UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB

(Faculty of IT)
Computer Communications and Networks (CCN)

Total Marks: 100 _______ Assignment No 03__

1. What is the difference between Congestion control and Flow control?

2. Suppose that the three measured sample RTT values are 114 ms, 121 ms, and 111 ms. Compute the
estimated RTT after each of these sample RTT values is obtained, using a value of α = 0.125 and
assuming that the value of estimated RTT was 113 ms just before the first of these three samples were
obtained. Compute also the Dev RTT after each sample is obtained, assuming a value of β = 0.25 and
assuming the value of Dev RTT was 8 ms just before the first of these three samples was obtained.
Last, compute the TCP Timeout Interval after each of these samples is obtained.

3. TCP sender is sending a TCP segment, but it is dropped 3 times; implies there were 2 retransmissions
and success in 4th attempt. The RTT in 4th attempt is 7 msec. Assume timeout interval was initially 5
msec. What would be the timeout value when the segment was dropped in 2 nd and 3rd attempt. Assume
EstimatedRTT=5 msec and DevRTT=1 msec.

4. Consider following figure. TCP sender wants to send a total of 20 segments to the receiver and sends
an initial window of 5 segments at t = 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5, respectively. Suppose the initial value of the
sequence number is 50 and every segment sent to the receiver each contains 512 bytes. The delay
between the sender and receiver is 7 time units, and so the first segment arrives at the receiver at t = 8,
and an ACK for this segment arrives at t = 15.
 As shown in the figure above, 4th segment is lost between sender and receiver, but none of the
ACKs are lost. Assume there are no timeouts and any out of order segments received are dropped.
Answer the following questions:
a) What are the sequence numbers for each of the 20 data segments
b) What are the values of ACK fields in each of the ACK segments

5. What actions will be taken in each of following scenarios in TCP, at sender or receiver side:-
(a) Application layer sends data to transport layer and each segment contains following data. How
sending side assigns sequence numbers.
Segment 1: 20 bytes
Segment 2: 40 bytes
Segment 3: 15 bytes

(b) Segments with sequence numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 are sent. If sender is receiving ACK 2 again and
again, what is the meaning of that. And what action sender will perform. Write down all
possibilities.

(c) Segment with sequence numbers 45, 46 & 47 are transmitted. Assume all packets are
successfully received but ACK of 45 & 46 is missing. What action will be performed at receiver
and how sender will know about successful transfer of all segments.
 (d) If segment with sequence number 102, 104, 106 & 108 are transmitted, but receiver got only
102 & 108. What action will take place at receiver and how sender will know about it.
6. Consider the following figure. Assuming TCP Reno is the protocol experiencing the behavior in the
figure, answer the following questions. In all cases, you should provide a short discussion justifying
your answer :-

(a) Identify the intervals of time when TCP slow start is operating.
(b) Identify the intervals of time when TCP congestion avoidance is in operation.
(c) Identify the intervals of time when there is fast recovery. What is the need for fast recovery here.
(d) Identify time where packet loss is due to timeout.
(e) How many possible ssthreshold values are in this scenario; write interval and threshold value
both.
(f) Is there any triple duplicate ACK event. If yes identify time intervals.

7. Consider sending a large file from one host to another over a TCP connection that has no loss.
(a) Suppose TCP uses AIMD for its congestion control without slow start. Assuming cwnd
increases by 1 MSS every time a batch of ACKs is received and assuming approximately
constant roundtrip times, how long does it take for cwnd increase from 6 MSS to 12 MSS
(assuming no loss events)? (b) What is the average throughout (in terms of MSS and RTT) for
this connection up through time = 6 RTT?

8. Consider that a router wants to send a 2600-byte datagram into a link that has an MTU of 750 bytes.
Suppose the original datagram is stamped with the identification number 777. How many fragments
would be generated. What are the values in the various fields (related to fragmentation and
reassembly) in the IP header of each fragment. Draw a diagram showing the various fragments and
their relevant header field values.
Assignment Guidelines:
Assignment is to be done individually.
Hard copy submission is mandatory also, assignment should be submitted on portal, as a single file.
Assignment should be hand written, you should write Assignment on A4 paper, first page should mention your ID,
Name, Section and Assignment number.
The answers should be in your own words; there should be no copying from any source.
The neatness of the assignment will also carry marks.
Assignments will NOT be accepted after the due date.