 Documentation is important to establish

your paper’s authoritativeness and validity.

(Neman, 354)
 Furthermore, Campbell, Ballou, and Slade
identify several other purposes: to indicate cross-
references within the paper, to amplify ideas in
the text, and to provide additional bibliographical
information. (90-91)
 All quotations must be credited.
 All paraphrases must be credited.
 Material that is not directly quoted or
paraphrased from a source should be credited
whenever it is, in any way, exclusive to its author.
 Information that needs documentation includes:
- interpretation
- opinions
- challengeable data like
* Statistics
* Results of Survey
* Results of studies
 Documentation in the research paper takes two
forms:
(1) written in the paper itself
(2) a bibliography or list of works cited at the
end of the paper
 The American Psychological Association (APA)
style is widely accepted in the social sciences
and other fields, such as education, business,
and nursing.
 The APA citation format requires parenthetical
citations within the text rather than endnotes or
footnotes. Citations in the text provide brief
information, usually the name of the author and
the date of publication, to lead the reader to the
source of information in the reference list at the
end of the paper.
 APA utilizes a system of brief referencing in
the text of a paper, whether one is
paraphrasing or providing a direct quotation
from another author’s work.
 Indirect Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
Libraries historically highly value intellectual
freedom and patron confidentiality (LaRue, 2007).
 Indirect Quotation with Author as Part of the
Narrative
LaRue (2007) identified intellectual freedom
and patron confidentiality as two key values held
historically by libraries.
 Direct Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to
express the other form of interconnectedness–
genealogical rather than ecological" (Gould &
Brown, 1991, p. 14).
 Direct Quotation with Author as Part of the
Narrative
Gould and Brown (1991) explained that
Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to
express the other form of interconnectedness–
genealogical rather than ecological”(p. 14).
 When citing in the text a work discussed in a
secondary source, give both the primary and the
secondary sources. In the example, the study by
Seidenberg and McClelland was mentioned in an
article by Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller.
 Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited
in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993)
provided a glimpse into the world
One work by one author:
 In one developmental study (Smith, 1990),
children learned... OR
 In the study by Smith (1990), primary school
children... OR
 In 1990, Smith’s study of primary school
children…
Works by multiple authors: When a work has 2 authors cite
both names every time you reference the work in the text. When
a work has three to five authors cite all the author names the
first time the reference occurs and then subsequently include
only the first author followed by et al. For example:
 First citation: Masserton, Slonowski, and Slowinski (1989)
state that...
 Subsequent citations: Masserton et al. (1989) state that...
For 6 or more authors, cite only the name of the first author
followed by et al. and the year.
Works by no identified author: When a resource has no named
author, cite the first few words of the reference entry (usually
the title). Use double quotation marks around the title of an
article, chapter, or Web page. Italicize the title of a periodical,
book, brochure, or report. For example:
 The site seemed to indicate support for homeopathic drugs
(“Medical Miracles,” 2009). The brochure argues for
homeschooling (Education Reform, 2007).
Treat reference to legal materials such as court cases, statutes,
and legislation like works with no author.
Two or more works in the same parenthetical citation:
Citations of two or more works in the same parentheses should
be listed in the order they appear in the reference list (i.e.,
alphabetically, then chronologically).
 Several studies (Jones & Powell, 1993; Peterson, 1995, 1998;
Smith, 1990) suggest that...
Specific parts of a source
Always give the page number for quotations
or to indicate information from a specific table,
chart, chapter, graph, or page. The word page is
abbreviated but not chapter. For example:
 The painting was assumed to be by Matisse
(Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later analysis
showed it to be a forgery (Murphy, 1999, p. 85).
If, as in the instance of online material, the source has
neither visible paragraph nor page numbers, cite the
heading and the number of the paragraph following it. This
allows the reader to locate the text in the source. For
example:
 The patient wrote that she was unimpressed by the
doctor’s bedside manner (Smith, 2006, Hospital
Experiences section, para. 2).
 When referencing or summarizing a source,
provide the author and year. When quoting or
summarizing a particular passage, include the
specific page or paragraph number, as well.
 When quoting in your paper, if a direct quote is
less than 40 words, incorporate it into your text
and use quotation marks. If a direct quote is more
than 40 words, make the quotation a free-
standing indented block of text and DO NOT use
quotation marks.
 In general, references should contain the author's
name, publication date, title, and publication
information. Include the issue number if the
journal is paginated by issue.

 NOTE: All citations must be in the Hanging Indent

Format with the first line flush to the left margin
and all other lines indented.
 Book:
Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The guide to everything and then some
more stuff. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Gregory, G., & Parry, T. (2006). Designing brain-compatible learning (3rd
ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.

• Chapter of a Book:
Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker & L. A. Ratner
(Eds.), Multiculturalism in the United States: A comparative guide to
acculturation and ethnicity (pp. 53-76). New York, NY: Greenwood.

• Journal Article with DOI:

Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory
& Cognition, 3, 635-647. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
• Journal Article without DOI (when DOI is not available):
Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy
crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1-7.
Hamfi, A. G. (1981). The funny nature of dogs. E-journal of
Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38 -48. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/fdo

• Online Newspaper Articles:

Becker, E. (2001, August 27). Prairie farmers reap
conservation's rewards. The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com
• Encyclopedia Articles:
Brislin, R. W. (1984). Cross-cultural psychology. In R. J. Corsini
(Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 319-327). New
York, NY: Wiley.
Developmental genetics. (2005). In Cambridge encyclopedia of
child development. Retrieved from
http://www.credoreference.com.library.muhlenberg.edu:80/entr
y/cupchilddev/developmentalgenetics

• Technical and Research Reports (often with corporate authors)

Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001, March 15). 2001 Annual
Report. Retrieved from
http://www.hersheysannualreport.com/2000/index.htm
• Book Reviews:
Dent-Read, C., & Zukow-Goldring, P. (2001). Is modeling
knowing? [Review of the book Models of cognitive
development, by K. Richardson]. American Journal of
Psychology, 114, 126-133.
NOTE: For articles that have a DOI, see Journal Article with DOI
example.

• Data Sets:
Simmons Market Research Bureau. (2000). Simmons national
consumer survey [Data file]. New York, NY: Author.

• Blog post:
Lincoln, D. S. (2009, January 23). The likeness and sameness of
the ones in the middle. [Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://www.blogspace.com/lincolnworld/2009/1/23.php
• Website with no author or date of publication:
Census data revisited. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2009,
from Harvard, Psychology of Population website,
http://harvard.edu/data/index.php
Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material
may change over time. If no DOI has been assigned to the
content, provide the homepage URL.
 Reprint from Another Source:
*Citation in the text:
(Newton, 1998/1999).
*Reference List Citation:
Newton, W. (1999). Return to Mars. In C. Mari (Ed.),
Space Exploration (pp. 32- 41). New York, NY: H.W.
Wilson. (Reprinted from National Geographic, pp. 2-26,
August 1998).
 In this example of a reprinted book review, the author of the
book is named first, followed by the editor of the reprinting
source, then the reviewer. In your parenthetical citation, it is
necessary to name the author of the book, while the reviewer
is named to distinguish from other reviews of this book.
• Article in a journal or magazine paginated by issue

Author's name. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number, page
numbers.

Gerry, R.. (2000). Tempo training for freestyle. The American Swimming
Technique, 34, 40-42.

Jones, H. M. (2002). The attractions of stupidity. The St. Croix Review,

30(2), 6-10.
• Article in a daily newspaper

Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of newspaper, p. page#.

Munsey, C., & Shuey, P. J. (1997, May 8). Bomb threats to become felony. The Capital, p.
A1.

• Editorial in a newspaper

Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of article [Editorial]. Title of newspaper, p. page#.

Krauthammer, C. (2004). Why feed a mortal enemy? [Editorial]. The Washington Post, p.
A27.
• Unpublished Thesis/dissertation.

Author. (Year). Title of dissertation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, institution,

location.

Bernardi, R. A. (1990). Accounting pronouncements, firm size, and firm industry:

Their effect on Altman's bankruptcy prediction model. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, Nova University, Fort Lauderdale, FL.

Patterson, G. W. (2003). A comparison of multi-year instructional programs

(looping) and regular education program utilizing scale scores in reading.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
• Unpublished conference paper

Author. (Year). Title of paper. Paper presented at name of conference, city, state (two-
letter postal abbreviation).

Martins, J. R. (2004). Working with the terminally ill: An integrated theoretical

model. Paper presented at the American Counseling Association World
Conference, San Diego, CA.

• Unpublished journal/magazine/compilation

Author. (Year). Title of the document. Unpublished (name of material) from (name of the
school/agency), location.

Conde, M. (2014). FD 501: Basic Research. Unpublished advanced research

powerpoint compilations from Leyte Normal University, Tacloban City.
 • Periodical

Jones, H. M. (2005). The attractions of stupidity. The St. Croix e-

Review, 30(2), 6-10. Retrieved from http://st_croix_e-
review.com/index.php/articles/view/30/6/

• In-press article from institutional or personal Web site.

Watson, J. D., & Jones, F. H. (in press). A structure for deoxyribose

nucleic acid. Nature. Retrieved August 2, 2007, from
http://www.nature.com/DNA/volume22/12345678.pdf
• Book chapter

Price, J. (1934). Bret Easton Ellis: Overview. In S. W. Brown (Ed.),

Contemporary novelists (6th ed.). New York: St. James. Retrieved
from Literature Resource Center database.

• Entire Book

Freud, S. (1911). The interpretation of dreams (3rd ed.). (A. A. Brill,

Trans.). Retrieved on March 2015 and available from
http://psychwww.com/books/interp/toc.htm
Video Weblog post

Author or screen name. (Year, Month day). Subject line of message [Id].
Video posted to URL.

Ramdial, S. F. (2007, August 3). The IRB process [Video file]. Video
posted to http://www.you_tube.com/group/watch?v=Xkas43nsu_IRB

*Note

1. The title of the video is not italicized.

2. Description of the type of document is included in square brackets to aid in
document identification and retrieval.
• Film or video recording

Name of the producer (Producer), & Name of the director (Director). (Year of release).
Title [Medium]. Distributor.

Jarre, K., Carr, P. (Producers), & Sommers, S. (Director). (2004). The mummy
[Videotape]. MCA Universal Home Video.

• Television program–broadcast
Producer’s name (Producer). (Broadcast date). Title of the program [Television
program]. Station or viewing location: name of the station or network.

Garwood, S. (Producer). (1998, December 31). EastEnders [Television program].

Clarksville, MD: BBC America.
 Never use author’s first or middle names…just use initials.

 Use & instead of “and” if there is more than one author.

 Italicize only titles of books, journals, and volumes.

 Capitalize ONLY the first word in the title and subtitle UNLESS it’s a proper noun.

 Only use “p” for page in citing a newspaper article, never for journal or periodical
articles.

 Use issue number instead of month.

 Authors and
You become an
artists get credit
It's good
ethical writer. for their work. karma!

Using other people's research or ideas without

giving credit is PLAGIARISM.
If it is a crime, is there a punishment? According to Section 217 of RA 8293, “Any
person infringing any right secured by provisions of Part IV (“The Law on Copyright”) of
this Act or aiding or abetting such infringement shall be guilty of a crime punishable by:

“(a) Imprisonment of one (1) year to three (3) years plus a fine ranging from Fifty
thousand pesos (P50,000) to One hundred fifty thousand pesos (P150,000) for the first
offense;

“(b) Imprisonment of three (3) years and one (1) day to six (6) years plus a fine ranging
from One hundred fifty thousand pesos (P150,000) to Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000) for the second offense; and

“(c) Imprisonment of six (6) years and one (1) day to nine (9) years plus a fine ranging
from five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000) to one million five hundred thousand
pesos (P1,500,000) for the third and subsequent offenses.”
 Similarly from Merueñas (2012) as quoted in an advisory
opinion from Sec. De Lima, she said that plagiarists can be held
liable under Republic Act 10175—or the Cybercrime Prevention
Act of 2012—if they are found to be infringing on copyright or the
exclusive rights online of a creator over his or her original work.
 a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify
content and provide a persistent link to its
location on the internet. The DOI is typically
located on the first page of the electronic journal
article near the copyright notice. When a DOI is
used in your citation, no other retrieval
information is needed. Use this format for the DOI
in references: doi:xxxxxxx
 If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the
home page URL of the journal or of the book or report
publisher. Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a
URL across lines; do not add a period after a URL, to
prevent the impression that the period is part of the URL.
 In general, it is not necessary to include database
information. Do not include retrieval dates unless
the source material has changed over time.