × 3.5 m and the other two walls c 0.36 km2 to m2
measure 4 m × 3.5 m. The doorway is 1 m d 65 000 cm2 to m2
wide and 2 m high and the window e 200 mm2 to cm2
measures 1 m × 1.5 m. f 523 000 m2 to km2
a Find the total area to be painted. 14 Convert:
b How many tins of paint will be a 5 ha to m2 b 80 000 m2 to ha
needed if one tin of paint will cover c 3.75 ha to m2 d 125 000 m2 to ha
an area of 9 m2? 15 Find in hectares, the area of a rectangular
c Calculate the cost of painting the paddock measuring 900 m by 1100 m.
walls if each tin of paint costs $14.50.
16 A state forest has an area of 140 ha.
Express this area in square metres and
then in square kilometres.

CHAPTER REVIEW