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Adaptive multi-stream perception: This function maximizes the cell
Massive MIMO AHR (TDD) 5G RAN
3 Massive MIMO AHR (TDD) Feature
throughput and reduces the UE scheduling delay based on UE services
and channel characteristics.
3Fast and accurate access to Parameter Description Issue 03 Date
2022-06...Incorporated SRS interference
hardware specifications/description coordination and precise AMC into AHR
and feature documentation. Experience Turbo 2.0.

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131 result(s) AAU
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Highlight Difference AAU5639 AAU5639w
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BTS3900&BTS5900 Micro BTS3900 BSC6910 BSC6900 Select Version: V100R019C10SPC150 Parameter Download

No. MO Parameter ID Parameter Name MML Command Meaning Support

Feature ID Download
Parameter for RAT-specific download

1 AAL2ADJNODE ADDR ATM Address ADD AAL2ADJ... Indicates the AT... Select
无 Version: V100R019C10SPC150 Scope

2 AAL2ADJNODE ANI Adjacent Node ID ADD AAL2ADJ... Indicates an AA... 无V100R019C10 Node
V100R019C10SPC150 gNodeBFunction
3 AAL2ADJNODE LN SAAL Link No. ADD AAL2ADJ... Indicates the S... LOFD-003015...
eNodeBFunction
V100R019C10SPC100
4 AAL2ADJNODE STATUS AAL2 Node Stat... DSP AAL2ADJ... Indicates the st.... 无 NodeBFunction
V100R019C10SPC050
5 AAL2NODE ADDR ATM Address ADD AAL2NO... Indicates the AT.... 无 GBTSFunction
V100R019C10SPC010 RFAFunction
6 AAL2NODE BELONG Belong Flag ADD AAL2NO... Indicates the ty... 无
V100R018C10 Select All OK
7 AAL2NODE FLAG Transport Channe... ADD AAL2NO... Indicates the tr... 无V100R017C10

8 AAL2NODE LN SAAL Link No. ADD AAL2NO... Indicates the S... 无V100R016C10
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The aggregate maximum bit rate (AMBR) is a A base station modulation model refers to the Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a modulation
quality of service (QoS) parameter specific to main process of modulating baseband signals technique which adjusts carrier amplitude based
non-GBR bearers. into RF signals in a base station. on the value of a digital signal, leaving... What else would you like to learn?
 CONTENTS

5G
01 Massive MIMO AHR (TDD)
05 Co-MM (TDD)
08 NR Smart 8T8R (FDD)
13 eMIMO Pro (FDD)
17 Uplink Enhancement
24 Remote Interference Management (TDD)
28 FWA

LTE
LTE Smart Massive MIMO 36
LTE Smart 8T8R 50
SingleCell 61
SuperBAND 75

SRAN
80 IntelligentRAN
93 LTE FDD and NR Spectrum Sharing
104 Base Station Energy Saving
114 Green Site
119 MetaAAU
 5G

Massive MIMO AHR (TDD)

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Overview
The AHR solution improves user experience and capacity in TDD massive MIMO cells by enhancing
channel estimation, weight adjustment, and UE pairing performance, and by enabling link adaptation
and adaptive service scheduling policies.

Number of TDD
antennas: Channel estimation Weight adjustment
32T32R/64T64R
• Adaptive CSI-RS multi-beam • SRS interference
AAU adjustment coordination

• SRS interference
coordination

UE pairing performance Scheduling policies

BBU • High-resolution MU pairing • Adaptive multi-stream

perception
• Adaptive MU resource
management • Precise AMC

Key Technologies

1 Adaptive CSI-RS Multi-Beam Adjustment

Adaptive CSI-RS multi-beam adjustment performs CSI-RS beam densification to improve the accuracy
of CSI reporting, better matching traffic channel characteristics and improving user experience.

Before After
(horizontal direction) (horizontal direction)

1 Th
e
the gNode
CSI-
RS. B sends
2 T
he U
E
gNodeB the CSI reports
.

UE

3 The gNodeB determines the MCS.

01 / 5G
2 Adaptive Multi-Stream Perception
Adaptive multi-stream perception selects optimal UEs and scheduling schemes for MU pairing based
on UE service and channel characteristics, reducing the scheduling delay and increasing the average
downlink UE throughput.

Before After
MU MU MU MU MU MU
pairing pairing pairing pairing pairing pairing
Frequency Frequency
domain domain
UE UE UE
3 4 2
UE UE UE UE UE UE UE UE UE
1 2 1 5 1 2 1 4 5
UE UE UE
4 2 3

Time Time
Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 domain Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 domain

-------- Scheduling delay ------- -------- Scheduling delay -------

UE 1 Slot 1 + Slot 2 UE 1 Slot 1 + Slot 2

UE 2 Slot 1 + Slot 2 + Slot 3 UE 2 Slot 1 + Slot 2 Shortened

UE 3 Slot 1 + Slot 2 UE 3 Slot 1 + Slot 2

UE 4 Slot 1 + Slot 2 + Slot 3 UE 4 Slot 1 + Slot 2 + Slot 3
UE 5 Slot 1 + Slot 2 + Slot 3 UE 5 Slot 1 + Slot 2 + Slot 3

3 SRS Interference Coordination

SRS interference coordination uses multiple antennas to identify and detect strong and burst SRS
interference from neighboring cells. After identifying and detecting the interference, SRS IC
technologies, such as power control, IC, interference suppression, and interference coordination, are
adopted to reduce the SRS interference and improve SRS quality and weight accuracy, thereby
increasing the average downlink UE throughput.

3 Reduced SRS interference

1 SRS in
te
measure rference
men t

Massive MIMO SR SR S Neighboring

serving cell S cell
Interfering
UE UE

2 SRS information transmission

over Xn/eXn

5G / 02
 4 Precise AMC
Precise AMC optimizes link performance, time-frequency resources, and other aspects for massive
MIMO UEs. It improves the MCS accuracy and improves the spectral efficiency and downlink user
experience.
Before After

MCS MCS Actual MCS approaching the

Optimal MCS optimal one

Actual MCS

Time Time

5 High-Resolution MU Pairing
High-resolution MU pairing optimizes MU pairing from multiple dimensions, such as UE grouping,
admission, and number of layers, so that UEs of different DMRS types can participate in MU pairing.
This increases the numbers of UEs and PRBs for MU pairing, thereby improving the cell capacity and
user experience.
Before After
Number Number Increased cell
of paired of paired
layers layers capacity
Paired Paired Paired
UE 3 UE 3 UE 8
Paired Paired
UE 2 UE 5 Not Not Not UE 2 UE 7 UE 6
paired paired paired
UE 1 UE 4 UE 6 UE 7 UE 8 UE 1 UE 4 UE 5
Frequency Frequency
domain domain
PDSCH DMRS type 1 PDSCH DMRS type 2

6 Adaptive MU Resource Management

Adaptive MU resource management selects the optimal ranks and resource allocation schemes for
UEs involved in MU pairing to increase the resource usage in a massive MIMO cell, thereby
improving cell capacity and user experience.
Before After

Rank 2 Rank 2

Rank 1 Fewer symbols for Rank 1

DMRS, more symbols
for data
Rank 2 Rank 1
Rank 1
(two symbols Rank 1 Rank 1 Rank 1
for DMRS) (one symbol for DMRS) (one symbol for DMRS) (one symbol for DMRS)

03 / 5G
 Engineering Deployment

Base station models

• 3900 and 5900 series base stations, and DBS3900 LampSite and DBS5900
LampSite

Boards
Hardware • All NR-capable main control boards and NR TDD-capable baseband
processing units

RF modules
• All NR TDD-capable low-frequency RF modules with 32T32R and above

Contiguous networking for common cells

Networking

AHR-related feature licenses: AHR Introduction, AHR Experience Turbo 2.0,

and AHR Capacity Upgrade 2.0
License

• Prerequisite functions: MU-MIMO and distributed massive MIMO

• Mutually exclusive functions: High-speed Railway Superior Experience,
Software Cell Combination, and so on

1. Turn on the switch for AHR Introduction.

2. Turn on the switch for adaptive CSI-RS multi-beam adjustment and set
related parameters.
3. Turn on the switch for adaptive multi-stream perception and set related
parameters.
4. Turn on the switch for AHR Experience Turbo 2.0.
5. Turn on the switch for SRS interference coordination and set related
Activation parameters.
6. Turn on the switch for precise AMC and set related parameters.
7. Turn on the switch for AHR Capacity Upgrade 2.0.
8. Turn on the switch for high-resolution MU pairing and set related
parameters.
9. Turn on the switch for adaptive MU resource management and set
related parameters.

Glossary AHR Adaptive High Resolution AMC adaptive modulation and coding CQI channel quality indicator
CSI-RS channel state information reference signal DMRS demodulation reference signal
IC interference cancellation MCS modulation and coding scheme SRS sounding reference signal

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

5G / 04
 5G

Co-MM (TDD)

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Background
In intra-frequency networking, wanted signals To address the user experience deterioration
for cell-edge UEs are weak and inter-cell for cell-edge UEs, a coordination technology
interference is high. As a result, user experience can be used to allow for coordinated
deteriorates significantly. transmission from multiple neighboring TRPs
to a single UE.
Int
er n ce
fer re
e nc e rfe
e t
In
gNodeB gNodeB gNodeB gNodeB

Cell 1 Cell 2
Multi-cell Cell 1 Cell 2
coordination
UE UE UE
User-perceived rate

User-perceived rate

Definition
In effect, multi-TRP coordinated transmission involves a larger number of transmit antennas than
single-TRP transmission, offering the power, diversity, or spatial multiplexing gains brought by
multi-antenna transmission.
To further obtain an increase in antenna array gains, joint channel calibration of the TRPs is
required. It achieves downlink-uplink reciprocity between inter-TRP transmit and receive channels
and therefore allows for joint channel measurement and beamforming, which improve the
performance of joint transmission.
Coordinated transmission without inter-TRP joint over-the-air channel calibration is known as CoMP,
while that with inter-TRP joint over-the-air channel calibration and joint beamforming is called Co-
MM, which is also referred to as coherent coordination.
e e e e
Tim Tim Tim Tim

Freque Freque Freque Joint channel Freque

nc y nc y nc y nc y
calibration and joint
beamforming

gNodeB gNodeB gNodeB gNodeB

UE UE
CoMP Co-MM

05 / 5G
Over-the-Air Channel Calibration
Co-MM allows for joint transmission from two TRPs of a gNodeB to a single UE. In essence, the
two N-antenna TRPs are equivalent to one 2N-antenna TRP. This type of transmission increases
antenna array gains.

N antennas N antennas 2N antennas

+ =

Joint beamforming for the TRPs requires inter-TRP over-the-air channel calibration, in which the
Tx/Rx ratio is adjusted to be identical for the TRPs, to achieve downlink-uplink reciprocity between
inter-TRP transmit and receive channels.

Tx 1 Tx2
=
Tx₁ Rx 1 α 1*Rx2 Rx₂

H α1

Rx₁ Tx₂
Radio channel
AAU 1 AAU 2

Usually, TRPs with coverage overlaps form a cluster and over-the-air channel calibration is
performed between these TRPs. Only if the calibration is successful between two TRPs can coherent
joint transmission take effect for them.

Coherent Joint Transmission

Coherent joint transmission from two TRPs to a UE is a type of data transmission with joint
beamforming for the TRPs. It yields higher antenna array, power, and spatial multiplexing gains and
increases the downlink user-perceived rates of UEs in overlapping areas.

e e
Tim Tim

Freque Freque
nc y nc y
Joint beamforming

gNodeB gNodeB

UE

5G / 06
 Engineering Deployment

Base Station Models

3900 and 5900 series base stations (macro base stations; 3900 series base
stations must be configured with the BBU3910) support this function.

Boards
All NR-capable main control boards and NR TDD-capable BBPs support this
function.
Hardware
RF Modules
32T32R or higher: NR TDD-capable RF modules that comply with the eCPRI
protocol and work in band n38, n41, n77, or n78 are required.
8T8R or 4T4R: Certain NR TDD-capable RF modules working in band n38,
n41, n77, or n78 are required.

Contiguous intra-frequency networking with many and large overlapping

areas
Networking

Co-MM feature license: Coordinated Massive MIMO (Co-MM)

License

Prerequisite functions: TRS rate matching and slot configuration

Mutually exclusive functions: Hyper Cell, Cell Combination, High-speed
Software Railway Superior Experience, distributed massive MIMO, VMIMO in
DAS-based indoor coverage, LTE TDD and NR spectrum sharing, and others

1. Turn on the switches for overlapping area measurement.

2. Turn on the Co-MM switches.
Activation 3. Set the parameters related to Co-MM.

Glossary TRP transmission reception point CoMP coordinated multipoint transmission/reception

Co-MM coordinated massive MIMO

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

07 / 5G
 5G

NR Smart 8T8R (FDD)

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed information,
see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Background
The increased traffic volumes brought by a larger number of 5G users pose challenges to the 4T4R
networks deployed at the early stage of 5G.
5G users

4T4R network capability

With an 8T8R antenna connected to an integrated 8T8R RRU or combined 4T4R RRUs, the NR Smart
8T8R solution provides improved cell coverage, better user experience, and larger cell capacity
through coverage, experience, and capacity enhancements in addition to legacy MIMO techniques.
Coverage Experience Capacity
enhancement enhancement enhancement

Key Techniques for Coverage Enhancement

1 3D Coverage Pattern
The number of SSB beams can be selected based on coverage requirements. Specifically, a larger
number results in a narrower beamwidth and therefore larger coverage. While NR 4T4R only
supports the coverage scenario of one or two SSB beams, NR 8T8R supports an additional coverage
scenario of four SSB beams. This improves coverage by using narrow beams.

Number of TX/RX Maximum Number

Antennas in a Cell of SSB Beams

2T2R 1 4T4R 8T8R

4T4R 2

8T8R 4

5G / 08
 2 Turbo Coverage
Time-varying filtering, which tracks changes in channel environment, is used to increase the accuracy of
channel estimation and therefore improve uplink coverage.
Ideal filtering Fixed filtering Time-varying filtering
Filter coefficient

Time

With RBs selected based on frequency selective characteristics, the number of RBs and the TB size for
scheduling are increased, improving the uplink user-perceived rates of UEs under weak coverage.
SINR SINR

RB RB

RBs selected based on frequency Increased number of RBs

selective characteristics

IRC Pro receiver is used to accurately estimate the interference characteristics, increasing the uplink
user-perceived rate.
Interference strength

Estimation by IRC receiver

Estimation by IRC Pro receiver

Time

Key Techniques for Experience Enhancement

1 Full Information Combination Weight
Based on the reciprocity between uplink and downlink channels in FDD, the base station can intelligently
combine PMIs reported by UEs and uplink SRS measurement results. This function improves the PDSCH
beamforming precision and enables beams to precisely target UEs.

PMI

Base station PMI+

SRS

UE

09 / 5G
2 Intelligent MCS Optimization for Downlink SU-MIMO
The relationship between MCS and spectral efficiency is obtained based on data learning and then the
optimal MCS is selected based on UE characteristics.
Spectral efficiency
Optimal MCS • CQI
• MCS Output
• IBLER Input Optimal MCS
• RSRP
... AI
MCS

3 Enhanced PDCCH Beamforming

Dedicated CSI-RSs and reported PMIs are used for precise PDCCH beamforming, increasing the average
downlink UE throughput.

The PMI of Dedicated CSI-RSs and

The PMIs of multi-layer
layer 1 is used. reported PMIs are used.
PDSCH are reported.

PDSCH layer 1 PDSCH layer 1

PDCCH beamforming

PDSCH layer 2
UE
PDSCH layer 2 UE

4 Over-the-Air RF Channel Calibration

This function can achieve a similar calibration effect as using external hardware, improving the downlink
cell and UE throughputs. With this function, the delays on the channels are aligned first using feeders of
the same length and intra-RRU calibration. Then, the UE-reported PMIs are used for channel reconstruction
and phase compensation. In this way, the phases on the four channels in each polarization direction form
an arithmetic progression.

Phases Phases
before adjustment after adjustment

Positive polarization Positive polarization

Negative polarization Negative polarization

Feeders of the
same length
PMI

gNodeB
UE

5G / 10
 Key Techniques for Capacity Enhancement

1 Intelligent Precise MU Pairing

This feature improves the overall pairing performance from multiple dimensions, such as the rank, MCS
index, precoding, power, and priority of UEs to be paired. This improves cell capacity and user experience.

UE pairing based on
the lowest correlation
UE 1+UE 3
UE 1
Interference Average downlink
Paired
cell throughput
Rate sum
UE 2 Average downlink
Before UE throughput
Number of
paired layers
UE 3

UE pairing based on the

maximum pairing efficiency
Paired
UE 1 UE 1+UE 2
Interference Average downlink
cell throughput
UE 2 Rate sum
After Average downlink
Number of UE throughput
UE 3 paired layers

Engineering Deployment

Base station models

3900 and 5900 series base stations
Boards
Hardware All NR-capable main control boards and NR FDD-capable baseband processing
units support this solution.
RF modules
All NR FDD-capable integrated 8T8R RRUs and combined 4T4R RRUs support
this solution.

11 / 5G
 No requirement
Networking

• License for 3D coverage pattern: 3D Coverage Pattern

• License for turbo coverage: Turbo Coverage (NR FDD)
• License for full information combination weight, intelligent MCS optimization
for downlink SU-MIMO, and enhanced PDCCH beamforming: Intelligent Hybrid
Beamforming (NR FDD)
Licenses • License for Intelligent Precise MU Pairing: Intelligent Precise MU Pairing (NR
FDD)
• License for over-the-air RF channel calibration: Over-the-Air RF Channel
Calibration

• Prerequisite functions: PDSCH MU-MIMO, weight resource sharing, and

other functions
Software • Mutually exclusive functions: precise PDSCH PMI-based weight,
CSI-RS-incompatible UE, and other functions

1. Set the coverage scenario, tilt, and azimuth.

2. Turn on the turbo coverage switch and set related parameters.
3. Turn on the switch for full information combination weight and set related
parameters.
4. Turn on the switch for intelligent MCS optimization for downlink SU-MIMO
and set related parameters.
Activation 5. Turn on the switch for enhanced PDCCH beamforming and set related
parameters.
6. Turn on the switch for Intelligent Precise MU Pairing and set related parameters.
7. Turn on the switch for over-the-air RF channel calibration and set related
parameters.

Glossary CQI channel quality indicator CSI-RS channel state information reference signal
IBLER initial block error rate IRC interference rejection combining
MCS modulation and coding scheme MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
MU-MIMO multi-user MIMO MU pairing multi-user pairing
PDCCH physical downlink control channel PDSCH physical downlink shared channel
PMI precoding matrix indication RB resource block
RSRP reference signal received power SINR signal to interference plus noise ratio
SRS sounding reference signal SSB synchronization signal and PBCH block
SU-MIMO single-user MIMO TB transport block

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

5G / 12
 5G

eMIMO Pro (FDD)

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Overview
The eMIMO Pro feature applies to NR FDD sub-1 GHz 4T4R cells. It enhances downlink performance
and further improves downlink user experience by using inter-cell interference coordination, link
adaptation, intra-cell UE power allocation, PDCCH resource allocation, and frequency selective
scheduling. This feature includes the following functions:
Coordinated scheduling and frequency-domain high-resolution power control: In densely
populated or common urban areas, the overlapping areas between low-frequency cells are large
and intra-frequency interference is severe. In such scenarios, these functions reduce inter-cell
interference and increase the downlink throughput of CEUs that experience interference.
PDCCH resource allocation optimization: The bandwidth of an NR FDD cell is small in most cases
and the PDCCH resources in the cell are likely to be insufficient. In such scenarios, this function
increases the CCE allocation success rate and scheduling opportunities for UEs, improving the
downlink throughput of UEs with limited PDCCH resources.

Coordinated scheduling Frequency-domain

high-resolution power control

eMIMO Pro

PDCCH resource allocation optimization

Key Technologies

1 Coordinated Scheduling
The coordinated scheduling function consists of two sub-functions: coordinated scheduling and
joint MCS adjustment.
Coordinated scheduling staggers frequency-domain resources between UEs to suppress
interference.
Joint MCS adjustment enables the serving and cooperating cells to exchange scheduling informa-
tion and corrects the MCS indexes for the serving cell based on the scheduling information. This
reduces the interference to, and improves the demodulation performance and downlink through-
put of coordinately scheduled UEs.

13 / 5G
 Coordinated Scheduling Joint MCS Adjustment
2 1. Transfers information
Cell A about RB allocation.
2. Calculates the scheduling
Cell B 1 1 information of cells A and B.
3
3. Delivers the optimal
Cell A Cell B MCS.
RBs allocated RBs allocated RBs prohibited from
to UE 1 to UE 2 being scheduled UE 1

2 Frequency-Domain High-Resolution Power Control

This function applies to cells with both small-packet UEs and large-packet UEs. When MCS indexes
of small-packet UEs are decreased, there will be remaining power. In this case, the remaining
power can be utilized for large-packet UEs to transmit data with larger MCS indexes. This
accelerates data transmission and improves the average downlink throughput of large-packet UEs.

Power resources allocated to small-packet UEs

Power resources allocated to large-packet UEs
Power spectral density Remaining power resources of small-packet UEs

UE 2

UE 3
Base station
UE 1 UE 2 UE 3 Frequency
UE 1

3 PDCCH Resource Allocation Optimization

PDCCH CCE ratio adjustment in common slots: When the PDCCH uplink-to-downlink CCE ratio is
statically configured, common DCI does not occupy the downlink quota. This increases the
number of available downlink CCEs for UEs and the downlink CCE allocation success rate.

Fast PDCCH uplink-to-downlink CCE ratio adaptation: When the PDCCH uplink-to-downlink CCE
ratio is adaptively configured, the maximum CCE adjustment step can be increased through
parameter configuration based on the predicted uplink and downlink CCE requirements. This
enables the uplink-to-downlink ratio to be quickly converged to the target value that matches
the requirements.

PDCCH spare power allocation and downlink control channel power aggregation optimization:
When CCE fragments exist, their power is aggregated to the CCEs already allocated to UEs as
CCE fragments cannot be allocated to UEs. This reduces the PDCCH BLER for UEs allocated with
CCEs and improves the allocation success rate for these UEs. When certain UEs fail to be
allocated CCEs, power aggregation is used to reduce the CCE aggregation level so that CCEs can
be reallocated to such UEs, improving the allocation success rate.

5G / 14
 Key Technology 1: Common DCI Not Occupying the Downlink Quota
Before After
Frequency
Common DCI does not occupy the downlink quota.

Common DCI occupying the downlink Common DCI not occupying the downlink
quota, resulting in fewer CCEs for downlink quota, resulting in more CCEs for downlink
scheduling information scheduling information

CORESET 0 CORESET 1 uplink CORESET 1 downlink

Key Technology 2: Fast Adjustment of Uplink-to-Downlink CCE Ratio

Before After

The step is no longer fixed and a Target value after adjustment

large step can be used. Large step
Small step Initial value before adjustment

Slow uplink-to-downlink ratio Fast uplink-to-downlink ratio

adjustment with a fixed step adjustment with a large step

CORESET 0 CORESET 1 uplink CORESET 1 downlink

Key Technology 3: Optimal CCE Power Utilization

Before After
Frequency The power of CCE fragments is aggregated to other UEs whose
CCE allocation succeeds, reducing the BLER of these UEs.

UE 1 CCE 8 UE 1 CCE 4
When certain UEs fail to be allocated CCEs, the power of CCE
fragments is aggregated for these UEs with an increase in power
of 3 dB and the CCE aggregation level is reduced so that these
UEs can be allocated CCEs.
UE 2 CCE 4 UE 2 CCE 2

The coverage improves, and the BLER of UEs decreases.

CORESET 1 uplink CORESET 1 downlink CCE fragments

Engineering Deployment

Base station models

3900 and 5900 series base stations (macro base stations) support this
feature. 3900 series base stations must be configured with the BBU3910.
Hardware DBS3900 LampSite and DBS5900 LampSite support this feature. DBS3900
LampSite must be configured with the BBU3910.

15 / 5G
 Boards
All NR FDD-capable main control boards and NR FDD-capable baseband
processing units support this feature. For details, see the BBU technical
specifications in 3900 & 5900 Series Base Station Product Documentation.

RF modules
Hardware All NR FDD-capable RF modules with at least 4T support this feature. For
details, see the technical specifications of RF modules in 3900 & 5900
Series Base Station Product Documentation.

Common cells providing contiguous coverage support this feature. How-

ever, downlink control channel power aggregation optimization is
supported only when no more than two NR cells are established on an
Networking
RF module.

eMIMO Pro (NR FDD)

License

• Prerequisite functions: PDCCH uplink-to-downlink CCE ratio adaptation

and PDCCH power control for CEUs
• Mutually exclusive functions: LTE FDD and NR Flash Dynamic Spectrum
Software Sharing, NR FDD 5 MHz cell, downlink customized bandwidth of 6.8 MHz,
and joint data transmission mode

1. Turn on the eMIMO Pro switch.

2. Enable the coordinated scheduling function and set related parameters.
3. Enable the frequency-domain high-resolution power control function.
Activation 4. Enable the PDCCH resource allocation optimization function and set
related parameters.

Glossary AMC adaptive modulation and coding BLER block error rate
CCE control channel element CEU cell edge user
DCI downlink control information MCS modulation and coding scheme
PDCCH physical downlink control channel

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

5G / 16
 5G

Uplink Enhancement

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Background
NR TDD is prone to weak coverage, especially in the uplink, as it works at higher frequencies than
LTE and is more likely to be affected by propagation loss, wall penetration loss, and interference. NR
FDD also has this tendency when it works at intermediate frequencies (1.8/2.1 GHz), as it is more
likely to be affected by factors such as propagation loss compared with working at low frequencies
(e.g. 700 MHz).
UEs have only limited transmit power. This makes uplink coverage a bottleneck.

Uplink Downlink
coverage area coverage area

Overview
For TDD and FDD, the turbo receiver function is used to improve the base station receiver performance.
This way, it enhances uplink coverage and increases user-perceived rates under weak coverage.
For TDD, the turbo power function is used to raise the transmit power of UEs based on technologies
defined in 3GPP Release 16. This way, it improves uplink coverage.

RAT Feature Function Key Technology

Closed-loop PUSCH antenna selection

Turbo receiver Frequency selective scheduling under weak uplink

coverage

Spatial channel estimation under weak uplink

coverage
FOFD-061205
TDD Full-power dual transmission
Turbo Uplink

Uplink waveform adaptation

Turbo power
Uplink π/2-BPSK power enhancement (including
uplink π/2-BPSK modulation, uplink π/2-BPSK
modulation power boost, and uplink low-PAPR DMRS)

17 / 5G
 RAT Feature Function Key Technology

IRC Pro receiver

Frequency selective scheduling under weak uplink

coverage

FOFD-061251
Scheduling enhancement under weak uplink
FDD Turbo Coverage Turbo receiver
coverage
(NR FDD)
Time domain enhancement

Intelligent retransmission

Key Technologies of Uplink Enhancement (TDD)

1 Closed-Loop PUSCH Antenna Selection

The base station instructs a UE to select the optimal antenna for PUSCH data transmission based
on SRS RSRP measurement results. The UE switches the antenna as instructed by the base station
to improve its uplink throughput.

Low SRS High SRS

RSRP RSRP

Using a fixed Using the optimal

antenna for antenna for
PUSCH data PUSCH data
transmission transmission

Physical
antennas of Ant0 Ant1 Ant2 Ant3 Physical antennas Ant0 Ant1 Ant2 Ant3
the UE of the UE

Before enabling After enabling

2 Frequency Selective Scheduling Under Weak Uplink Coverage

Frequency selective scheduling under weak uplink coverage is based on the frequency selective
characteristics of channels. It selects high-SINR RBs for UE scheduling and therefore achieves a higher
SINR than wideband scheduling. In addition, it attempts to extend the RB range so as to maximize
the TBS. By fully utilizing air interface resources, this function increases the uplink user-perceived rate
under weak coverage.

SINR SINR

RB RB

RBs selected based on frequency RBs after extension

selective characteristics

5G / 18
 3 Spatial Channel Estimation Under Weak Uplink Coverage
Spatial channel estimation under weak uplink coverage reduces interference and noise based on the
discrete distribution of multipath channels to increase the uplink SINR and average uplink throughput
for UEs under weak uplink coverage. The following uses a two-dimensional space as an example.

Ant1

hs
hinf

hs : useful signal
W
Ant0 hinf : interfering signal

The useful signal hs is projected onto a space W to minimize interference.

4 Full-Power Dual Transmission

Full-power dual transmission allows UEs of power class 2 to transmit at a maximum of 26 dBm
according to 3GPP specifications. To implement this full-power transmission, such a UE can use
one PA for transmission at 26 dBm or two PAs with each for transmission at 23 dBm.

Transmission using one PA Transmission using two PAs

UE
UE
PA1 23 dBm
PA1 26 dBm
PA2 23 dBm

5 Uplink Waveform Adaptation

NR supports uplink waveform adaptation between CP-OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM.

• CP-OFDM allows for the use of non-contiguous frequency-domain resources and flexible resource
allocation. However, it leads to a high PAPR and low transmit power.
• DFT-s-OFDM features a low PAPR, low MPR, and high transmit power. However, it allows for the
use of only contiguous frequency-domain resources.

19 / 5G
 Start
A UE is under weak coverage
if it has an uplink SINR less
Y Is a UE under N than a certain threshold and
weak coverage? uses rank 1 for transmission.

The UE selects DFT-s-OFDM. The UE selects CP-OFDM.

The UE has high transmit power The UE has low transmit power
but can use only contiguous but can use non-contiguous
frequency-domain resources. frequency-domain resources.

6 Uplink π/2-BPSK Power Enhancement

Uplink π/2-BPSK power enhancement reduces the PAPRs of PUSCH and DMRS for UEs of power
class 3 that use uplink π/2-BPSK modulation under weak coverage. It increases the transmit power
of UEs from 23 dBm to 26 dBm based on power increase.

Before enabling After enabling

x(t) x(t)
After
PA non-linear power PA non-linear
range increase range
After
PA linear power
range PA linear increase
t range t

After increase Before increase

The PAPR is high. After the transmit power The PAPR is low. After the transmit power
increases, the signal distorts and the transmit increases, the signal is not prone to distortion
power can only be 23 dBm. and the transmit power can be 26 dBm.

UE UE
23 dBm 26 dBm

Key Technologies of Uplink Enhancement (FDD)

1 IRC Pro Receiver

The IRC receiver can cancel spatially colored interference with the efficiency depending on the
accuracy of interference characteristics estimation. To improve the accuracy, the IRC Pro receiver is
introduced. It uses intelligent interference characteristics estimation and identifies interference
scenarios based on measured interference values.

5G / 20
 Interference strength

Interference characteristics estimated by

the IRC receiver

Interference characteristics estimated by

the IRC Pro receiver

Time

2 Frequency Selective Scheduling Under Weak Uplink Coverage

For details, see "Frequency Selective Scheduling Under Weak Uplink Coverage" in "Key Technologies
of Uplink Enhancement (TDD)".

3 Scheduling Enhancement Under Weak Uplink Coverage

The base station schedules UEs under weak coverage in high-SINR positions considering channels
have different SINRs in different frequency-domain positions. Moreover, this function randomly
staggers the start positions of RB allocation for cells with the same result of PCI mod 3, scheduling
uplink RBs of adjacent cells from different start positions of the frequency band. This reduces
interference from the adjacent cells and increases the average uplink UE throughput.

SINR

Frequency domain
Selecting high-SINR positions for
UEs under weak coverage

After enabling

Start position Start position randomization range

21 / 5G
4 Time Domain Enhancement
Time domain enhancement uses time-varying filters that can track channel changes to increase the
accuracy of channel estimation and improve uplink coverage.

Filter coefficient

Ideal filter
Fixed filter
Time-varying filter
Time

5 Intelligent Retransmission
In large channel fluctuation scenarios, the SINR cannot reflect channel changes in a timely manner.
In this case, incorrect selection of optimal MCS index in the uplink will waste transmission resourc-
es. This function intelligently increases the TB size for uplink scheduling, triggers multiple retrans-
missions, and combines multiple HARQ transmissions to obtain combining gains and increase the
uplink user-perceived rate of UEs in weak coverage areas.

Available air interface Resources used

Wasted resources
transmission resources for scheduling

SINR in actual transmission SINR during scheduling

SINR SINR

After enabling

Capacity Capacity
Data1 Data2 Data2 retrans
Data Data retrans

Total amount of Total amount of Data

Data1 Data2
scheduled data volume scheduled data volume

Engineering Deployment

Base Station Models

3900 and 5900 series base stations. 3900 series base stations must be
configured with the BBU3910.
Hardware

5G / 22
 Boards
TDD:
• For uplink π/2-BPSK modulation power boost: All NR-capable main control
boards and NR TDD-capable UBBPg series baseband processing units can be
used.
• For other functions: All NR-capable main control boards and NR
TDD-capable baseband processing units can be used.
FDD:
• All NR-capable main control boards and NR FDD-capable baseband
processing units can be used.

RF Modules
Hardware TDD:
• For spatial channel estimation under weak uplink coverage and uplink
low-PAPR DMRS: All NR TDD-capable 32T32R and 64T64R RF modules that
work in low frequency bands can be used.
• For other functions: All NR TDD-capable RF modules that work in low
frequency bands can be used.

FDD:
• All NR FDD-capable 32T32R RF modules can be used.
• All NR FDD-capable integrated 8T8R RRUs or two combined 4T4R RRUs
can be used.

• TDD: Turbo Uplink

• FDD: Turbo Coverage (NR FDD)
License

• TDD: For the prerequisite features and mutually exclusive features, see
Turbo Uplink (Low-Frequency TDD).
Software • FDD: For the prerequisite features and mutually exclusive features, see
Turbo Coverage (FDD).

• Activation: Turn on the corresponding function switches.

Parameter • Deactivation: Turn off the corresponding function switches.
Configuration

Glossary CP-OFDM Cyclic Prefix OFDM DFT-s-OFDM DFT-spread OFDM IRC interference rejection combining
MPR maximum power reduction PA power amplifier PAPR peak to average power ratio
PUSCH physical uplink shared channel SRS sounding reference signal

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

23 / 5G
 5G

Remote Interference Management

(TDD)
This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Overview
Electromagnetic waves can travel over a long distance at the atmospheric duct layer due to the
atmospheric duct effect. When the long-distance transmission time of signals from an interfering
cell to a victim cell exceeds the GP, the downlink signals from the interfering cell are received in
the uplink symbols of the victim cell, and therefore, cause remote interference to the victim cell in
the uplink.
Atmospheric duct effect

Atmospheric
duct layer
Long-distance signal transmission

Interfering cell Victim cell

Remote interference
Downlink symbols GP Uplink symbols

Interfering cell Long-distance signal transmission

Transmission
time > GP
Victim cell
Strong interference from the downlink to the uplink

Key Technologies
The remote interference management solution is introduced to solve remote interference problems
caused by the atmospheric duct effect. The following table describes the features and functions included
in this solution.
Category Application Scenario Feature Function Name
Active avoidance The interfering and victim FOFD-030208 Remote Remote interference adaptive avoidance
on the interference cells support mutual RIM- Interference Management Enhanced remote interference
source side RS detection. (RIM) adaptive avoidance
Passive avoidance The interfering and FOFD-061220 Adaptive Remote interference adaptive suppression
on the victim side victim cells do not Interference Suppression
Remote interference resistance
support mutual RIM-RS for PUSCH demodulation
detection.
Remote interference resistance
for random access
SRSs suffer severe FOFD-061292 Proactive Proactive avoidance of remote
remote interference. Avoidance of Remote interference
Interference

5G / 24
 Remote Interference Management
RIM-RS is introduced in 3GPP specifications to detect whether remote interference exists in a cell, and
detect the remote interference strength and the number of victim symbols if any. The victim cell
transmits RIM-RSs, and other cells detect RIM-RSs in uplink symbols. If the RIM-RSs are detected in a
cell, the cell is an interfering cell. In this case, remote interference adaptive avoidance or enhanced
remote interference adaptive avoidance can take effect for the interfering cell to reduce the impact on
the victim cell. RIM-RS

D U

Victim cell
Long-distance signal transmission

D U
Transmission
time > GP
Interfering cell D U
D: downlink slot
RIM-RS detection in uplink symbols U: uplink slot

1 Remote Interference Adaptive Avoidance

After a cell detects RIM-RSs, it dynamically adjusts its GP based on the RIM-RS detection result to
reduce remote interference to other cells.
GP before the adjustment GP after the adjustment

Interfering Interfering
cell cell

Long-distance GP adjustment Long-distance

signal transmission signal transmission

Transmission Transmission
time = 15 symbols time = 15 symbols

Victim Victim
cell cell
Uplink symbols suffer remote interference. Uplink symbols are free from remote interference.

Downlink Uplink
symbol RIM-RS symbol GP

2 Enhanced Remote Interference Adaptive Avoidance

With enhanced remote interference adaptive avoidance, UEs near the cell center are scheduled in the
downlink symbols close to the GP as much as possible, and those at the cell edge are scheduled in
other downlink symbols. This mitigates the interference to other cells.
UEs near the cell center are scheduled.
Interfering D U Interfering D U
cell Enhanced remote cell
interference
Long-distance adaptive avoidance Long-distance
signal transmission signal transmission

D U D U
Transmission Transmission
time > GP time > GP
Victim Victim
cell D U cell D U

Subjected to remote interference Remote interference strength decreased

D: downlink slot U: uplink slot

25 / 5G
Adaptive Interference Suppression
If mutual RIM-RS detection is not supported between the interfering and victim cells (for example, due to
the different RIM-RS configurations of cells deployed across different countries or operators), remote
interference management cannot take effect. In this case, you are advised to enable functions in the
Adaptive Interference Suppression feature in the victim cells to reduce the impact of remote interference.

1 Remote Interference Adaptive Suppression

The victim cell periodically detects interference to different uplink slots and dynamically adjusts the
scheduling policies for different uplink slots based on the detection result. Specifically, the MCS
index used for uplink slots experiencing high interference is decreased to improve the demodulation
success rate, thereby reducing the impact of remote interference.

D U

Interfering cell Long-distance signal transmission

D U
Transmission
time > GP
Victim cell D U

The MCS index used for scheduling is adjusted D: downlink slot

in the uplink slot experiencing high interference. U: uplink slot

2 Remote Interference Resistance for PUSCH Demodulation

The interference strength varies in different DMRS symbols. With this function, the victim cell adjusts
the channel estimation result during PUSCH demodulation to reduce the weight of the DMRS
symbols that suffer high interference in demodulation, enhancing PUSCH demodulation performance.

D U

Victim cell
High Interference Low

Uplink slot DMRS

Low Demodulation weight High

3 Remote Interference Resistance for Random Access
After interference is detected in a victim cell, the PRACH detection threshold is increased to control
the access of cell edge users, the transmit power is increased in the random access phase to
enhance the reliability in signal reception, and the uplink MCS index used in the random access
phase is decreased to improve the demodulation success rate.
Access of UEs at Weak received Failed
the cell edge is signals demodulation
successful.

Victim cell UE Victim cell UE Victim cell UE

Increasing the Increasing the Decreasing the
PRACH detection transmit power uplink MCS index
threshold
Access of UEs at Strong received Successful
the cell edge is signals demodulation
restricted.

Victim cell UE Victim cell UE Victim cell UE

5G / 26
 Proactive Avoidance of Remote Interference
The uplink symbols that suffer the lowest remote interference are used for SRS transmission, and the
SRS-specific symbol positions for different cells are staggered.

D SRS U

Interfering cell Remote

interference
Transmission introduced SRS position migration
time > GP

D SRS U SRS
Victim cell

Different from the symbol

D U SRS positions of neighboring cells

Neighboring cell

Engineering Deployment

• Base station models: 3900 and 5900 series base stations. 3900 series base
stations must be configured with the BBU3910.
• RF modules: All NR TDD-capable 2T2R, 4T4R, 8T8R, 32T32R, and 64T64R RF
Hardware modules that work in low frequency bands support this function.

All functions, except for remote interference resistance for random access, are
license controlled.
License

All functions have prerequisite functions or mutually exclusive functions. For

details, refer to Remote Interference Management (Low-Frequency TDD).
Software

Activation:
Turn on the corresponding function switches and configure related threshold
parameters.
Others Deactivation:
Turn off the corresponding function switches.

Glossary DMRS demodulation reference signal GP guard period

MCS modulation and coding scheme PRACH physical random access channel
PUSCH physical uplink shared channel RIM-RS remote interference management reference signal
SRS sounding reference signal

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

27 / 5G
 5G

FWA

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Background
FWA is a cost-efficient wireless broadband solution that offers the same service experience as FTTx.
FWA mainly provides Internet broadband access.

FWA FTTx

Maximum rate 10 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s

Cost Low High in sparsely populated areas

Construction period Short Long

Deployment Easy Difficult in some markets

Networking Architecture
Various terminals of FWA directly access the wireless network through the CPE.

Core
network

Mobile phone LTM

CPE gNodeB

Transport
network
Laptop MAE

PC Fixed-line phone

TV set-top box

• The CPE acts as an FWA user to provide wireless broadband access.

• The LTM is a lightweight terminal management system for the FWA solution.
• The MAE is a Huawei-provided wireless automation engine.

5G / 28
 Service Types
There are three FWA service types: Internet, private line, and video.

Internet service Private line service Video service

FWA Solution Overview

The FWA solution includes experience-based FWA and FWA private line. Experience-based FWA
provides rate guarantee for Internet service users. FWA private line provides QoS rate guarantee and
differentiated admission for private line users.

FOFD-051204 Experience-based FWA

Service type: Internet service
Uplink/Downlink experience-
based scheduling

User PRB control for FWA

Experience-based FWA
Downlink MU-MIMO QoS
guarantee

Multi-bearer downlink
target rate adaptation

FWA user identification

FOFD-051205 FWA Private Line
Service type: private line service
QoS guarantee

Differentiated admission

FWA private line UL CoMP optimization

Downlink CS/CBF
optimization
Uplink/Downlink MU-MIMO
optimization

29 / 5G
FWA User Identification
QCI-specific service types can be configured to identify FWA users of different types, and rate guaran-
tee or other performance improvements can be implemented for identified FWA users.
FWA user identification is a prerequisite for other FWA features and functions. Currently, users of the
Internet, video, and private line service types can be identified.

QC
Internet service I7

QCI 8

I9
Video service QC
gNodeB

Private line service

Experience-based FWA

1 Uplink/Downlink Experience-based Scheduling

For non-GBR bearers configured with guaranteed rates, the real-time user rates are measured. If the
user rates fall below the guaranteed rates, the uplink/downlink scheduling priority is raised to
guarantee user experience in best effort mode.

Real-time rate Downlink

Guaranteed rate = 100 Mbit/s

Guaranteed rate = 50 Mbit/s

Time

Real-time rate Uplink

Guaranteed rate = 10 Mbit/s

5G / 30
 2 User PRB Control for FWA
The average or maximum uplink/downlink RB proportion thresholds are configured for Internet users,
non-Internet users, and private line users and compared with the actual PRB usage. Based on compar-
ison results, uplink/downlink scheduling priorities of users are adjusted to prevent a certain type of
users from occupying excess resources and impacting experience of other types of users.

Average uplink/downlink Maximum uplink/downlink

RB proportion threshold RB proportion threshold 100%

Lower scheduling
Internet user Normal scheduling
priority Stop scheduling

Lower scheduling Stop

Non-Internet user Normal scheduling
priority scheduling

Average uplink/downlink Maximum uplink/downlink 100%

RB proportion threshold RB proportion threshold

Stop
Private line user Normal scheduling scheduling

Average uplink/downlink 100%

RB proportion threshold

3 Downlink MU-MIMO QoS Guarantee

If the correlation between two users in a massive MIMO cell is lower than the correlation threshold,
the users can be paired for downlink MU-MIMO. If the rate of a user performing Internet services
does not reach the target rate, the correlation threshold for MU-MIMO pairing with another user is
lowered to reduce the number of paired layers, reduce interference between paired users, and
improve downlink experience of users performing Internet services.

When the target rate is not reached When the target rate is reached
Number of Number of
paired layers paired layers
for MU-MIMO for MU-MIMO
User 3

User 2 User 2

User 1 User 1
Time-frequency Time-frequency
resources resources

B2H user Loosely-correlated user Highly-correlated user

4 Multi-Bearer Downlink Target Rate Adaptation

When a user is configured with multiple non-GBR bearers and the corresponding downlink target
rate, an appropriate downlink target rate is adaptively allocated to each bearer based on the
downlink target rate and scheduling weighting factor of the user, providing differentiated guarantee
for different bearers.

31 / 5G
 Package Type (Rate) Single Bearer Multi-Bearer

• QCI 128: Actual downlink target rate

High-end package QCI 128: Downlink = 20 Mbit/s
User A
(50 Mbit/s) target rate = 50 Mbit/s • QCI 7: Actual downlink target rate =
30 Mbit/s

• QCI 129: Actual downlink target rate

Low-end package QCI 129: Downlink = 10 Mbit/s
User B
(30 Mbit/s) target rate = 30 Mbit/s • QCI 7: Actual downlink target rate =
20 Mbit/s

Note: In the preceding table, the weighting factor is set to 600 for QCI 7, 400 for QCI 128, and 300 for QCI 129.

FWA Private Line Service Assurance

1 QoS Rate Guarantee

When the rates of private line users are lower than the registered rates, absolute priority scheduling
is used to ensure their rates.
Scheduling resources can be allocated to other users only when the registered rates of private line
users are fulfilled.

Private line user rate

Normal scheduling
Registered rate
Absolute priority scheduling

User scheduling priority

Data of private line users Other user data

2 Differentiated Admission
RRC admission resources are reserved for private line users, improving their admission success rate.

Resources used by
RRC admission non-private-line users
resources

Resources reserved
for private line users

5G / 32
 3 UL CoMP Optimization

The cell reserves some UL CoMP resources for FWA private line users in overlapping areas so that
UL CoMP is preferentially performed for these users. This reduces uplink interference and increases
the user-perceived data rate of private line users.
Coordinated data
Serving cell Cooperating cell

The
se cell
rece rving ce p e rating .
ives
data ll coo ata
. The ceives d
re

FWA private line user

4 Downlink CBF Optimization

If the downlink rate of an FWA private line user in the cooperating cell does not reach the
registered rate, the user does not participate in beam avoidance for cell edge users in the serving
cell. This prevents resource loss for private line users. Beam avoidance can be performed only when
the registered rate is fulfilled.

When the registered rate is not reached

Serving cell Cooperating cell

No beam
avoidance

FWA private line user

When the registered rate is reached

Serving cell Cooperating cell

Beam
avoidance

FWA private line user

33 / 5G
5 Uplink/Downlink MU-MIMO Optimization
If the rate of an FWA private line user is lower than the registered rate, the FWA private line user is
paired with a loosely-correlated eMBB user for MU-MIMO to reduce inter-stream interference in
pairing and improve the throughput of the FWA private line user.

FWA private line user Target rate 1

eMBB user 1:
highly-correlated
FWA private
line user rate
2
eMBB user 2:
loosely-correlated
Time

1 When the registered rate is fulfilled, the private line user can be paired with both eMBB user 1
and eMBB user 2.
2 When the registered rate is not fulfilled, the private line user can be paired with eMBB user 2
only, but not eMBB user 1.

Engineering Deployment

FWA User Identification

Base station models
• 3900 series base stations and 5900 series base stations. 3900 series base stations
must be configured with the BBU3910.
• DBS3900 LampSite and DBS5900 LampSite. DBS3900 LampSite must be configured
with the BBU3910.
Boards
All NR-capable main control boards and baseband processing units
RF modules
All NR-capable RF modules
Other Functions
Base station models
Hardware
3900 series base stations and 5900 series base stations. 3900 series base stations
must be configured with the BBU3910.
Boards
Downlink MU-MIMO QoS guarantee, DL CBF optimization, and uplink/downlink
MU-MIMO optimization: All NR-capable main control boards and NR TDD-capable
baseband processing units
UL CoMP optimization: NR FDD: All NR-capable main control boards and UBBPg
series boards; NR TDD: All NR-capable main control boards and NR TDD-capable
baseband processing units
Other functions: All NR-capable main control boards and baseband processing units

5G / 34
 RF modules
Downlink MU-MIMO QoS guarantee: All NR TDD-capable 32T32R or 64T64R
RF modules that work in low frequency bands
DL CBF optimization and uplink/downlink MU-MIMO optimization: All NR
TDD-capable RF modules that work in low frequency bands
Hardware User PRB control for FWA and UL CoMP optimization: All NR-capable RF
modules that work in low frequency bands
Other functions: All NR-capable RF modules

• License for Experience-based FWA

• License for FWA Private Line
License

For details about the prerequisite features and mutually exclusive features, see FWA
Feature Parameter Description.
Software

Turn on the corresponding function switch and configure related parameters.

Parameter
Configuration

Turn off the corresponding function switch.

Deactivation

Glossary B2H business to home CBF coordinated beamforming

CoMP coordinated multipoint transmission/reception CPE customer-premises equipment
eMBB enhanced Mobile Broadband FTTx fibre to the x
FWA fixed wireless access IPTV Internet Protocol television
LTM Lightweight Wireless Terminal Management MAE MBB Automation Engine
PRB physical resource block QoS quality of service
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

35 / 5G
 LTE

LTE Smart Massive MIMO Solution

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Application Scenarios of Smart Massive MIMO

Smart Massive MIMO is a key solution to address the challenges rising from the capacity and user
experience of the 4G network. It includes a series of FDD and TDD massive MIMO features. It is
applicable to high-rise buildings and hotspot areas.

Skyscrapers in CBDs Squares and stadiums Stations and CBDs Dense urban areas
and campuses

What Is Massive MIMO?

Massive MIMO uses large-scale antenna arrays, 3D beamforming, and spatial multiplexing to
significantly improve spectral efficiency, system capacity, and user experience.

Traditional MIMO Massive MIMO

BBU+RRU+Antenna BBU+AAU

AAU FDD:
Antennas 32T32R AAU
AAU
TDD:
32T32R/64T64R AAU
FDD:
Up to 4T4R RRUs
RRU
TDD: Unlike traditional MIMO, massive
MIMO uses active antenna units
Up to 8T8R RRUs
(AAUs) that integrate RF
BBU BBU modules and antennas to reduce
feeder loss and installation
workload.

LTE / 36
 3D Beamforming Spatial Multiplexing

Horizontal beams Vertical beams SU-MIMO MU-MIMO

RB RB Pairing
配对
resources resources

Beams are narrower and energy

is more centralized. Different UEs are allocated Paired UEs are allocated the
Beams can be dynamically adjusted in different resource block same RB resources, increas-
horizontal and vertical dimensions, (RB) resources. ing system capacity.
improving coverage in high-rise scenarios.

Key Technologies of FDD Massive MIMO

Appropriate massive MIMO technologies can be selected for UEs based on the TM9 penetration
rate, which equals the proportion of UEs that support TM9 on the network.
Low TM9 UE penetration rate High TM9 UE penetration rate

Static Multiple Beam (SMB) TM4 UE Dynamic Massive Beam (DMB) TM9 UE

Increasing the TM9

Smart TM4/9 Layering UE penetration rate

Combining
Intelligent Beam Scheduling +
TM4 and TM9

Intelligent Beam Shaping Massive MIMO Enhancement

Massive MIMO Uplink Coverage Boost Massive MIMO for SCells
Improving TM4 UE performance Improving TM9 UE performance

1 SMB
Static Multiple Beam (SMB) enables AAU-based beamforming. It generates more than one
fixed beam on the horizontal and vertical planes to provide different cell coverage. UEs can be
independently scheduled in each beam. Time-frequency resources are shared among beams to
implement spatial multiplexing, increasing system capacity.
Beam Split Resource Multiplexing
AAU-based beam shaping generates multiple SMB is used for capacity expansion for hotspots.
fixed static cell-specific reference signal (CRS) UEs in different beams are scheduled inde-
beams within the coverage area. The coverage pendently. Time-frequency resources are shared
area of a beam is a sector split cell, and each between beams to improve cell capacity.
cell is configured with an independent PCI.
Traditional MIMO Resource multiplexing
Based on CRS beams, PDSCH beamforming is
performed in the vertical plane according to
the channel information reported by UEs.

Typical beam split scenarios

Scheduling UEs Scheduling UEs

in sequence in parallel

37 / LTE
Coverage Enhancement
Massive MIMO with four split beams has the same coverage as 2T2R MIMO when the total power
remains unchanged.
Coverage of split beams
Coverage of split beams (after enhancement),
Coverage of 2T2R MIMO (before enhancement) a 6 dB improvement

TM4 weight scheme: TM4 weight scheme:

default mode coverage mode 1 or 2
2T2R coverage: two CRS ports and one cell 32T32R coverage: two CRS ports and four cells

2 DMB
Dynamic Massive Beam (DMB) dynamically generates multiple dedicated beams for TM9 UEs in a
massive MIMO cell. Multiple orthogonal TM9 UEs can be jointly scheduled among dedicated
beams. That is, these UEs can be allocated the same time-frequency resources in a scheduling
period, implementing spatial multiplexing.
UE-Level Dedicated Beams
DMB uses 32-antenna receive diversity in the uplink and beamforming in the downlink to form a
sector split cell. In this cell, the eNodeB provides UE-level dedicated beams for TM9 UEs for data
and DMRS transmission.
DMB UE-level dedicated beam generation

PDSCH beam eNodeB TM9 UE

The UE sends SRS.
CRS beam The eNodeB sends CSI-RS.
The UE reports a PMI.
The eNodeB The eNodeB transmits
generates a data and DMRS in
precoding matrix. the dedicated beam.
The UE demodulates data
signals based on DMRS.

MU-MIMO
A maximum of 16 data streams are supported, 16 data
and UEs in dedicated beams can be allocated streams
the same time-frequency resources and scheduled
simultaneously, improving spectral efficiency,
cell capacity, and user experience. on
i v isi g
n
e d lexi
m
Ti ulti p
m

Frequency division multiplexing

LTE / 38
 3 Intelligent Beam Scheduling
Basic Function
Intelligent beam scheduling provides SMB gains for TM4 UEs and DMB gains for TM9 UEs through
joint scheduling among multiple cells when the TM9 penetration rate is low. Among these UEs,
TM9 UEs will obtain higher gains.

TM4 UE
TM9 UE

Only TM4 UEs obtain Only TM9 UEs obtain TM4 UEs obtain SMB gains
SMB gains. DMB gains. and TM9 UEs obtain DMB gains.

Inter-Cell Power Sharing Inter-Carrier Power Sharing

Power is shared between dynamic shared cells, Power is dynamically shared between carriers
improving downlink user experience. to increase the downlink user-perceived rate.
Power
Before activation After activation
Before
OFF ON
activation Power Power
OFF

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4

Power
After
activation
ON
Sector split Sector split Sector split Sector split
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 group 1 group 2 group 1 group 2

TM9 Beam Interference Management TM9 Mobility Evaluation

Interference is coordinated between TM4 and Turning on the TM9 mobility evaluation switch
TM9 UEs and between TM9 UEs, improving the in low-speed mobility scenarios can shorten the
overall network performance. delay in TM9 reconfiguration and increase the
proportion of UEs for which TM9 takes effect.
Before activation After activation
OFF ON

TM9-capable UE access TM9-capable UE access

or handover to a cell or handover to a cell

Mobility evaluation
This beam causes strong interfer-
ence, and therefore no data is
transmitted in this beam. TM9 reconfiguration TM9 reconfiguration

Joint Scheduling
In beam split scenarios, resources and power are allocated to multiple cells and joint scheduling is
performed among these cells, improving downlink cell capacity and user experience. Inter-cell
MU-MIMO is implemented when TM9 UEs need to be scheduled in multiple cells.

Pairing

39 / LTE
4 Intelligent Beam Shaping
The number of beams, directions, and widths are fixed in the beam weight database file for SMB.
When multiple beams differ greatly in UE distribution, the intelligent beam shaping function can be
used to adaptively adjust the number of beams, directions, widths, and power settings. In addition,
this function supports uneven power allocation between beams and generation of staggered beams,
improving user experience.
Traditional beam shaping Intelligent beam shaping

Adaptive Adjustment of the Width, Direction, and Power Values of Beams

Intelligent beam shaping obtains the actual UE and traffic distribution in a cell based on SRS
measurement and reciprocity between uplink and downlink. It periodically adjusts the width,
direction, and power values of static multiple beams.
UE distribution Beamwidth and direction
Beam power adjustment
estimation adjustment
Estimates UE distribution based Adjusts the beamwidths and Adjusts beam power by
on the angle of arrival (AoA). azimuths appropriately, and appropriately setting the CRS
determines the optimal beams. power, PDSCH Pa, and PDSCH Pb.

N
UE

AoA

Beamwidth Azimuth
Massive MIMO antenna arrays adjustment adjustment

Unequal Power Allocation Between Beams

Equal power allocation is no longer mandatory, and the power of massive MIMO cells can be
configured more flexibly. In traffic imbalance scenarios, power can be adjusted to optimize power
allocation, increasing the downlink cell capacity and improving user experience in heavy-load cells.

Port0 Port0

Port1 Port1

Port2 Port2

Port3 Port3

Beam0 Beam1 Beam2 Beam3 Beam0 Beam1 Beam2 Beam3

40W 40W 40W 40W 160W 20W 80W 40W 20W 160W

LTE / 40
 Beam Number Adjustment
This function adjusts the number of sector split cells in a sector based on network load, allowing
for switching between SMB and DMB.

Load Load
increasing decreasing

Generation of Staggered Beams

If multiple massive MIMO carriers are deployed for a sector, they initially use the same beam
azimuth and width after the sector is split. Then, these parameters can be adjusted to generate
staggered beams based on UE distribution.

The UE is out of the coverage area. The UE is in the coverage area.

F1 F1
AAU
F2 F2

Inter-Sector Beam Coordination

Sector coverage areas are adjusted to cover sector edges.

Sector 2 Sector 2
1
tor
Sec

Se
cto
r1
or 3
Sector 3 Sect

Sector loads are transferred from heavy-load sectors to light-load sectors.

Secto Secto
r1 r2 r1 r2
to to
Sec Sec

Sector 3 Sector 3

41 / LTE
5 Massive MIMO Enhancement
If the TM9 UE channel information obtained by the eNodeB is different from the actual channel
information, the beamforming gain decreases, affecting MU-MIMO pairing and interference
mitigation performance.

Precise Beamforming
In DMB scenarios, this function corrects downlink channel beamforming weights based on statistical
uplink channel information to improve the downlink weight accuracy.

The eNodeB selects the optimal narrow beam and adjusts the beam to point at the UE.

Enhanced Precise Beamforming

In SMB scenarios, this function adjusts downlink channel beamforming weights based on uplink
channel information obtained from uplink SRSs to reduce interference caused by the side lobes of
beams and improve the downlink weight accuracy.
es
e lob ce
n
e sid fere
th r
e lls
i n g e int ce
c t ng Adjusting
e du itiga bori
R m gh the beam
to nei
to

6 Massive MIMO for SCells

MU-MIMO for SCells
In intelligent beam scheduling scenarios, uplink measurement is not performed in the secondary
cells (SCells) of a UE, and therefore the SCells cannot be involved in MU-MIMO pairing in TM9.
Massive MIMO for SCells is introduced to enable the use of uplink measurement information of
the primary cell (PCell) when the PCell and SCells served by the same AAU provide the same
coverage. This way, the SCells can be involved in MU-MIMO pairing, improving the spectral
efficiency and downlink throughput.
PCell SCell PCell SCell

Channel PCell channel

information information
without with reciprocity
reciprocity

LTE / 42
 Channel Information Accuracy Improvement Based on Reciprocity
In some scenarios, the frequency difference between uplink and downlink channels reaches 400 MHz,
which severely affects the accuracy of beam selection and deteriorates the performance of TM9 UEs.
This function corrects uplink channel information to better match the actual downlink channel
information, increasing the accuracy of CSI-RS resource allocation and improving user experience.
Measured channel information Corrected channel information

Actual channel
information
Measured channel
information

7 Massive MIMO Uplink Coverage Boost

Uplink Full-Antenna Reception
Uplink full-antenna reception enables UE-level 32R (instead of equivalent-cell-level logical 4R) on
the PUSCH, improving the received signal strength and interference suppression capability in the
uplink.

Cell1 Cell2 Cell1 Cell2

Cell0 Cell3 Cell0 Cell3

Cell-level sharing Cell-level multi-beam antenna UE-level antenna

sharing in the downlink sharing in the uplink

• Downlink: Each sector split cell is • Downlink: Each sector split cell is
equivalent to a logical 4T cell. equivalent to a logical 4T cell.
• Uplink: Each sector split cell is • Uplink: Each sector split cell is
equivalent to a logical 4R cell. equivalent to a 32R cell.

Uplink Joint Scheduling

Uplink joint scheduling between sector split cells staggers RBs allocated to cell edge UEs (CEUs)
whenever possible, reducing the inter-cell interference and improving the uplink experience of
CEUs.

UE1 UE1

UE2
UE3
UE3 UE3
UE4
UE2
UE4

In light-load scenarios, interference is In heavy-load scenarios,

reduced by allocating entirely different interference to CEUs is avoided
resources. preferentially.

43 / LTE
8 Smart TM4/9 Layering
This function assigns TM9 UEs to specified carriers by raising the priorities of TM9 UEs on these
carriers to increase the penetration rate of TM9 UEs on these carriers.

TM4 UE TM9 UE

Evolution of Key Technologies of TDD Massive MIMO

Mobility Performance Improvement

Basic Functions SRS-expansion-based precise beamforming

Uplink
32-/64-antenna receive diversity Continuous Networking Performance
MU-MIMO Improvement
IRC
SRS interference joint suppression
Downlink PDCCH SDMA
Intelligent parameter selection
MU beamforming
Broadcast beamforming
Traffic beamforming
Experience Improvement Under Light
and Medium Loads
TM9 hybrid precoding
Dual-stream beamforming for non-anten-
na-selection UEs

1 Basic Functions: 32-/64-Antenna Receive Diversity

Received signals are combined to improve the performance of reception and demodulation. The
larger the number of receive antennas, the more notable the combination effect is at the receive
end. The higher the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), the higher the diversity gain.

Signal from Signal from Deep fading suppression

antenna 1 antenna 64 by combining signals

Deep fading Deep fading

LTE / 44
 2 Basic Functions: Uplink MU-MIMO and Downlink MU Beamforming
Massive MIMO uses large-scale antenna arrays to effectively suppress interference between paired
UEs. The eNodeB selects UEs with low spatial correlation, performs orthogonal weighting, and then
pairs the UEs. The paired UEs use the same time-frequency resources to transmit multiple data
streams, improving system capacity and user experience.

Number of layers
Pairing No pairing

1 UE1 17 UE17 5
4
2 UE2 18 UE18 3
2
1 17 18
RBG
A maximum of 8 UEs can be paired in the uplink.
A maximum of 16 UEs can be paired in the downlink.
UEs that fail to be paired use independent time-frequency resources.

3 Basic Functions: IRC

Interference rejection combining (IRC) improves the baseband reception performance in scenarios
with heavy loads.
Multiple antennas are used to perform IRC, improving the capability of combating spatially
colored interference from neighboring cells.
IRC receivers improve the channel estimation accuracy and demodulation performance of each
UE in uplink MU pairing.

Large overlapping area and high Small overlapping area and low
interference from neighboring cells interference from neighboring cells

4 Basic Functions: Broadcast Beamforming

The horizontal and vertical beamwidths of broadcast beams can be adjusted with parameters to
meet different requirements for coverage. The horizontal azimuths and vertical tilt angles can also
be adjusted. Different AAU models may be applicable to different coverage scenarios.

Coverage scenario pattern 1

Weight index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Horizontal
beamwidth 90° 65° 45° 25° 90° 65° 45° 25° 15° 65° 45° 25° 15° 100° 100° Max Max
Vertical
beamwidth 8° 8° 8° 8° 17° 17° 17° 17° 17° 35° 35° 35° 35° 8° 17° 8° 17°

45 / LTE
Coverage scenario pattern 2
Weight index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Horizontal
beamwidth 90° 65° 45° 25° 90° 65° 45° 25° 15° 65° 45° 25° 15° 100° 100° Max Max
Vertical
beamwidth 6° 6° 6° 6° 12° 12° 12° 12° 12° 25° 25° 25° 25° 6° 12° 6° 12°

5 Basic Functions: Traffic Beamforming (3D Beamforming)

This function can perform both horizontal and vertical beamforming to increase the SINRs of UEs in
different positions, significantly improving vertical coverage for high-rise buildings.

8T8R 64T64R

1. Channel calibration 2. Weight calculation

The eNodeB adjusts the phases, amplitudes, The eNodeB estimates the characteristics of
and delay changes (Delta 1 to Delta 64) of PDSCH based on sounding reference signals
signals passing through different AAU channels (SRSs) from UEs and calculates the beamforming
to be consistent with one another, ensuring the weights.
reciprocity between uplink and downlink 3. Weighting and beamforming
channels. The eNodeB weights the to-be-transmitted signals
to form narrow beams towards UEs in different
horizontal and vertical positions.
Combiner
Delta1 Delta64 SRS

TRX1 TRX64
Beamforming

Baseband (for calibration) Massive MIMO

6 Mobility Performance Improvement: SRS-Expansion-based

Precise Beamforming
As the chip processing capability improves, the number of SRS symbols in a cell increases from
2 to 3, and the number of code division multiplexing (CDM) UEs increases from 4 to 6. This
shortens the average SRS period of UEs, accelerates channel estimation, and improves the
performance of MU beamforming.
Frequency domain

Code domain

Two SRS symbols => Three SRS symbols

Four CDM UEs => Six CDM UEs

Time domain
Original SRS resources
New SRS resources

LTE / 46
 7 Continuous Networking Performance Improvement: SRS
Interference Joint Suppression
This function improves the SRS SINR when multiple massive MIMO cells are continuously deployed.
SRS Resource Allocation Optimization to Mitigate Interference
Optimizes the SRS resource allocation mechanism to reduce inter-cell interference and improve
the SRS SINR.

UL S
SR SR
S UL
Cell2 Cell1
UE2 UE1

SRS
SRS

SRS Power Control Optimization

Adjusts the target SRS SINR value for power control to minimize inter-cell interference and
improve the SRS SINR.

UL
UL SR
SR S S RS
S UL
Cell2 Cell1
UE2 UE1

When the uplink SRS of UE1 causes severe interference for UE2, the
transmit power of UE1 is decreased to increase the SRS SINR of UE2.

SRS Interference Cancellation (IC)

Reduces or even eliminates the SRS interference of inter- or intra-base-station intra-frequency
neighboring cells, improving the SRS SINR.

Cloud BB
s + I
SRS Info
SRS Info

I’
s
Target UE
s’
Cell 2 s I Cell 1

Interference UE s + I - I’ ≈ s’

s Signals from the target UE to cell 1 I’ Interference signal reconstructed by cell 1

I Interference from the interference UE to cell 1 s’ Signals recovered after interference is eliminated in cell 1

47 / LTE
8 Continuous Networking Performance Improvement: PDCCH SDMA
When PDCCH resources are insufficient, PDCCH narrow beams are used to enable PDCCH
resources to be shared by multiple UEs in different beams. This way, PDCCH SDMA is implemented,
improving utilization of PDCCH resources, supporting scheduling of more UEs, and expanding the
capacity of PDSCH.

PDCCH wide beam PDCCH narrow beam

Jointly scheduled UE Independently scheduled UE

For jointly scheduled UEs, joint transmission is performed. They are scheduled in the same way
as UEs in wide beams.
For independently scheduled UEs, the same PDCCH resources are allocated to them.

9 Continuous Networking Performance Improvement: Intelligent

Parameter Selection
During major events, manual adjustment of feature parameters cannot ensure network
performance in real time. Intelligent parameter selection is introduced to automatically optimize
parameters relevant to massive MIMO cells during major events, improving the average downlink
user-perceived rate, average downlink cell throughput, and downlink spectral efficiency.

Triggering and rollback

2 condition check

Periodic data Parameter

1 collection 3 adjustment

All policies for intelligent parameter selection are predefined on the eNodeB.

Five scenarios
PDCCH capacity enhancement
Uplink interference optimization
Adaptive overload optimization
MLB parameter optimization
RS adaptation

LTE / 48
 10 Experience Improvement Under Light and Medium Loads:
TM9 Hybrid Precoding
Traditionally, only precoding matrix indications (PMIs) are used to generate weights. The beams
formed using these weights are too wide and the energy is scattered; in addition, the beams cannot
accurately point to UEs. TM9 hybrid precoding is introduced to improve the beamforming capability
for TM9 UEs, thereby increasing the average downlink system throughput and improving user
experience.

Horizontal and vertical

weighting, and optimal
beam selection

11 Dual-Stream Beamforming for Non-Antenna-Selection UEs

Enabling dual-stream beamforming for non-antenna-selection UEs in a cell with a light downlink
load and a high proportion of low-speed UEs can increase the downlink user-perceived rate and
average downlink cell spectral efficiency.

Transmission mode selection for non-antenna-selection MBB UEs

Light load in the cell

Dual-stream TM8 or
dual-stream TM9w/oPMI TM7

Heavy load in the cell

Glossary AoA angle of arrival CRS cell-specific reference signal CSI-RS channel state information reference signal
DMB Dynamic Massive Beam MU-MIMO multi-user MIMO PMI precoding matrix indication
SMB Static Multiple Beam SRS sounding reference signal SINR signal to interference plus noise ratio
SU-MIMO single-user MIMO

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

49 / LTE
 LTE

LTE Smart 8T8R Solution

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Background
Rapidly growing traffic stimulated by video and other services has increased LTE capacity
requirements around the world. To improve user experience, operators are working on improving
system capacity. However, 4T4R cannot meet these requirements. To meet the evolving needs of LTE
capacity solutions, Huawei has provided Smart 8T8R solutions (for FDD and TDD respectively) to
build an efficient, simplified, and 5G-ready LTE target network.

FDD Smart 8T8R Solution

The FDD Smart 8T8R solution is recommended for LTE capacity improvement in urban areas. With an
8T8R antenna connected to an integrated 8T8R RRU or combined 4T4R RRUs, this solution uses
innovative algorithms to improve user experience, cell coverage, and cell capacity.
FDD Smart 8T8R Solution

RRU 8T8R Antenna Innovative Algorithm

Huawei SDA
PowerBoosting
Huawei Hertz platform
Integrated 8T8R RRU antenna UL Turbo Coverage
Common 8T8R antenna
Combined 4T4R RRUs
in the industry Smart TM4/9 Layering
Legacy 8-port antenna
(without the calibration port)

Deployment Solution
New Deployment RRU Reuse Antenna Reuse

Huawei SDA/ Huawei SDA/

Huawei Hertz Huawei Hertz
platform antenna/ platform antenna/ Legacy 8-port antenna
Common 8T8R Common 8T8R (without the calibration port)
antenna in the antenna in the
industry industry

RPCU

Integrated Combined Integrated

8T8R RRU 4T4R RRUs 8T8R RRU

LTE / 50
 PowerBoosting
PowerBoosting further improves user experience through 100% power sharing, dynamic power management,
downlink intelligent joint scheduling, and downlink intelligent JAMC.

100% Power Sharing

All beams No latency

Power sharing between inter-carrier TTI-level power sharing with no latency
and inter-sector cells

Carrier 1 Cell 1
The estimated
power for
Carrier 2 sharing is
Cell 2 inaccurate due
to latency.

Cell 1
Carrier 1

Carrier 2 Cell 2
Sector 1 Sector 2

All UEs 100% increase

QPSK UEs+QAM UEs Percentage of shared power
between carriers up to 100%
QPSK UEs QAM UEs
Power
TM4 UEs Power sharing Power of Carrier 2
not supported increases by a
TM9 UEs
Carrier 1 Carrier 2 maximum of 50%.

Power sharing Power

TM4 UEs Power of Carrier 2
supported
increases by a
TM9 UEs Carrier 1 Carrier 2 maximum of 100%.

Dynamic Power Management

Improves user experience Reduces interference Enables remaining power sharing

between neighboring cells within the same channel
Power Power
30 LTE
Cell 1 UE 1 UE 2 0 1 2 3
RB channels
Active power Automatic power reduction Remaining power of GU
sharing for small-packet UEs with channels shared with LTE
more RBs allocated channels
Power Power
50
UE 1 30 3 LTE
Cell 2 UE 2 0 1 2
RB channels

Inter-cell Intra-cell Inter-RAT

51 / LTE
 Downlink Intelligent Joint Scheduling
Accurate data split is performed based on the volume of data to be scheduled as well as the load and
spectral efficiency of each carrier in real time.
UE 1 (CA UE) UE 2 (Non-CA UE)
Cell 1 F1

Cell 2 F2
A data split is performed for More accurate data split is performed for
UE 1, leaving only part of the UE 1 based on the real-time load. Therefore,
cell bandwidth to UE 2. UE 2 can occupy a larger bandwidth.

Scheduling fails.
Cell 1 F1 X

Cell 2 F2
A data split is performed for UE A data split is performed for UE 1, but
1, but it fails to be scheduled in it fails to be scheduled in cell 1.
cell 1, causing incomplete data Instead, it can be scheduled in cell 2
transmission. and data transmission is complete.

Downlink Intelligent JAMC

Model training is based on the information about downlink transmit power and scheduling of neighboring
cells. With such a model, the interference strength of neighboring cells and further the instantaneously
optimal MCS can be accurately predicted, improving downlink user-perceived rates.
Actual MCS Optimal MCS

Interference strength Interference strength

of neighboring cells of neighboring cells

Time Time
Before training After training

UL Turbo Coverage
UL Turbo Coverage further improves uplink coverage through uplink joint reception, uplink joint scheduling,
uplink SRS-based frequency-selective scheduling, and intelligent retransmission.
Uplink SRS-based Frequency
Uplink Joint Reception Uplink Joint Scheduling
Selective Scheduling
UEs in the overlapping area RBs allocated to CEUs are stag- SRS measurement is used for CEUs
receive all signals in 8R gered, reducing interference to obtain channel information about
mode, improving uplink user between the sector split cells. all RBs so that appropriate RBs can
experience. be used for scheduling, improving
the uplink experience of CEUs.
UE 1 Chan
n
RBs el inform
UE 3 is ob ation
frequ ta
4R 4R ency ined thro about a
RBs selec u ll
UE 2 tive gh SRS-b
sche
8R Chan dulin ased
nel in g.
only
part formatio
DMR of RB n ab
S s o
Cell 1 Cell 2 sche -based f is obtain ut
dulin requ
g. ency ed throu
selec g
tive h

LTE / 52
 Intelligent Retransmission
A high-index MCS is selected for uplink transmission of large data packets, yielding retransmission
combining gains and time-domain diversity gains.
Volume of data successfully transmitted Volume of data successfully transmitted

Transmitted Transmitted
data volume data volume
Before After
If the 1st
retransmission
succeeds,
subsequent
retransmissions
are not required.

Time Time
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 1st 1st 2nd 3rd
retrans- retrans- retrans- retrans-
mission mission mission mission

Smart TM4/9 Layering

Smart TM4/9 Layering assigns TM9 UEs to specified carriers by raising the priorities of TM9 UEs on these
carriers, which increases the penetration rate of TM9 UEs on these carriers.
Before After

TM9 UE TM4 UE TM4 UE TM4 UE

Carrier 1 Carrier 1

TM9 UE TM4 UE TM9 UE TM9 UE

Carrier 2 Carrier 2

TM4 UE TM4 UE
Carrier 3 Carrier 3

TDD Smart 8T8R Solution

Incorporating MIMO, beamforming, soft split resource duplex, 8T8R IMB, and PowerBoosting, the
TDD Smart 8T8R solution further improves the spectral efficiency and coverage of cells, system
capacity, and UE rates to meet traffic demands and improve user experience.

TDD Smart 8T8R Solution

Soft split
MIMO Beamforming 8T8R IMB PowerBoosting
resource duplex
Developed from It enables the It software-splits It uses 8T RRUs and CRS power can
SISO, it uses eNodeB to an 8T8R cell into intelligent 8T8R be adjusted to
multiple antennas weight two independent digital-analog hybrid fully utilize the
working in unison downlink cells, enabling multi-beam antennas power of RRUs,
to transmit and/or signals to form reuse of to horizontally split a which enhances
receive signals and narrow beams time-frequency cell into four, downlink CRS
special processing towards target resources and delivering spatial coverage and
techniques for UEs, improving further increasing multiplexing gains and further expands
communication, user system capacity. beamforming gains cell coverage.
multiplying system experience. and further improving
spectral efficiency. the cell capacity and
user experience.

53 / LTE
 Sub-Solution Feature ID Feature Name Reference Document
MIMO TDLOFD-001001 DL 2x2 MIMO MIMO
TDLOFD-001060 DL 4x4 MIMO MIMO
TDLOFD-001005 UL 4-Antenna Receive Diversity MIMO
TDLOFD-001062 UL 8-Antenna Receive Diversity MIMO
TDLOFD-001058 UL 2x4 MU-MIMO MIMO
TDLOFD-081205 UL 2x8 MU-MIMO MIMO
TDLOFD-130203 UL 4x8 MU-MIMO MIMO
TDLOFD-120201 UL SU-MIMO MIMO
Beamforming TDLOFD-001049 Single Streaming Beamforming Beamforming (TDD)
TDLOFD-001061 Dual Streaming Beamforming Beamforming (TDD)
TDLAOFD-081409 DL 4-Layer MIMO Based on TM9 Beamforming (TDD)
TDLOFD-001077 MU-Beamforming Beamforming (TDD)
TDLOFD-110221 DL 4-Layer MU-Beamforming Beamforming (TDD)
Soft Split Resource
Soft split resource duplex TDLBFD-110103 Soft Split Resource Duplex
Duplex (TDD)
8T8R IMB TDLOFD-161201 Intelligent Multi-Beam of 8T8R Intelligent Multi-Beam of
8T8R (TDD)
PowerBoosting TDLOFD-191201 PowerBoosting PowerBoosting (TDD)

MIMO
1 Definition
Developed from SISO, MIMO uses multiple antennas working in unison to transmit and/or receive
signals as well as special processing techniques for communication, multiplying system spectral
efficiency.
In a broad sense, SIMO and MISO can also be categorized as MIMO.
MIMO types

SISO SIMO MISO MIMO

DL 2×2 MIMO DL 4x4 MIMO

eNodeB UE
eNodeB UE

DL 2×2/4×4 MIMO: The eNodeB uses two (or four) antennas for transmission, while the UE uses two
(or four) antennas for reception. DL 2×2/4×4 MIMO increases the peak throughput as well as edge
throughput and improves cell coverage in the downlink.

LTE / 54
 UL 4-Antenna Receive Diversity UL 8-Antenna Receive Diversity

eNodeB UE eNodeB UE

UL 4-/8-Antenna Receive Diversity: Four or eight RX channels of an eNodeB receive the same UE
signal from different directions, increasing the edge throughput and improving cell coverage in the
uplink.

UL 2×4 MU-MIMO UL 2×8 MU-MIMO UL 4×8 MU-MIMO

UE 1 UE 1 UE 1 UE 3

eNodeB eNodeB eNodeB

UE 2 UE 2 UE 2 UE 4

UL 2×4/2×8/4×8 MU-MIMO: Four or eight RX channels of an eNodeB receive signals of two or four
paired UEs from different directions, improving the uplink resource usage when the PUSCH load is
high.

2 Benefits
Array Gain Diversity Gain Multiplexing Gain
Increases SINR as carrier super- Improves signal stability as deep Increases throughput as
position increases signal strength fading seldom occurs on different different antennas transmit
and cancels white noise. antennas at the same time. different data.
Period x 2
Signal from antenna 1 Signal from antenna 1

White Deep Data A Data B

noise fading Signal from antenna 1

Period x 2
Signal from antenna 2 Signal from antenna 2

White
noise Deep Data A Data B
fading Signal from antenna 2

Period x 1
2 antennas = higher SINR 2 antennas = no deep fading

Data A
White
Data B
noise
2 antennas = higher throughput

55 / LTE
Beamforming

1 Definition
Beamforming enables an eNodeB to weight to-be-transmitted downlink signals to form narrow transmit
beams towards target UEs. This increases SINR and improves user experience, especially for cell-edge users.
Disabled: The beam shape and lobe positions are fixed. Enabled: A base station imposes weights on signals and
UEs at locations where signal degradation occurs will adjusts the beam shape. Directing the main lobe at the
experience a weak signal if they are at the cell edge. UE will help improve signal strength on the UE side.

Signal improvement
Signal degradation
Beam
Antenna element
Wave peak
a Side lobe
b Main lobe

a b a Weighting a b a Weighting

SU beamforming

Single-stream beamforming: Dual-stream beamforming: Downlink 4-Layer MIMO

Multiple antennas transmit Multiple antennas transmit Based on TM9: Multiple
the same data stream to a UE. two different data streams to antennas transmit up to four
a UE. data different streams in TM9
mode to a UE.

MU beamforming

MU-Beamforming (known as DL 4-Layer MU-Beamforming (known as

2-layer MU beamforming): Multiple 4-layer MU beamforming): Multiple
antennas transmit two different antennas transmit up to four different data
data streams to two UEs. streams to four UEs.

2 Recommended Application Scenarios

Feature Name Recommended Scenario
Single Streaming Beamforming Channel quality is poor.
Channel quality is good and antenna channels are
Dual Streaming Beamforming
lowly correlated.
Channel quality is good and the penetration rate of
DL 4-Layer MIMO Based on TM9 TM9-capable UEs is high.
The downlink PRB usage in a cell during busy
MU-Beamforming hours exceeds 50%.
DL 4-Layer MU-Beamforming The downlink PRB usage in a cell during
busy hours exceeds 50%.

LTE / 56
 3 Benefits
Beamforming improves average downlink cell throughput.
Average downlink cell throughput

8T8R 8T8R+Single Streaming 8T8R+Dual Streaming 8T8R+DL 4-Layer 8T8R+MU-Beamforming

Beamforming Beamforming MIMO Based on TM9
8T8R+DL 4-Layer
MU-Beamforming

Soft Split Resource Duplex

1 Definition
Soft split resource duplex splits one cell into two cells, with two orthogonal beams created based on
baseband weighting, each covering different areas. The split mode includes intra- and inter-frequen-
cy split.
Intra-frequency split: The two after-split cells are Inter-frequency split: The two after-split cells are
intra-frequency cells. inter-frequency cells.

Intra-frequency Inter-frequency
split split

Three sectors Six sectors Three sectors Six sectors

Baseband weighting: The weight file for the split beam group is included in the eNodeB software
package. After the file is added and activated by running MML commands, the BBU maps the beam
weights in the file to antenna beams. In this way, one cell is split into two.

One cell is split

Antenna into two.

8T8R RRU

Weight Matrix Weight Matrix

BBU
Sector 0 Sector 1 Sector 0 Sector 1
Port 1 Port 1 Port 0 Port 0 Add and activate the weight file.

Soft split multi-beam measurement (intra-frequency split only): The optimal beam group can be
flexibly selected based on UE distribution.
Orthogonal and mutually Orthogonal and mutually Orthogonal and mutually Orthogonal and mutually
exclusive beam group 0 exclusive beam group 1 exclusive beam group 2 exclusive beam group 3
90 90 90 90
120 60 120 60 120 60 120 60
150 30 150 30 150 30 150 30

180 0 180 0 180 0 180 0

210 330 210 330 210 330 210 330

240 300 240 300 240 300 240 300

270 270 270 270

57 / LTE
Soft split scheduling optimization (intra-frequency split only): More UEs can enter beamforming
mode, beamforming UEs are paired within or between after-split cells, and beamforming UEs and
MIMO UEs are jointly scheduled. This increases the PRB reuse rates of the two after-split cells,
improving capacity.

MIMO independent scheduling for UEs in Beamforming UE pairing within or between cells
non-overlapping areas Beamforming and MIMO UE pairing between cells

Scheduling
optimization Beamforming UE

MIMO UE

Only UEs in the overlapping area can enter UEs in non-overlapping areas can
beamforming mode. also enter beamforming mode.

Soft split downlink power sharing (intra-frequency split only): If the load is not balanced between
the two after-split cells, the light-load cell shares its power with the heavy-load cell, improving overall
user experience and capacity in the two after-split cells.
Increases the power of the traffic channel

Downlink Accessed UEs

power sharing

Newly-accessed UEs

Decreases the power of the traffic channel

Soft split PDCCH allocation optimization (intra-frequency split only): Resource allocation is
considered for both the PDSCH and PDCCH during scheduling to improve downlink cell throughput,
downlink spectral efficiency, and downlink user-perceived rates.

2 Benefits
• Soft split increases the number of cells and improves base station capacity without adding new sites.
• Intra-frequency split: UEs in the two after-split cells share RBs, significantly improving cell capacity.
• Inter-frequency split: Co-channel interference between after-split cells is small, significantly increasing
SINR and power density. This improves coverage, average cell throughput, and cell-edge throughput.

Soft split No need to replace hardware

No need to deploy new base
stations
No need to add frequencies
(intra-frequency split)

LTE / 58
 8T8R IMB
1 Definition
8T8R IMB horizontally splits a cell into four by using 8T RRUs and intelligent 8T8R digital-analog
hybrid multi-beam antennas. In this way, it delivers spatial multiplexing gains and beamforming
gains, and improves the overall cell capacity in heavy-load scenarios.

Before split After split

8T8R IMB horizontally splits a cell into four using baseband weighting and antenna hardware. All
split cells share the eight TX/RX channels, and power can be shared between the cells.
Antenna

Power division network

Cell 1 Baseband (W1)

Cell 2 Baseband (W2)
Cell 3 Baseband (W3)

Cell 4 Baseband (W4)

2 Benefits
8T8R IMB delivers spatial multiplexing gains and beamforming gains. All eight TX/RX channels are
shared by the split cells, and power is shared between the cells.

Power Power

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4

PowerBoosting
1 Definition
PowerBoosting can be used to fully utilize the remaining power of RRUs. It increases the CRS power,
improving the service rate or cell coverage.
When there are two CRS ports:
• CRS boosting can be used to loosen the cell power configuration requirements of RRUs, increasing
the CRS subcarrier power and therefore expanding the cell coverage.
• Power sharing upon overtemperature can be used to reduce the impact of the overtemperature
protection mechanism. With this function, power sharing is performed between carriers deployed on
the same RRU and baseband processing unit. This allows the power of some carriers to exceed the
power threshold for RB allocation as long as the maximum power used by the carriers does not exceed
the maximum available power of the RRU, which may mitigate the negative impact of RRU overtem-
perature.

59 / LTE
 CRS Boosting Power Sharing upon
Overtemperature
Power Power

Maximum available power of the RRU Maximum available power of the RRU
Power threshold for RB allocation
(specified by the overtemperature
protection mechanism)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Carrier 3 Carrier 4

Increased CRS subcarrier Data subcarrier Power that can Shared Non-shared
power power power be shared power power

When the downlink cell coverage is insufficient:

• Downlink turbo pilot can be used to adjust the frequency-domain power and set the measurement
bandwidth for UEs to increase the RSRP measured by UEs, improving the downlink CRS coverage.
Before After
Power in the middle of the bandwidth Power increase
= Power in other parts of the bandwidth Power decrease
Port 0 Port 0

Port 1 Port 1

Middle of the bandwidth Middle of the bandwidth

2 Benefits
CRS Power Boosting Downlink Turbo Pilot
The CRS subcarrier power The downlink coverage and the number of UEs in a
increases by 1.77 dB. cell increase.
CRS subcarrier power

Increases by 1.77 dB Larger number Improved downlink Increased user-perceived

of UEs coverage rate at the cell edge

Glossary IMB Intelligent Multi-Beam CA carrier aggregation

CEU cell edge user CRS cell-specific reference signal
DMRS demodulation reference signal JAMC joint adaptive modulation and coding
MCS modulation and coding scheme MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
MISO multiple-input single-output MU beamforming multi-user beamforming
PDCCH physical downlink control channel PDSCH physical downlink shared channel
PRB physical resource block QAM quadrature amplitude modulation
QPSK quadrature phase shift keying RB resource block
RPCU radio phase calibration unit RSRP reference signal received power
SDA software-defined antenna SIMO single-input multiple-output
SINR signal to interference plus noise ratio SISO single-input single-output
SRS sounding reference signal SU beamforming single-user beamforming

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

LTE / 60
 LTE

SingleCell Solution

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Background
In mid- and low-band networking, a large number of cell edge UEs camp on low-band cells
because of their good coverage, leading to a high proportion of traffic being carried by the
low-band cells. However, low-band cells generally have small bandwidths. When the provided
capacity of low-band cells does not meet the traffic requirements, congestion easily occurs, result-
ing in poor user experience.
Huawei introduces the SingleCell solution to improve user experience on the entire mid- and
low-band network as follows:
• Uses Mid- and Low-Band Coordination to maximize the traffic absorption capability of mid-band
cells, reduce the load of low-band cells, and enable low-band cells to focus on cell edge UEs.
• Uses smart scheduling, Flexible TM4 MU-MIMO, TM4 and TM6 Adaptation, 4T4R RF modules,
eMIMO, and Superior Uplink Coverage to improve the coverage, capacity, and resource usage of
low-band cells and improve user experience in low bands.
• Uses intelligent PIM interference avoidance to improve the uplink traffic volume and access
performance of UEs.

Frequency Frequency

Distance Distance
Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Indoor

High band Mid-band Low band Traffic requirement

Traffic requirement curve Capacity supply curve

SingleCell Solution Overview

SingleCell Solution
1 Low-Band Booster

Mid- and Low-Band Coordination, smart scheduling, Flexible TM4 MU-MIMO, and TM4 and TM6
Adaptation are implemented to maximize the traffic absorption capability of mid-band cells, reduce
the load of low-band cells, increase the uplink and downlink throughputs of low-band cells, and
improve user experience on the entire mid- and low-band network.

2 Superior Uplink Coverage (FDD)

Enhanced channel estimation, TTI bundling for data services, intelligent retransmission for data services in
TTI bundling mode, concentric circle type of scheduling, and intra-eNodeB UL CoMP coverage enhancement
are implemented to improve the coverage of the entire mid- and low-band network.

61 / LTE
 3 Enhanced 4T4R (FDD)

4T4R, high-order modulation, and eMIMO are implemented to improve the system capacity, coverage,
spectral efficiency and UE rates of low-band cells, meeting the traffic requirements of low-band
UEs.

4 Intelligent PIM Interference Avoidance (FDD)

Intelligent PIM interference avoidance improves the uplink traffic volume and access performance
of UEs.

Low-Band Booster
Low-Band Booster Solutions
By restricting handovers and data distribution from mid-bands to low bands and
Mid- and Low-Band boosting handovers and data distribution from low bands to mid-bands, this feature
Coordination maximizes the traffic absorption capability of mid-band cells, reduces the load of
low-band cells, and improves the user-perceived rate on the entire mid- and low-band
network.

Downlink smart scheduling increases the user-perceived rate of downlink large-packet

Smart Scheduling services and the downlink cell throughput. Uplink smart scheduling optimizes the uplink
scheduling priorities and increases the uplink cell throughput.

Flexible TM4 MU- Flexible multi-user space division policies are used to improve cell capacity and user
MIMO (FDD) experience in scenarios where the downlink PRB usage is high.

The eNodeB identifies RBG fragment scenarios and adaptively selects TM4 or TM6
TM4 and TM6
based on UE channel quality, increasing the downlink RB usage and average downlink
Adaptation (FDD)
UE throughput.

RAT Feature ID Feature Description Reference

FDD LOFD-171203 Low-Band Booster Low-Band Booster
TDD TDLOFD-171208 Low-Band Booster Low-Band Booster

1 Mid- and Low-Band Coordination

Definition
Mid- and Low-Band Coordination maximizes the traffic absorption capability of mid-band cells,
reduces the load of low-band cells, and improves the user-perceived rate on the entire mid- and
low-band network.
PCC SCC
Mid-band cell
Low-band cell
Normal coverage edge

4 1 2 3

LTE / 62
 1 Restricting handovers from mid-bands to 3 Boosting data distribution from low bands to
low bands mid-bands (CA scenario)
2 Boosting handovers from low bands to 4 Restricting data distribution from mid-bands
mid-bands to low bands (CA scenario)

UE movement track UE movement track

Rate Rate

Distance Distance
Rate before optimization Rate before optimization
Rate after optimization Rate after optimization

When the conditions for triggering event A2 related The eNodeB periodically estimates differences in user
to coverage-based inter-frequency handovers are experience between mid-bands and low bands and
met, the eNodeB periodically estimates differences in considers also the uplink SINR and downlink RSRP to
user experience between mid-bands and low bands allow UEs to be handed over to mid-band cells that
and also considers the uplink SINR and downlink provide better user experience.
RSRP to allow UEs to be served in cells that provide
optimal user experience.
1 2

3 4
Mid-band
Low band
Time-frequency

Mid-band
Low band
Time-frequency

The eNodeB allows configuration of a frequency When a low-band cell is congested, the eNodeB
in the mid-band as the SCC for UEs at the edge checks the overall mid- and low-band performance
of a low-band cell and manages scheduling and restricts data distribution of CA UEs from
priorities to improve overall network perfor- mid-band cells to the low-band cell while ensuring
mance. the overall network performance. This reduces the
low-band load and improves mid-band resource
utilization. When the low-band cell is not congest-
ed, data distribution from mid-band cells is normal-
ly allowed.

Benefits
Average downlink throughput of UEs on
the entire mid- and low-band network Downlink RB usage of low-band cells

Before optimization After optimization Before optimization After optimization

63 / LTE
2 Smart Scheduling
Definition
Downlink Smart Scheduling: Aggregates packets of UEs performing small-packet services and
performs delayed scheduling to shorten the downlink large-packet scheduling waiting time,
improve downlink RB utilization, and increase downlink cell throughput.

Frequency Domain Frequency Domain

Time Domain Time Domain

PDCCH PDSCH PDCCH PDSCH

Common scheduling: The CCE (PDCCH) resources Downlink smart scheduling: Delayed scheduling
are few in low-band cells and limited prior and data aggregation are performed for
to PDSCH resources, wasting PDSCH resources. small-packet services, saving CCE resources
and fully utilizing PDSCH resources.

Uplink Smart Scheduling: Optimizes uplink scheduling priorities of UEs to save CCE resources and
improve uplink cell capacity.
Retains high priorities for delay-sensitive UEs (such as voice service UEs) in
SR-based scheduling. 01

Enables the Max C/I policy for delay-insensitive UEs in SR-based scheduling and
BSR-based scheduling. 02 Saving
CCE
Guarantees the minimum bit rate for all UEs to ensure their delay meets specified resources
requirements. 03

Benefits
Downlink Smart Scheduling Uplink Smart Scheduling
Average downlink UE throughput Average uplink UE throughput

Before optimization After optimization Before optimization After optimization

3 Flexible TM4 MU-MIMO (FDD)

Definition
In each TTI, the eNodeB attempts to pair TM4 UEs in 4T4P cells for MU-MIMO. If the pairing is
successful, MU-MIMO transmission is performed, increasing the average downlink UE throughput.

LTE / 64
 After PRB resources are insufficient,
Unscheduled
attempts are made to pair an
UE
unscheduled TM4 UE with a
scheduled TM4 UE. After UE pairing
SU-MIMO
SU-MIMU succeeds, the eNodeB schedules the SU-MIMO MU-MIMO
Scheduled UE
two UEs over the PDCCH.
TM4

TM4

TM4

TM4
High UE priority Low High UE priority Low

Benefits
Average downlink UE rate on the
entire mid- and low-band network

Before optimization After optimization

4 TM4 and TM6 Adaptation (FDD)

Definition
The eNodeB identifies RBG fragment (such as RBG 1 in the following figure) scenarios and adap-
tively selects TM4 or TM6 based on UE channel quality, increasing the downlink RB usage and
average downlink UE throughput.

TM6 allocates resources at the RB level, with RB 3 to RB 7 available.

PRB
Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Available resource
RBG 0 1 2 3
Index Unavailable resource

TM4 allocates resources at the RBG level, with RBG 2 to RBG 3 available.

Poor channel quality: using TM6 to

improve resource utilization

Good channel quality: using TM4 to

TM4 improve average downlink UE throughput
TM6

Benefits
Downlink RB usage on the entire Average downlink UE throughput on the entire
mid- and low-band network mid- and low-band network

Before optimization After optimization Before optimization After optimization

65 / LTE
 Superior Uplink Coverage (FDD)
The Superior Uplink Coverage feature uses methods such as channel estimation enhancement, TTI
bundling for data services, intelligent retransmission for data services in TTI bundling mode,
concentric circle type of scheduling, and intra-eNodeB UL CoMP coverage enhancement to improve
coverage.
Channel estimation enhancement
TTI bundling for data services Improved
Intelligent retransmission for data services in TTI bundling mode
Concentric circle type of scheduling
coverage
Intra-eNodeB UL CoMP coverage enhancement

RAT Feature ID Feature Description Reference

FDD LOFD-151203 Superior Uplink Coverage Superior Uplink Coverage (FDD)

1 Definition
Channel Estimation Enhancement
DMRSs transmitted in multiple TTIs are used for joint channel estimation to ensure that the channel
estimation after filtering and the actual channel response are approximately the same. This leads to
more accurate channel estimation, which in turn increases uplink SINRs and extends coverage.
Actual channel response Channel estimation with noise Channel estimation after filtering
Channel estimation points with noise Channel estimation points after filtering

TTI n – 4 n–3 n–2 n–1 n n+1 n+2 n+3

DMRS Data symbol

TTI Bundling for Data Services

Uplink resource allocation and MCS selection are optimized to enable the same transport block to
be transmitted in four consecutive TTIs. The repeated transmissions increase the diversity gain of
uplink signals, thereby improving uplink coverage.

First retransmission Second retransmission

Data 1? Data 1? Data 1
Function
disabled
TTI 1 TTI 2 …………… TTI 9 TTI 10 ………………………… TTI 17 TTI 18 ……………

First retransmission
Data 1? Data 1
Data 1 Data 1 Data 1 Data 1 Data 1 Data 1 Data 1 Data 1
Function
enabled
TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI 4 …………………………… TTI 17 TTI 18 TTI 19 TTI 20

LTE / 66
 Intelligent Retransmission for Data Services in TTI Bundling Mode
With a given IBLER target, air interface resources may be wasted due to the currently measured
SINR and the SINR used for scheduling being different. When intelligent retransmission for data
services in TTI bundling mode is enabled, the eNodeB selects high-index MCSs for large data
packets even if channel quality is poor to increase the BLER, thereby obtaining retransmission
combining gains and time-domain diversity gains. This reduces wasted air interface resources and
increases the uplink user-perceived rates of cell-edge UEs.
Baseline Enhancement
SINR SINR

Currently Currently
measured measured
SINR SINR

SINR used for SINR used for

scheduling scheduling

Time Time

First
TTIB Second Third
TTIB
TTIB Retrans
for the
Capacity third TTIB

First First Second

TTIB retrans retrans Third
in TTIB in TTIB retrans
in TTIB
Capacity
Retransmission is abbreviated to retrans.
Scheduled data volume Wasted resources Available air interface resources

Concentric Circle Type of Scheduling

The same RBs are reserved for intra-frequency neighboring cells, and used for the scheduling of UEs
in weak coverage areas. This reduces uplink interference to these UEs, improving uplink coverage
enhancement performance.
Center area
Edge area

Cell 0 Cell 1

Reserved
Cell 0 Unreserved RBs
RBs

Reserved
Cell 1 Unreserved RBs
RBs
Interference is low between the cells
Interference at the positions of reserved RBs.

Bandwidth

67 / LTE
Intra-eNodeB UL CoMP Coverage Enhancement
Coverage enhancement can be used for UEs that benefit from intra-eNodeB UL CoMP, further
improving the cell-edge coverage performance of intra-eNodeB UL CoMP.

Channel estimation
enhancement area UL CoMP area:
Cell 1 Cell 2
overlapping area
Cell 0 between cells

Cell 1 Cell 2 Coverage enhancement area

where both channel estimation
Cell 0
and UL CoMP take effect

Enhanced 4T4R (FDD)

Enhanced 4T4R Solutions

Uses up to four downlink transmission layers, closed-loop MIMO, and uplink 4-antenna receive
4T4R
diversity to increase system capacity, coverage, and user-perceived rates.

High order
Uses uplink 64QAM, uplink 256QAM, and downlink 256QAM to improve spectral efficiency.
modulation

Uses a series of functions to reduce the impact of downlink interference fluctuation on the
eMIMO
performance of 4T cells and further improve the user-perceived rates of 4T cells.

Solution Feature ID Feature Description Reference

LOFD-001003 DL 4x2 MIMO MIMO

4T4R LOFD-001060 DL 4x4 MIMO MIMO

LOFD-001005 UL 4-Antenna Receive Diversity MIMO

LOFD-001006 UL 64QAM Modulation Schemes

High-order modulation LEOFD-180301 UL 256QAM Modulation Schemes

LEOFD-110301 DL 256QAM Modulation Schemes

eMIMO LEOFD-111307 eMIMO eMIMO (FDD)

LTE / 68
 1 4T4R
Definition
Downlink 4x2 MIMO Downlink 4x4 MIMO Uplink 4-antenna
The eNodeB uses four antennas The eNodeB uses four receive diversity
for transmission and the UE antennas for transmission The eNodeB uses four
uses two antennas for recep- and the UE uses four anten- antennas for reception.
tion. nas for reception.

4T eNodeB 2R UE 4T eNodeB 4R UE 4R eNodeB UE

Benefits
Unlike downlink 2x2 MIMO and downlink 4x2 MIMO, downlink 4x4 MIMO supports a maximum of
four data streams. Downlink 4x4 MIMO can work in closed-loop mode based on PMIs reported by
UEs. It increases the downlink cell peak throughput, average downlink cell throughput, and
downlink cell edge throughput.

Downlink cell peak Average downlink cell Downlink cell edge

throughput throughput throughput

Downlink Downlink Downlink Downlink Downlink Downlink Downlink Downlink

2x2 MIMO 4x4 MIMO 2x2 MIMO 4x2 MIMO 4x4 MIMO 2x2 MIMO 4x2 MIMO 4x4 MIMO
Downlink
4x2 MIMO

Uplink 4-antenna receive diversity delivers higher average uplink cell throughput and uplink cell edge
throughput and better uplink cell coverage than uplink 2-antenna receive diversity.

Average uplink cell Uplink cell edge

throughput throughput

UE 3 dB to 5 dB

The uplink cell coverage of uplink

4-antenna receive diversity is 3
Uplink 2-antenna Uplink 4-antenna Uplink 2-antenna Uplink 4-antenna
dB to 5 dB better than that of
receive diversity receive diversity receive diversity receive diversity
uplink 2-antenna receive diversity.

69 / LTE
 2 High Order Modulation
Definition
Modulation schemes include QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, and 256QAM. When channel quality is favorable,
a higher-order modulation scheme (uplink 64QAM, uplink 256QAM, or downlink 256QAM) can be
used to transmit more bits per symbol. If this scheme is not supported by the UE or the SINR is low,
a lower-order modulation scheme is used automatically.

Uplink Uplink/Downlink
16QAM, 4 bits per 64QAM, 6 bits per 64QAM, 6 bits per 256QAM, 8 bits per
symbol symbol symbol symbol

UE 256QAM UE
64QAM UE
16QAM
QPSK

Uplink 64QAM, uplink 256QAM, and downlink 256QAM require high SINRs and are
generally used in the cell center.

Benefits
High-order modulation improves the spectral efficiency of cell center UEs and therefore increases
the average UE throughput and cell peak throughput.
• Uplink 64QAM provides up to 39% higher throughput than uplink 16QAM.
• Uplink 256QAM provides up to 40% higher throughput than uplink 64QAM.
• Downlink 256QAM provides up to 30% higher throughput than downlink 64QAM.

Spectral efficiency

Modulation scheme
QPSK 16QAM 64QAM 256QAM

LTE / 70
 3 eMIMO

Definition
eMIMO uses a series of functions to improve the performance of 4T cells. Different functions are
recommended for different network loads.

Application Scenario Recommended Function

CSI reporting enhancement, data-learning-based downlink intelligent AMC, and
PRB usage > 5% remaining power utilization

PRB usage ≤ 5% Coordinated pilot scheduling

Benefits
eMIMO improves the downlink spectral efficiency and increases the average downlink UE
throughput.
Average downlink UE throughput Average downlink UE throughput

Downlink Downlink 4x2 MIMO Downlink Downlink 4x4

4x2 MIMO + eMIMO 4x4 MIMO MIMO + eMIMO

Key Technologies
• CSI Reporting Enhancement
CSI reporting enhancement configures shorter CSI reporting intervals for UEs based on the real-time
network load to promptly obtain more accurate PMIs and achieve higher downlink spectral efficiency.

Before After

X X X
PMI = PMI = PMI =
PMI = PMI = PMI =
PM Y PM Y PM Y
I= I= I=
Z Z Z
UE UE

Optimal PMI = Y Optimal PMI = Y Optimal PMI = Z UE

The UE does not report the PMI The UE reports PMI = Y in The UE reports PMI = Z in
in time, and the eNodeB uses time, and the eNodeB uses time, and the eNodeB uses
PMI = X. PMI = Y. PMI = Z.
Time
t0 t1 t2

71 / LTE
• Data-Learning-based Downlink Intelligent AMC
Data-learning-based downlink intelligent AMC collects a large amount of UE scheduling data such
as neighboring cell interference changes and MCS indexes. It builds and trains a model to guide the
selection of the optimal downlink MCS in real time, increasing the transmission spectral efficiency
and average downlink UE throughput.

Neighboring cell
Output
interference changes Optimal MCS
Input
MCS indexes
HARQ feedback
... Neural network

• Remaining Power Utilization

No CRS is transmitted in some type B symbol periods, and the power in these periods is not fully
utilized. The remaining power utilization function performs power balancing between ports and
adjusts power parameters to fully utilize the remaining power.
The remaining power can be used for PDSCH signals in type B symbols, which increases the PDSCH
power and average downlink UE throughput. It can also be used for reference signals to improve
the downlink cell coverage.

Power

Maximum
power

Port power Parameter

balancing adjustment

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3

• Coordinated Pilot Scheduling

When network load is low, CRSs are a major source of interference. Coordinated pilot scheduling
disables CRS transmission on some RBs on appropriate occasions to reduce CRS interference on
intra-frequency neighboring cells, improve signal quality, and improve the average downlink UE
throughput in neighboring cells.

LTE / 72
 Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3

Interference
Data

UE
Serving cell Neighboring cell

Intelligent PIM Interference Avoidance (FDD)

Sub-solution Name Feature ID Feature Name Reference Document

Intelligent PIM Interference LOFD-181203 Intelligent PIM Interference Detection

Avoidance (FDD) Interference Avoidance and Suppression

1 Definition
The eNodeB performs PIM interference detection and then interference avoidance based on the
detection result, improving the uplink throughput and access performance of cell edge UEs.
The following figures show an example where the PIM signals of F1 downlink and F2 downlink fall
within the F1 uplink frequency-domain range.

F1 Uplink F1 Downlink F2 Uplink F2 Downlink

PIM

FPIM3 = 2F2Downlink – F1Downlink

F1 Uplink F1 Downlink F2 Uplink F2 Downlink

PIM

Some RBs are not scheduled in the downlink, narrowing the frequency-domain
range where PIM interference occurs.

Spectrum with PIM interference Spectrum without PIM interference

73 / LTE
 Uplink resources
Power PIM interference strength

High-priority Low-priority
scheduling resources scheduling resources
Power PIM interference strength
Spectrum with PIM interference
RBs suffering interference are not used for scheduling Downlink power is reduced to decrease
to reduce the impact of PIM interference from other PIM interference strength.
cells on the uplink of the local cell.

Carrier 1
Carrier 1
Carrier 2

Carrier 1 Upload UE Uploading…

UE interrupted Carrier 2
Carrier 2

Carrier 1
Carrier 1
Carrier 2

Carrier 1 UE Uploading…
UE Upload Carrier 2
Carrier 2 interrupted

Downlink channels are isolated to decrease PIM interference strength.

2 Benefits
Uplink throughput of cell edge UEs on the Access performance of cell edge UEs on the
entire mid- and low-band network entire mid- and low-band network

Before optimization After optimization Before optimization After optimization

Glossary AMC adaptive modulation and coding BSR buffer status report
CA carrier aggregation CCE control channel element
CSI channel state information DMRS demodulation reference signal
HARQ hybrid automatic repeat request MU-MIMO multi-user MIMO
PCC primary component carrier PDCCH physical downlink control channel
PDSCH physical downlink shared channel PIM passive intermodulation
QAM quadrature amplitude modulation QPSK quadrature phase shift keying
RB resource block RBG resource block group
RSRP reference signal received power SCC secondary component carrier
SINR signal to interference plus noise ratio SR scheduling request
TTIB transmission time interval bundling

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

LTE / 74
 LTE

SuperBAND Solution

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Background
The 2G/3G exit and frequency reduction has released an increasing number of resources for 4G (LTE),
leading to the current trend toward multi-band 4G networks. Therefore, how to efficiently coordinate
spectrum resources has become a pain point of 4G networks. Against this backdrop, Huawei has
introduced the SuperBAND solution.

700–900 MHz
1800 MHz/PCS

2G 3G 4G
2100 MHz/AWS
2300 MHz
2600 MHz
…

Exit and frequency reduction Multi-band 4G

SuperBAND Solution Overview

The SuperBAND solution deals with 4G network issues regarding multi-band networking and network
evolution. It helps multi-band networks deliver user experience similar to that in large-bandwidth
single-band scenarios, while improving spectrum utilization and network performance.

· Vertical SuperBAND: maximizes resource utilization and improves user experience.

· Horizontal SuperBAND: maximizes available spectrum resources and improves both capacity and
user experience.

Frequency
band

LTE Application scope of

2.6 GHz vertical SuperBAND

Application scope of
LTE LTE horizontal SuperBAND
1.8 GHz

800 MHz LTE

Carrier

75 / LTE
Solutions

1 Vertical SuperBAND
Vertical SuperBAND consists of features related to CA and carrier selection. CA features enable CA-ca-
pable UEs to use large aggregated bandwidths, whereas carrier selection features enable UEs to
quickly use optimal carriers or carrier combinations, thereby optimizing both resource utilization and
user experience.
Carrier selection CA

· Offload
Load · Load balancing in
balancing fixed proportions
de
· 2CC, 3CC, 4CC, and
· Load equalization Up
gra 5CC aggregation
Multi-band · Massive CA
optimal Multi-
carrier carrier · FDD+TDD CA
selection Unified · Inter-eNodeB CA
Scheduling based on relaxed
Flexible backhaul
CA

Evolution direction

Multi-carrier Unified Scheduling

To transmit data, UEs can quickly use the carriers or carrier combinations that provide the highest
throughput. This enables multi-band networks to deliver user experience similar to that in large-band-
width single-band scenarios.

Throughput
Ultra-low-latency scheduling
Lower latency of SCell configuration, activation, and data split

SuperBAND Smart carrier selection

Higher throughput

Ordinary CA
CA
Ordinary throughput

Ordinary latency of SCell configuration,

activation, and data split
Time

Key Technologies
Multi-carrier Unified Scheduling allows the optimal carriers or carrier combinations to be selected for
UEs using smart carrier selection based on virtual grids. SCells are also configured based on virtual
grids in an ultra-fast manner. In addition, ultra-low-latency scheduling enables SCells to be activated
and data to be distributed to SCells with ultra-low latency.

LTE / 76
 · Virtual Grids
Based on the multi-dimensional measurements of radio signals, UEs with the same radio character-
istics are categorized as a single group. Specifically, the eNodeB regards UEs with the same mea-
surements on a frequency as being located in one virtual radio grid of the frequency, which is
referred to as a virtual grid. Virtual grids can be used for quick predictions for UEs.

· Smart Carrier Selection

Before After

F4

F3

F2
Optimal carrier
F1
Non-optimal carrier
Time
T0 T1 T2

· Ultra-Low-Latency Scheduling

Before
Configuration Activation Data split Activation Data split

Time
Several seconds 8 ms 3 ms×3 8 ms 3 ms×3

After
Configuration Activation Data split Activation Data split

Time
Several hundred ms 8 ms 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms

CA Feature List

Version Feature ID Feature Name

MRFD-151309 FDD+TDD Downlink Massive CA(LTE FDD)

eRAN15.1 MRFD-151401 FDD+TDD Downlink Massive CA(LTE TDD)
LEOFD-151308 Downlink Massive CA

77 / LTE
 Version Feature ID Feature Name

MRFD-111222 FDD+TDD Uplink Carrier Aggregation (LTE FDD)

MRFD-111232 FDD+TDD Uplink Carrier Aggregation (LTE TDD)

LEOFD-110303 Carrier Aggregation for Downlink 4CC and 5CC

TDLEOFD-081504 Carrier Aggregation for Downlink 4CC and 5CC

MRFD-101222 FDD+TDD Downlink Carrier Aggregation(LTE FDD)

MRFD-101231 FDD+TDD Downlink Carrier Aggregation(LTE TDD)

LAOFD-080208 Carrier Aggregation for Downlink 3CC in 60MHz

TDLAOFD-081405 Carrier Aggregation for Downlink 3CC

LAOFD-080207 Carrier Aggregation for Downlink 3CC in 40MHz

eRAN11.1 TDLAOFD-081405 Carrier Aggregation for Downlink 3CC
and earlier
LAOFD-080202 Carrier Aggregation for Uplink 2CC
TDLAOFD-081407 Carrier Aggregation for Uplink 2CC

LAOFD-080201 Inter-eNodeB CA Based on Relaxed Backhaul

TDLAOFD-081402 Inter-eNodeB CA Based on Relaxed Backhaul

LAOFD-070201 Flexible CA from Multiple Carriers

TDLAOFD-070201 Flexible CA from Multiple Carriers

LAOFD-001002 Carrier Aggregation for Downlink 2CC in 40MHz

TDLAOFD-001002 Carrier Aggregation for Downlink 2CC in 40MHz

LAOFD-001001 LTE-A Introduction

TDLAOFD-001001 LTE-A Introduction

Carrier Selection Feature List

Version Feature ID Feature Name

LNOFD-15133201 Smart Carrier Selection Based on Virtual Grids

TDLNOFD-15150601 Smart Carrier Selection Based on Virtual Grids
eRAN18.1
LNOFD-16133203 Ultra-Low-Latency Scheduling
TDLNOFD-16150601 Ultra-Low-Latency Scheduling

eRAN16.1 LNOFD-151332 Multi-carrier Unified Scheduling

and eRAN15.1 TDLNOFD-151506 Multi-carrier Unified Scheduling

LOFD-121201 Multi-band Optimal Carrier Selection

eRAN13.1
TDLOFD-131046 Multi-band Optimal Carrier Selection

LOFD-001032 Intra-LTE Load Balancing

eRAN11.1 TDLOFD-001032 Intra-LTE Load Balancing
and earlier LOFD-070215 Intra-LTE User Number Load Balancing
TDLOFD-070215 Intra-LTE User Number Load Balancing

LTE / 78
 2 Horizontal SuperBAND
Horizontal SuperBAND offers the Zero Guard Band Between Contiguous Intra-Band Carriers feature.
Multiple carriers can be joined with zero guard bands between them, increasing the number of RB
resources and improving the LTE downlink capacity.

Guard bands Zero guard bands

(wasted spectrum) (larger-bandwidth carrier deployment)

… … … …
20 MHz 5 MHz 20 MHz 10 MHz

Key Technologies
Carriers are seamlessly joined either in overlapping or non-overlapping mode for more RBs and higher
spectrum utilization. Guard band compression can further increase the number of available spectrum
resources.

Overlapping RBs

… … …
RB
RB

RB
RB
RB
RB

RB

Usable spectrum due to Usable spectrum due to

guard band compression guard band compression
… …
RB
RB

RB
RB
RB
RB

RB

Overlapping RBs

Feature List

Version Feature ID Feature Name

LNOFD-161332 Zero Guard Band Between Contiguous Intra-Band Carriers

eRAN16.1
TDLNOFD-160502 Zero Guard Band Between Contiguous Intra-Band Carriers

Glossary CA carrier aggregation RB resource block Scell secondary cell

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

79 / LTE
 SRAN

IntelligentRAN

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Background
Increasing network complexity brings three challenges to mobile network construction: more
complex O&M caused by the introduction of new sites, frequency bands, and technologies; surging
wireless network traffic and ever-increasing energy consumption; growing demands for deterministic
experience as new services emerge. Against this backdrop, the importance of achieving intelligence
and automation has become an industry consensus.
Simplified O&M Energy Saving Optimal Service Experience
Increasing network complexity 100x traffic growth Diversified service requirements
Green devices Green intelligence
Frequency bands 5 15+
Latency 50 ms 1 ms
Antennas 2T2R 64T64R
Rate Kbit/s 10 Gbit/s
Heterogeneous network c
affi
x tr Uplink Mbit/s Gbit/s
100
Sensing and Meter Centimeter
Small increase in positioning level level
n:
energy consumptio
~1 .2x (op era tor V) Low-power 10
IoT years 1 day
Pole Macro Indoor 2020 2030

Definition
To deal with the aforementioned challenges, intelligence and automation are recommended. Huawei
has launched IntelligentRAN, which injects intelligence into O&M, wireless services, and experience,
and provides intelligent O&M, intelligent energy saving, and intelligent multi-band solutions.

iFaultCare
Intelligent Improved fault diagnosis efficiency
O&M
Implemented on the MAE and not described in this technical poster

iPowerStar Green Site

Optimal multi-band multimode energy efficiency Digital and intelligent sites

Intelligent
Energy
Saving
Intelligent Intelligent Multi-dimensional Intelligent Intelligent
power control multi-RF-module coordinated dynamic peak coordinated PSU
energy saving coordinated energy saving staggering energy saving
energy saving

iHashBand
Optimal multi-band multi-carrier experience
Intelligent
Multi-Band
Solution

Multi-frequency smart carrier aggregation Multi-frequency smart carrier selection

SRAN / 80
 iPowerStar
iPowerStar injects intelligence into networks and performs on-demand network energy saving,
ensuring user experience and achieving ultimate energy saving.
This technical poster mainly describes features added in V100R019C10SPC010. For details about other
features, see the poster Base Station Energy Saving. Multi-dimensional coordinated energy saving is
implemented on the MAE and is not described in the poster IntelligentRAN.

1 LTE/NR Intelligent Multi-RF-Module Coordinated Energy Saving

This function uses the intra-base-station and MIE machine learning capability to build models that
indicate how the power consumption of each RF module varies with the cell load. Using these
models, the base station compares the power consumption of RF modules and dynamically
adjusts the traffic load of cells served by each RF module to minimize the power consumption of
the entire base station. This saves energy without affecting user experience.
• Energy-efficiency-based handover: The base station hands over UEs to the cell with the optimal
energy efficiency based on cell energy efficiency and user experience.
• Energy-efficiency-based coordinated scheduling: During downlink CA for a UE, the base station
transmits data on the carriers with higher energy efficiency to the UE.
Base station: Builds models indicating MIE: Divides clusters based on coverage Base station: Dynamically adjusts the traffic load
the relationship between the RF and learns energy saving policies of of cells served by each RF module after receiving
module power consumption and load. different clusters under different loads. the energy saving policies from the MIE.
Energy
consumption
F1 t F1 t
volu raffic CA volu raffic CA
me me
UEs UEs
F2 tr F2 t
F1 v affic volu raffic
F1 olume UE 1UE 2 F1 me UE 1
F2 Δ Power consumption of F2 F2
carriers with the same load UE 2
Load UE 1: target UE for energy-efficiency-based coordinated
F1 with low F2 with high scheduling
energy efficiency energy efficiency UE 2: target UE for energy-efficiency-based handover

Energy efficiency indicates the amount of data transmitted per unit of energy consumption. With the
same traffic volume, the higher the network energy efficiency, the lower the energy consumption of
network devices.

2 LTE/NR Intelligent Power Control Energy Saving

LTE Single-Cell Intelligent Power Control Energy Saving
When the instantaneous load of a cell is low, the power of some symbols such as CRS symbols in
specific subframes is reduced to decrease the power consumption of RF modules. When the
instantaneous load of a cell increases, the transmit power is quickly restored to ensure user
experience.
Low traffic requirements High traffic requirements
Power Power

...

n n+1 n+2 ... Subframe m m+1 m+2 ... Subframe

PDSCH PDCCH CRS Active power reduction

81 / SRAN
 LTE/NR Multi-Cell Coordinated Intelligent Power Control Energy Saving
In FDD, when some cells in a cluster are heavily loaded and suffer from severe interference from
neighboring cells, multi-cell coordination can be used to reduce the transmit power of some symbols
in neighboring cells. This reduces interference to heavy-load cells and the energy consumption of RF
modules serving the neighboring cells.
• LTE: The transmit power of some CRS symbols and the UE-specific PDCCH/PDSCH is reduced.
• NR: The transmit power of the UE-specific PDSCH and DMRSs is reduced.
Reduces the transmit power through multi-cell coordination
to achieve optimal energy efficiency in a cluster
eXn (NR) or eXn (LTE) eXn (NR) or eXn (LTE)

Base station UE Base station Base station UE Base station

Cell 0 Cell 1 Cell 0 Cell 1

(Low-load cell) (High-load cell) (Low-load cell) (High-load cell)

iPowerStar Engineering Deployment

Base station models
3900 and 5900 series base stations (macro base stations). 3900 series base stations on the NR
side must be configured with the BBU3910.
Boards
LTE/NR intelligent multi-RF-module coordinated energy saving is supported by all baseband
processing units. Requirements on main control boards are as follows:
• LTE: The main control board must be a UMPT (excluding the UMPTa).
• NR: The main control board must be a UMPTg, UMPTga, or NR-only UMPTe.
LTE/NR intelligent power control energy saving:
Hardware • LTE: All main control boards support this function. The UBBPe and later baseband processing
units (excluding the UBBPem) support this function.
• NR: The main control board must be a UMPTe, UMPTg, or UMPTga. All NR FDD-capable
baseband processing units support this function.
RF modules
LTE intelligent power control energy saving is supported only by certain RF modules. Other
functions are supported by all low-frequency RF modules.

LTE/NR intelligent multi-RF-module coordinated energy saving:

• The network uses at least two frequencies.
• On the NR side, the cell cannot be a hyper cell, combined cell, SUL cell, or high-frequency cell.
In addition, energy-efficiency-based inter-frequency handover requires that the cell not be an
SDL cell.
LTE/NR intelligent power control energy saving: There are no requirements for single-cell
intelligent power control energy saving. Requirements for multi-cell coordinated intelligent
Networking power control energy saving are as follows:
• LTE: With this function enabled, eNodeBs will automatically create IP PM sessions to detect link
status. IP PM sessions of forward activation type are recommended for delay detection. If an IP
PM session of bidirectional activation type is configured at either end of an eX2 interface, it may
conflict with the session automatically created by the eNodeB. As a result, the eX2 interface
cannot work properly. In IP RAN networking, the one-way delay must be less than 8 ms.
• NR: NR FDD 1T/2T/4T networking is required in densely populated urban areas with an
average load greater than 10%. It is recommended that this function be enabled for all base
stations in these areas. Xn and eXn interfaces must be configured between base stations. The
one-way delay over the eXn interface must be less than 4 ms.

SRAN / 82
 Each function is controlled by its corresponding license.
Licenses

Software needs to be planned for related functions based on the impact, dependency, and
mutually exclusive relationships between the functions, as well as the actual network
Software scenario.

The functions need to be activated separately by turning on the corresponding function

switches and setting related parameters. Intelligent multi-RF-module coordinated energy
saving requires the Customer Policy-based On-Demand Energy Saving feature to be enabled
Activation on the MIE.

Green Site
The Green Site solution injects green technologies into devices and reduces network energy
consumption through high RF module integration, site simplification, and site-level intelligent
coordination. This poster mainly describes site-level intelligent coordination, which adjusts the
power supply or power consumption efficiency in real time based on the service load to achieve the
optimal efficiency of the entire site.
1 Intelligent Dynamic Peak Staggering
Staggering electricity usage applies to scenarios where the electricity price varies depending on
peak and off-peak hours. With this function, lithium batteries are charged during off-peak hours;
during peak hours, the output voltage of the power system is decreased and lithium batteries are
used to power NEs, reducing electricity costs. Intelligent dynamic peak staggering is introduced
based on staggering electricity usage. It uses site load power consumption prediction to enable the
battery discharge capacity to be intelligently and dynamically calculated during peak hours while
ensuring backup power use duration.
Voltage
Disch Disch
ng ng ng
argi

argi

argi
arg

arg

ng ng
Ch Ch Ch
i

Valley Peak Valley Peak Valley Time

00:00 08:00 11:00 20:00 21:00 24:00

2 Intelligent Coordinated PSU Energy Saving

PSU Intelligent Coordinated Energy Saving
The base station measures the total power consumption in real time, calculates the number of
working PSUs required to retain the power system at the maximum conversion efficiency, and
dynamically adjusts the number of working PSUs, to ensure that the load ratio of each working
PSU is within the optimal efficiency range.
Before this function is enabled After this function is enabled

PMU PMU
DC DC
AC P P P (–48 V) AC (–48 V)
P P P
S S S S S S
U U U U U U
Cabinet Cabinet
Power system Power system
Within the lowest/low power efficiency range Within the optimal power efficiency range In the dormancy state

83 / SRAN
Automatic PSU Voltage Optimization
When remotely-deployed RF modules are used, the base station experiences severe power loss on
power cables. To reduce such power loss, the current on the power cables can be decreased by
increasing the voltage. Automatic PSU voltage optimization identifies the battery and PSU types,
measures the output voltage, and adjusts it to –53.5 V DC or –57 V DC automatically.
Yes Is the base Yes Yes
Does the PSU model Are the batteries Output voltage
Start station configured End
support –57 V DC? lithium batteries? –57 V DC
with batteries?
No No No

Output voltage
–53.5 V DC

Green Site Engineering Deployment

Base station models
3900 and 5900 series base stations (macro base stations). 3900 series base stations on the NR side
must be configured with the BBU3910.
Boards
• Intelligent dynamic peak staggering: The main control board must be a UMPT. All baseband
processing units support this function.
• PSU intelligent coordinated energy saving and automatic PSU voltage optimization: All main
control boards and baseband processing units support these functions.
RF modules
All RF modules can be used.

Others
• Intelligent dynamic peak staggering: Huawei AC power systems support this function. There are
Hardware
requirements for the PMU hardware type and software version.
• PSU intelligent coordinated energy saving:
The base station must use AC power supply and the APM30H Ver.D, APM30H Ver.E, APM5930 AC,
or APM5950 series cabinet, or OPM200 series blade power supply provided by Huawei.
The base station must be configured with batteries. The circuit breakers between the batteries and
the cabinet are properly turned on, and no battery-related alarm is reported. At least two PSUs are
installed in the cabinet. No temperature alarm or PMU/PSU-related alarm is reported in the cabinet.
• Automatic PSU voltage optimization:
The base station uses AC power supply and the APM5930 AC/APM5950H/APM5950H-L cabinet
provided by Huawei. The base station must be configured with batteries.

• Intelligent dynamic peak staggering: In co-BBU separate-MPT scenarios, it is recommended

that this function be enabled only on the main control board with a certain license.
Networking • PSU intelligent coordinated energy saving and automatic PSU voltage optimization: None

Automatic PSU voltage optimization is not under license control while other functions are
Licenses controlled by their corresponding licenses.

Software needs to be planned for related functions based on the impact, dependency, and
mutually exclusive relationships between the functions, as well as the actual network
Software scenario.

The functions need to be activated separately by turning on the corresponding function

switches and setting related parameters.
Activation

SRAN / 84
 iHashBand
In multi-carrier scenarios, user experience is affected by not only signal quality but also factors such
as cell load, cell bandwidth, and carrier frequency band. As such, the carrier with the best signal
quality may not necessarily provide the best user experience.
iHashBand is a 5G intelligent coordination solution proposed by Huawei for multi-frequency
networks. This solution is used to efficiently coordinate various resources (including spectrums,
channels, beams, and base station models) of multi-frequency networks and implement intelligent
convergence as well as mutual assistance among frequency bands. By fully exploiting the
characteristics and advantages of each frequency band, it can provide the optimal network
performance and user experience even with limited spectrum resources, thereby maximizing
spectrum value.
The iHashBand solution includes functions of the following categories:
• Multi-frequency smart carrier aggregation: Functions in this category can quickly and intelligently
aggregate spectrum resources of multiple cells operating on different frequencies for individual UEs
to increase their peak rates.
• Multi-frequency smart carrier selection: Functions in this category can intelligently select carriers
or carrier combinations that provide the best user experience for UEs based on factors such as the
spectral efficiency, bandwidth, and load.

iHashBand
Multi-frequency S o l u t i o n Multi-frequency
smart carrier aggregation smart carrier selection

1 iHashBand Multi-Frequency Smart Carrier Aggregation

Multi-frequency smart carrier aggregation

CA SRS Inter-gNodeB 3CC Multi-frequency

Fast CA
carrier switching CA aggregation convergent scheduling
CA SRS Carrier Switching
There are two types of SCCs in CA: uplink+downlink SCCs and downlink-only SCCs. In SCells on
uplink+downlink SCCs (uplink+downlink SCells), SRS measurements are available, and therefore
downlink beamforming performance in these SCells is the same as that in PCells. SCells on
downlink-only SCCs (downlink-only SCells) lack SRS-based weights and have to use PMI-based
weights, which compromises downlink beamforming performance in TDD downlink-only SCells.
SRS carrier switching enables downlink-only SCells to obtain SRS resources for better downlink
beamforming performance.
PCC 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
D D D S U D D D S U D D D S U D D D S U Available uplink
resources
SRS SRS
Unavailable uplink
SCC 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
resources
D D D S U D D D S U D D D S U D D D S U

SRS SRS
Inter-gNodeB CA
Inter-gNodeB CA enables downlink CA between the PCell and SCells served by different gNodeBs,
although there is an inter-gNodeB transmission delay. This allows CA to achieve higher downlink
data rates for UEs in more scenarios.

F1
gNodeB
UE gNodeB F1 UE F2 gNodeB
gNodeB F2

F1: carrier frequency 1 F2: carrier frequency 2

85 / SRAN
3CC Aggregation
This function aggregates three intra-band or inter-band carriers in the downlink to provide higher
bandwidth. As a UE can use three carriers at the same time, this function allows a UE to enjoy a
higher peak data rate.
Intra-band carriers Inter-band carriers
Contiguous carriers
Frequency band A
CC 1 Frequency band B
Frequency band C
CC 2 Frequency band A

Frequency band A Frequency band A

CC 3 Non-contiguous carriers
gNodeB UE
Frequency band B Frequency band B
Frequency band A

Fast CA
Fast CA works in intra-gNodeB and inter-gNodeB scenarios.
Fast intra-gNodeB CA: allows the resources for SCell-related PUCCH information to be allocated at
the same time as a CA data split, which is triggered once the buffered RLC data volume for the
SCell-activated UE is greater than or equal to the downlink threshold for a CA data split. After an
SCell receives the data distributed from the PCell, downlink scheduling can begin in the SCell, so
that data transmission starts simultaneously in the SCell and PCell.
Non-fast intra-gNodeB CA
Inbound data

PCell Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5

First scheduling
Data split in the PCell PUCCH resource PUCCH resource
request for slot 3 allocation for slot 3
SCell Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5

2-slot waiting First scheduling

in the SCell
Fast intra-gNodeB CA
Inbound data

PCell Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5

Data split and First scheduling

PUCCH resource in the PCell
allocation for slot 1
SCell Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5

First scheduling
in the SCell

Fast inter-gNodeB CA: After SCells are activated for a UE, the PCell obtains the data capacity allocated
to each SCell based on the scheduling capabilities of individual SCells and the CA data split algorithm.
Meanwhile, the PCell distributes the data buffered at the RLC layer to each SCell based on the data
capacity and allocates PUCCH resources to each SCell accordingly. After an SCell receives the data
distributed from the PCell, downlink scheduling can begin in the SCell.

SRAN / 86
 Non-fast inter-gNodeB CA
Inbound data First scheduling in the PCell

PCell Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5 Slot 6 Slot 7 Slot 8 Slot 9 Slot 10 Slot 11 Slot 12 Slot 13 Slot 14 Slot 15
PUCCH resource request and start
of pre-scheduling
Scheduling data Data split and
capacity broadcast PUCCH resource allocation
SCell Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5 Slot 6 Slot 7 Slot 8 Slot 9 Slot 10 Slot 11 Slot 12 Slot 13 Slot 14 Slot 15

First scheduling
in the SCell
Fast inter-gNodeB CA
Inbound data First scheduling in the PCell

PCell Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5 Slot 6 Slot 7

Scheduling data
capacity broadcast
SCell Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5 Slot 6 Slot 7

First scheduling
in the SCell

Multi-Frequency Convergent Scheduling

In multi-carrier scenarios, the downlink scheduling of a CA UE is relatively separate in its PCell
and SCells. In such scheduling, the following possible problems may hinder CA user experience
from reaching the optimal level:
• The control over the data split threshold is not accurate.
• The air interface capability considered at the data distribution moment cannot accurately reflect
the air interface capability at the scheduling moment.
• The amount of PUCCH resources requested in advance differs from that of the actually required
PUCCH resources.
Cell 1 (PCell)

• Real-time acquisition of the

buffered data volume
• Real-time PUCCH resource
allocation
• Adjustment of the sequence in
Cell 2 (SCell) which carriers are allocated data
gNodeB UE

2 iHashBand Multi-Frequency Smart Carrier Selection

Smart Experience Boosting based on
carrier selection Multi-Band Coordination
Multi-frequency
Multi-frequency Spatial smart beam coordination
smart carrier selection carrier selection
Inter-carrier frequency selective
scheduling
Macro-micro smart Macro-micro intra-frequency
carrier selection optimal carrier selection

87 / SRAN
 Experience Boosting based on Multi-Band Coordination
The Experience Boosting based on Multi-Band Coordination feature uses three functions, including
experience-based smart carrier selection, protection of UEs under weak uplink coverage, and
user-experience-based coverage expansion, to improve user experience in different scenarios.
Downlink-preferred UE Downlink-preferred UE
Uplink- UE with
preferred UE uplink traffic
Expansion
area
F1: with a large bandwidth
and a large difference between
uplink and downlink coverage

Experience- User-experience-
Experience- Protection of
based smart based coverage
based smart UEs under weak
carrier expansion
carrier selection uplink coverage
selection

F2: with a small

bandwidth but good uplink and
downlink coverage

Downlink coverage edge Downlink

Weak uplink
coverage
coverage
edge
of F1 before expansion of F1 area
afterof
expansion
F1

Non-weak uplink Weak uplink

coverage area of F1 coverage area of F1

Better downlink user experience

User experience

Better uplink and downlink user on F1 than on F2 Better uplink and downlink user
experience on F1 than on F2 Better uplink user experience on experience on F2 than on F1
F2 than on F1

Downlink user experience on F1 Uplink user experience on F1 RSRP

Downlink user experience on F2 Uplink user experience on F2

Experience-based Smart Carrier Selection

1 Triggering of smart carrier selection
• Triggered by traffic model: The UE service characteristics have changed.
• Triggered by weak uplink coverage: The SRS SINR of the UE with heavy uplink traffic is
less than a specified threshold.
• Periodically triggered: When the timer specifying the minimum carrier selection interval
expires, the uplink or downlink air interface capability degrades by over 30% compared
with when the last smart carrier selection was performed.
2 Measurement configuration delivery and measurement reporting
3 User experience evaluation
Uplink experience Downlink experience
evaluation method evaluation method

Number of Uplink spectral Downlink Cell Load

remaining uplink RBs efficiency spectral efficiency bandwidth

SRAN / 88
 4 Optimal carrier or carrier combination selection
Uplink- or Uplink or downlink air
Handover
downlink-preferred UE interface capability
Candidates with a higher air Candidate carrier combinations
interface capability have a that do not involve a handover
higher priority. have a higher priority.

Number of carriers Equivalent cell bandwidth Carrier change

Candidate carrier combinations Candidates with a larger Candidate carrier combinations

with a smaller number of carriers equivalent cell bandwidth have that do not involve an SCC
have a higher priority. a higher priority. change have a higher priority.

5 Execution of smart carrier selection

Protection of UEs Under Weak Uplink Coverage

The gNodeB instructs UEs under weak uplink coverage to perform event A5 measurements. If the
gNodeB receives event A5 measurement reports before the handover waiting timer expires, the
gNodeB selects a cell with the highest RSRP as the target cell based on the measurement report and
triggers an inter-frequency handover. If the gNodeB does not receive any A5 measurement reports of
any frequency before the handover waiting timer expires, it removes A5 measurement configurations
and does not trigger an inter-frequency handover.

urement configuration delive

t A5 meas ry
2 Even
nt A5 m eas ureme nt report ing
3 Eve
F1: with a large bandwidth
and a large difference between
uplink and downlink coverage

SRS SINR measurement and UE 4 Inter-frequency handover

1 uplink traffic volume determination

F2: with a small

bandwidth but good uplink and
downlink coverage

Non-weak uplink Weak uplink

coverage area of F1 coverage area of F1

1 The gNodeB identifies a UE with uplink traffic and low SRS SINR as a UE under weak uplink
coverage.
2 The gNodeB delivers event A5 measurement configurations to the UE.
3 The UE sends an event A5 measurement report before the handover waiting timer expires.
4 The UE is handed over to an inter-frequency cell with the largest RSRP.

Coverage Expansion
The coverage expansion function expands the overlapping coverage between frequency bands and
selects the optimal carriers for UEs. This reduces the load of cells on frequency bands with small
bandwidths but good uplink and downlink coverage and improves the traffic absorption capability of
frequency bands with large bandwidths and a large difference between uplink and downlink coverage.
This function works on both SA and NSA networks and includes two sub-functions: threshold
adaptation for coverage-based inter-frequency handovers and threshold adaptation for inter-frequency
handovers triggered by experience-based smart carrier selection.

89 / SRAN
1 Threshold adaptation for coverage-based inter-frequency handovers: When UEs in the cell on
F1 move away from the base station, handover of these UEs to the cell on F2 will be delayed
by expanding the coverage of F1.

Before the function is enabled After the function is enabled

A UE moving A UE moving
towards the cell edge towards the cell edge Expansion area
Handover to a cell working
on a frequency band with
F1 a small bandwidth but F1
good uplink and downlink Delayed handover
coverage

F2 F2

2 Threshold adaptation for inter-frequency handovers triggered by experience-based smart carrier

selection: UEs in the cell on F2 cell are handed over to the cell on F1 in advance when entering
the expansion area of the cell on F1.

Multi-Frequency Beam Coordination

This function optimizes UE distribution among beams of different frequencies based on the spectral
efficiency and traffic volumes of UEs on these beams, improving the average downlink UE-perceived
rate on the entire network.
NR TDD cells support beam coordination with NR FDD cells and intra-RF-module inter-frequency NR
TDD cells. NR FDD cells support beam coordination with NR TDD cells.

Determining candidate
neighboring cells and beams
2
TDD

FDD
Triggering of
1 multi-frequency
beam coordination
Execution of
4 multi-frequency
beam coordination

3
UE selection

1 The gNodeB determines whether to trigger or stop the function based on the cell load/SRS beam
load, number of UEs served by the cell/SRS beam, and downlink PRB usage of the cell.
2 The gNodeB filters candidate neighboring cells meeting specific conditions and further determines
the candidate neighboring cells and beams.
3 The gNodeB filters UEs, determines the number of UEs to transfer, and selects UEs to transfer.
4 The gNodeB delivers measurement events and performs inter-frequency handovers.

SRAN / 90
 Inter-Carrier Frequency Selective Scheduling
On a multi-carrier network, the spectral efficiencies of different frequencies measured by a CA UE at
the same time vary because of propagation loss and multipath effect. In addition, there are load
differences between carriers. Against this background, inter-carrier frequency selective scheduling is
introduced. This function works in intra-base-station and inter-base-station scenarios.
With the inter-carrier frequency selective scheduling function, the base station allocates resources of
the carriers with high spectral efficiency and low load to individual downlink CA UEs whenever
possible based on the spectral efficiency difference and millisecond-level load difference between
carriers. This increases the average downlink UE throughput on the entire network.

PCC PCC

SCC SCC
F1 Cell 1 (PCell) UE F1 Cell 1 (PCell) UE
F2 Cell 2 (SCell) F2 Cell 2 (SCell)

F2 has higher spectral efficiency and lower load than F1.

Macro-Micro Intra-Frequency Optimal Carrier Selection

When an outdoor macro base station and an indoor micro base station are deployed on the same
frequency, a UE that has moved to the overlapping area of the outdoor coverage and indoor cover-
age may not have the optimal downlink experience after camping on the cell with the strongest
signal strength. This is because the two base stations differ greatly in power and antenna gains.
With this in mind, the macro-micro intra-frequency optimal carrier selection function is introduced
by Huawei. In TDD intra-frequency SA networking, this function identifies downlink service charac-
teristics of UEs, monitors basic KPIs, and dynamically adjusts the intra-frequency handover threshold
for UEs in the macro-micro overlapping area.

MAE-based automatic feature

activation and parameter optimization

MAE

Macro TDD Measurement

base station 3 reporting
Handover
5 UE service
execution
1 characteristics
identification
Micro TDD
2 base station
Original Handover Measurement
4 handover location after configuration
Target cell section location optimization delivery

91 / SRAN
 iHashBand Engineering Deployment

Base station models

Multi-frequency beam coordination is supported only by macro base stations. Other functions are
supported by both macro and LampSite base stations.
Boards
All NR-capable main control boards and baseband processing units support the functions except
the following functions that have special requirements:
• Multi-frequency convergent scheduling: This function is supported only by the NR FDD-capable
UBBPg and later baseband processing units.
• CA SRS carrier switching: This function is supported only by the UBBPg.
Hardware RF modules
All NR-capable low-frequency RF modules support the functions except the following functions
that have special requirements:
• Multi-frequency beam coordination: This function is supported only by NR TDD-capable
low-frequency 32T32R and 64T64R RF modules and NR FDD-capable 8T8R RF modules.
• Multi-frequency convergent scheduling: This function is supported only by NR FDD-capable
low-frequency RF modules.
• CA SRS carrier switching: This function is supported by all RRUs, pRRUs, and eCPRI-capable
AAUs.

• The network must use at least two frequencies.

• NR FDD cells engaged in multi-frequency beam coordination and inter-carrier frequency
selective scheduling must be 8T8R cells.
Networking • The base stations serving the PCell and SCells for inter-gNodeB CA must be all macro or
LampSite base stations.

The coverage expansion function is not under license control while other functions are under
license control.
Licenses

Software needs to be planned for related functions based on the impact, dependency, and
mutually exclusive relationships between the functions, as well as the actual network
Software scenario.

The functions need to be activated separately by turning on the corresponding function

switches and setting related parameters.
Activation

Glossary CA carrier aggregation IoT Internet of Things MAE MBB Automation Engine
MIE Mobile Intelligent Engine O&M operations and maintenance PCC primary component carrier
PCell primary cell PSU power supply unit QCI QoS class identifier
RSRP reference signal received power SA standalone SCC secondary component carrier
SCell secondary cell SINR signal to interference plus noise ratio
SRS sounding reference signal SUL supplementary uplink

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

SRAN / 92
 SRAN

LTE FDD and NR Spectrum Sharing

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Background
Some operators do not possess dedicated NR spectrum resources in the early stage of 5G
deployment. Other operators have dedicated NR spectrum resources, but face the issue of low
spectrum usage due to a low penetration rate of 5G terminals in the early stage. Two features are
therefore introduced: LTE FDD and NR Flash Dynamic Spectrum Sharing for scenarios where NR FDD
and LTE FDD have the same bandwidth, and Hybrid DSS Based on Asymmetric Bandwidth for
scenarios where NR FDD has a larger bandwidth.
LTE FDD and NR Flash Hybrid DSS Based on
Dynamic Spectrum Sharing Asymmetric Bandwidth
Spectrum shared between LTE and NR Spectrum shared between LTE and NR

Spectrum dedicated to NR

NR traffic volume LTE traffic volume

LTE FDD and NR Flash Dynamic Spectrum Sharing

Definition
LTE FDD and NR Flash Dynamic Spectrum Sharing enables LTE FDD (referred to as LTE) and NR FDD
(referred to as NR) to dynamically share time-frequency resources on a spectrum segment based on
the traffic volume requirements of LTE and NR networks.
• Time domain: Flash spectrum sharing is implemented in units of milliseconds. That is, spectrum
resources can be coordinated and scheduled every 1 ms.
• Frequency domain: Dynamic spectrum sharing is performed in units of RBs. Spectrum resources are
dynamically allocated to LTE and NR based on the traffic volume requirements of LTE and NR networks.
Example of the flash dynamic
Traffic volume: Traffic volume: Traffic volume:
spectrum sharing between Frequency NR > LTE NR = LTE NR < LTE
LTE and NR domain 1 ms
1 RB

LTE: 20 MHz

LTE&NR: 20 MHz

Spectrum occupied by LTE

Time
Spectrum occupied by NR domain

93 / SRAN
Key Technologies

1 Configuration of the Percentages of Spectrum Resources to Be

Preferentially Allocated
The percentages of resources that are preferentially allocated to LTE and NR can be set based on
their traffic volume requirements. This ensures that resources are properly allocated.
• When the ratios of actual traffic volume requirements of LTE and NR to the total spectrum
resources are both less than or both exceed the configured percentages, the spectrum resources
are allocated based on the configured percentages of each RAT.

Example 1: If the percentage configured for LTE is 50% but LTE only requires 30%, and the
percentage configured for NR is 50% but NR only requires 20%, the spectrum resources are allocated
based on the percentages of resources preferentially allocated to each RAT, that is, 50% each.
Example 2: If the percentage configured for LTE is 50% but LTE actually requires 70%, and the
percentage configured for NR is 50% but NR actually requires 60%, the spectrum resources are
allocated based on the percentages of resources preferentially allocated to each RAT, that is, 50% each.

Example 1 Example 2

Configured Actual Configured Actual

percentage percentage percentage percentage

Actual LTE traffic Actual NR traffic Spectrum occupied by LTE Spectrum occupied by NR
requirements requirements

• When the actual traffic volume requirement of one RAT (RAT 1) exceeds the percentage of resources
preferentially allocated to that RAT and the actual traffic volume requirement of the other RAT
(RAT 2) does not, the unused resources for RAT 2 can be occupied by RAT 1.
Example 3: If the percentage configured for LTE is 50% but LTE actually requires 60%, and the
percentage configured for NR is 50% but NR only requires 45%, the unused 5% resources for NR can
be used by LTE. That is, LTE can use 55% of the shared spectrum resources.

Example 3

Actual LTE traffic requirements

Actual NR traffic requirements

Configured Actual
percentage percentage Spectrum occupied by LTE

Spectrum occupied by NR

SRAN / 94
 This function also supports adaptive allocation of the shared spectrum. That is, this function
compares the sum of the required uplink traffic volumes of LTE and NR cells and the sum of the
required downlink traffic volumes of LTE and NR cells, and allocates spectrum resources based
on the percentages of resources preferentially allocated for whichever direction (uplink or down-
link) with the larger sum of required traffic volumes of the LTE and NR cells.

Required traffic volume of

the LTE cell
Sum of the required
uplink traffic Sum of the required
volumes of LTE Required traffic volume of
downlink traffic the NR cell
and NR cells volumes of LTE
and NR cells

Spectrum resource Dynamic allocation

allocation based on the of spectrum resources
percentages of resources
preferentially allocated

2 Flexible Power Allocation Mode

LTE and NR support two power configuration modes as follows:
• Independent power configuration: LTE and NR cells are configured with the same power.
• Spectrum power sharing: LTE and NR cells share spectrum power when they share spectrum, and
the percentage of power allocated to a RAT equals the percentage of spectrum allocated to that
RAT.
Given the same cell power configuration, independent power configuration mode results in better
capacity performance but higher power consumption, whereas spectrum power sharing mode reduces
power consumption but leads to capacity performance loss. Therefore, when the power is sufficient,
independent power configuration mode is preferred. When the power is insufficient, spectrum power
sharing mode can be used.
Example: The following elaborates power configuration modes using 2 x 40 W as an example.
When independent power configuration mode is used, LTE and NR cells are each configured with the
maximum transmit power of 2 x 20 W. When spectrum power sharing mode is used, LTE and NR cells
share the maximum transmit power of 2 x 20 W, and the remaining power of 2 x 20 W can be
allocated to other cells.

Independent power configuration Spectrum power sharing

Power used by LTE

Power Power Power used by NR

80 W 80 W
Unused power
LTE with independent
The saved power
power configuration resources can be Saved power
used for other cells.
40 W 40 W

NR with independent LTE and NR sharing

power configuration the transmit power

Time domain Time domain

95 / SRAN
 3 LTE Key Event Assurance
The LTE key event assurance function preferentially ensures the capacity of LTE cells in NSA
networking when LTE cells are heavily loaded in scenarios such as concerts, sports events, and
major holidays.
When the LTE key event assurance function is triggered, the uplink and downlink data split
modes for NR cells change to MCG only. The user-plane data of NSA DC UEs is only transmitted
and received in the PCell, not in the PSCell. All the shared spectrum resources are allocated to
the LTE cell. EPC

4G
eNodeB 1 gNodeB 1 eNodeB 2
PCell PSCell LTE cell

S
DS
NS

NR
A
DC

d
an
E
LT
NSA DC UE LTE and NR
DSS UE
User-plane data Control-plane data User-plane data of NSA DC UEs: MCG only

4 Coordinated Scheduling of Physical Channel/Signal Resources

Uplink and downlink physical channel/signal resources are coordinated and scheduled to prevent
interference between LTE and NR and improve resource usage.

Uplink Physical Channels/Signals

• LTE and NR PUCCHs, PRACHs, and PUSCHs: Spectrum resources are coordinated and scheduled
in the frequency domain to avoid interference.

Uplink Physical
Coordinated Scheduling Method of Spectrum Resources
Channel
NR PUCCH Occupies symmetrical RBs at the two ends of the bandwidth. The number
of occupied RBs is configured through parameters.

LTE PUCCH Symmetrically configured adjacent to the NR PUCCH at

the two ends of the bandwidth. The number of occupied RBs is configured
or dynamically adjusted.

NR PRACH Configured adjacent to the LTE PUCCH at the upper end.

Fixed RBs are reserved for the NR PRACH.

LTE PRACH Configured adjacent to the LTE PUCCH at the lower end.
Fixed RBs are reserved for the LTE PRACH.

LTE PUSCH Support on-demand resource allocation.

NR PUSCH

SRAN / 96
 • LTE and NR SRSs: Spectrum resources are dynamically allocated in the time domain based on
the traffic volume requirements of LTE and NR networks to improve resource usage. The processing
of uplink physical signals other than SRSs is the same, regardless of whether LTE FDD and NR Flash
Dynamic Spectrum Sharing is enabled.
Example: The figure below illustrates the resource allocation of each physical channel when
the number of RBs occupied by the LTE PUCCH is configured through parameters.

Frequency domain

NR PUCCH NR PUCCH NR PUCCH NR PUCCH

LTE PUCCH LTE PUCCH LTE PUCCH LTE PUCCH
NR PRACH NR PRACH

LTE SRS

LTE SRS
NR SRS

NR SRS
NR PUSCH NR PUSCH
NR PUSCH NR PUSCH

LTE PUSCH LTE PUSCH

LTE PUSCH LTE PUSCH
LTE PRACH LTE PRACH
LTE PUCCH LTE PUCCH LTE PUCCH LTE PUCCH
NR PUCCH NR PUCCH NR PUCCH NR PUCCH

T T+1 ms T+2 ms T+3 ms Time

domain
Spectrum occupied by LTE Spectrum occupied by NR

Downlink Physical Channels/Signals

When a resource conflict occurs between LTE and NR, resources for the channels/signals with a higher
priority are preferentially reserved. The priorities of channels/signals are as follows: PBCH and SS >
reference signals (DMRS, CSI-RS, CRS (LTE only), and PT-RS (NR only)) > control channel (PDCCH) >
traffic channel (PDSCH).
Channels/signals of the same type avoid a conflict with each other in a static or dynamic way. The
following uses the PDCCH and PDSCH as an example for illustration.
• LTE and NR PDCCHs: Dynamically share the first three symbols in the time domain on demand.
• LTE and NR PDSCHs: Dynamically share frequency-domain resources on demand in the frequency
domain.

Example: The LTE PDSCH actively avoids conflicts with the NR SSB (SS/PBCH), and the NR PDSCH
actively avoids conflicts with the LTE CRS. The PDCCH and PDSCH dynamically share resources on
demand.

Frequency domain CRS Spectrum occupied by LTE Spectrum occupied by NR

LTE PDSCH LTE PDSCH LTE PDSCH LTE PDSCH

LTE PDCCH
LTE PDCCH
LTE PDCCH
LTE PDCCH

LTE PDCCH
LTE PDCCH
LTE PDCCH

LTE PDCCH
LTE PDCCH

SSB
NR PDCCH

NR PDCCH

NR PDCCH

NR PDSCH NR PDSCH NR PDSCH

T T+1 ms T+2 ms T+3 ms Time

domain

97 / SRAN
Engineering Deployment

• Base station models: 3900 and 5900 series base stations, and DBS3900 and
DBS5900 LampSite base stations
• Boards: vary according to the TX/RX mode. For details, see LTE FDD and NR
Spectrum Sharing Feature Parameter Description.
Hardware • Cell bandwidths: 10 MHz/15 MHz/20 MHz
• Cell TX/RX modes: 2T2R/2T4R/4T4R/8T8R/32T32R

When LTE and NR share the same optical fiber, they can be configured to
share CPRI data resources, saving the CPRI bandwidth. When the LTE and
NR co-carrier co-CPRI data function is not enabled, there are no special
Networking networking requirements. When this function is enabled, this function
requires an intra-BBU single-fiber CPRI MUX topology.

• Capacity licenses: RF spectrum sharing licenses for LTE and NR

• Feature licenses: LTE FDD and NR Flash Dynamic Spectrum Sharing feature
Licenses licenses for LTE and NR

• Ensure that the prerequisite functions on the LTE side, such as normal CP and
SRSs, have been enabled.
• Ensure that the mutually exclusive functions on the LTE side, such as SFN Cell
and other spectrum solutions, are disabled.
• Ensure that the prerequisite functions on the NR side, such as basic func-
Software tions of downlink scheduling, have been enabled.
• Ensure that the mutually exclusive functions on the NR side, such as PUCCH
RB adaptation and Extended Cell Range, are disabled.

• Turn on the switches controlling this function on both the LTE and NR sides.
• Configure related parameters, including the LTE FDD and NR spectrum sharing
cell group, percentage of spectrum resources that can be preferentially allocat-
Activation ed, and power allocation mode.

Hybrid DSS Based on Asymmetric Bandwidth

Definition
Hybrid DSS Based on Asymmetric Bandwidth allows LTE FDD (referred to as LTE) and large-band-
width NR FDD (referred to as NR) cells to dynamically share the same spectrum resources, improv-
ing spectrum utilization. It is applicable to operators that have both LTE FDD and large-bandwidth
NR FDD networks.
The LTE and NR cells sharing spectrum resources are configured with different bandwidths. The NR
cell bandwidth is greater than the LTE cell bandwidth, the LTE cell bandwidth is equal to the shared
spectrum, and the NR cell bandwidth minus the shared spectrum is equal to the NR dedicated
spectrum.

SRAN / 98
 Frequency domain Spectrum occupied
by the LTE cell

Spectrum occupied
by the NR cell
Spectrum shared
between LTE and = LTE cell bandwidth
NR cells
NR cell
bandwidth

NR dedicated
spectrum

Time domain

After this function is enabled, the NR cell preferentially schedules NR UEs in the dedicated spectrum,
and shares the shared spectrum with the LTE cell based on their traffic volume requirements.
• Time domain: Flash spectrum sharing is supported on a 1 ms basis.
• Frequency domain: Dynamic spectrum sharing is performed per RB.
Frequency domain
Spectrum occupied
1 RB by the LTE cell

Spectrum occupied
by the NR cell
Spectrum shared between
LTE and NR cells

NR dedicated
spectrum

1 ms Time domain

Key Technologies

1 Coordinated Scheduling of Physical Channel/Signal Resources

Uplink and downlink physical channel/signal resources are coordinated and scheduled to prevent
interference and improve resource usage.

Uplink Physical Channels/Signals

LTE and NR PUCCHs, PRACHs, and PUSCHs: Spectrum resources are coordinated and scheduled in
the frequency domain to avoid interference.
Uplink Physical Channel Coordinated Scheduling Method of Spectrum Resources
LTE PUCCH Configured in the shared spectrum.

LTE PRACH Configured adjacent to the LTE PUCCH at the lower spectrum end,
and always occupies a fixed number of RBs.
NR PUCCH Deployed in the NR dedicated spectrum.
NR PRACH Deployed in the NR dedicated spectrum.
Configured in the shared spectrum; resources are dynamically
LTE and NR PUSCHs shared between them based on the LTE and NR traffic requirements.

99 / SRAN
• LTE and NR SRSs: Shared spectrum resources are dynamically allocated in the time domain based
on the traffic volume requirements of LTE and NR networks to improve the resource usage. The
processing of uplink physical signals other than SRSs is the same, regardless of whether Hybrid
DSS Based on Asymmetric Bandwidth is enabled.

Frequency
domain Spectrum occupied
LTE PUCCH LTE PUCCH LTE PUCCH LTE PUCCH
by the LTE cell
NR PUSCH NR PUSCH
NR PUSCH NR PUSCH

LTE SRS
Spectrum occupied
LTE PUSCH LTE PUSCH by the NR cell
LTE PRACH LTE PUSCH LTE PUSCH
NR SRS

LTE PUCCH LTE PUCCH LTE PUCCH LTE PUCCH

NR PUCCH
NR PUCCH NR PUCCH NR PUCCH
NR PUSCH
NR PUSCH NR PUSCH NR PUSCH
NR PRACH
NR PUCCH NR PUCCH NR PUCCH
NR PUCCH

T T+1 ms T+2 ms T+3 ms Time

domain
Downlink Physical Channels/Signals
When a resource conflict occurs between LTE and NR, resources for the channels and signals with a
higher priority are preferentially reserved through coordination and scheduling. The priorities of
channels and signals are as follows: PBCH and SS > reference signals (DMRS, CSI-RS, CRS (LTE only),
and PT-RS (NR only)) > control channel (PDCCH) > traffic channel (PDSCH). In this function, the NR
SSB is configured in the dedicated spectrum.

LTE and NR channels or signals of the same type avoid a conflict with each other in a static or
dynamic way. The following uses the PDCCH and PDSCH as an example for illustration:
• LTE and NR PDCCHs: Dynamically share the first three symbols on demand in the time domain.
• LTE and NR PDSCHs: Dynamically share frequency-domain resources on demand in the frequency
domain.
Example: The NR PDSCH actively avoids conflicts with LTE CRSs. The LTE and NR PDCCHs and
PDSCHs dynamically share resources on demand.
Frequency
domain

LTE PDSCH LTE PDSCH

LTE PDSCH
1 1 1 LTE PDSCH 1
1 1 1 1
2 2 1 2
NR PDSCH NR PDSCH
NR PDSCH

SSB
NR PDSCH NR PDSCH NR PDSCH NR PDSCH

T T+1 ms T+2 ms T+3 ms Time

domain

CRS Spectrum occupied Spectrum occupied

by the LTE cell by the NR cell

1 LTE PDCCH 2 NR PDCCH

SRAN / 100
 2 Configuration of the Percentages of Spectrum Resources to Be
Preferentially Allocated
To properly allocate shared resources, the percentages of shared resources preferentially allocated to
the LTE and NR cells can be set based on their traffic volume requirements.
• When the ratios of actual traffic volume requirements of LTE and NR to the total spectrum
resources are both less than or both exceed the configured percentages, the spectrum resources
are allocated based on the configured percentages of each RAT.

Example 1: If the percentage configured for LTE is 50% but LTE only requires 30%, and the
percentage configured for NR is 50% but NR only requires 20%, the spectrum resources are allocated
based on the percentages of resources preferentially allocated to each RAT, that is, 50% each.
Example 2: If the percentage configured for LTE is 50% but LTE actually requires 70%, and the
percentage configured for NR is 50% but NR actually requires 60%, the spectrum resources are
allocated based on the percentages of resources preferentially allocated to each RAT, that is, 50% each.

Example 1 Example 2

Configured Actual Configured Actual

percentage percentage percentage percentage

Actual LTE traffic Actual NR traffic Spectrum Spectrum

requirements requirements occupied by LTE occupied by NR

• When the actual traffic volume requirement of one RAT (RAT 1) exceeds the percentage of
resources preferentially allocated to that RAT and the actual traffic volume requirement of the
other RAT (RAT 2) does not, the unused resources for RAT 2 can be occupied by RAT 1.

Example 3: If the percentage configured for LTE is 50% but LTE actually requires 60%, and the
percentage configured for NR is 50% but NR only requires 45%, the unused 5% resources for NR can
be used by LTE. That is, LTE can use 55% of the shared spectrum resources.

Example 3

Configured Actual
percentage percentage

Actual LTE traffic Actual NR traffic Spectrum Spectrum

requirements requirements occupied by LTE occupied by NR

101 / SRAN
In addition to the preceding allocation principles, the setting of the LTE and NR resource allocation
adaptation switch also affects the actual allocation of spectrum resources.
The system allocates spectrum resources based on the percentages of resources preferentially
allocated for whichever direction (uplink or downlink) with the larger sum of traffic volume
requirements of the LTE and NR cells. For the other direction, the system dynamically allocates
spectrum resources based on the actual traffic volume requirements of the LTE and NR cells.
Example
LTE traffic requirements

NR traffic requirements
Sum of the uplink traffic
volume requirements of Sum of the downlink
LTE and NR cells traffic volume require-
ments of LTE and NR cells

High priority Low priority

(Spectrum resource allocation (Dynamic allocation of
based on the percentages of spectrum resources)
resources preferentially allocated)

3 Flexible Power Allocation Mode

LTE and NR support two power configuration modes as follows:
• Independent power configuration: LTE and NR cells use independently configured power.
• Spectrum power sharing: LTE and NR cells share spectrum power on the shared spectrum, and the
percentage of power allocated to a RAT equals the percentage of shared spectrum resources allocated
to that RAT.
Given the same cell power configuration, independent power configuration mode results in better
capacity performance but higher power consumption, whereas spectrum power sharing mode
reduces power consumption but leads to capacity performance loss. Therefore, when the power is
sufficient, independent power configuration mode is preferred. When the power is insufficient,
spectrum power sharing mode can be used.
Example: The following figure elaborates on these power allocation modes using a 2 x 60 W RF
module serving a 20 MHz LTE cell and a 30 MHz NR cell as an example.
• In independent power configuration mode, the LTE cell can be configured with the maximum
transmit power of 2 x 24 W, and the NR cell can be configured with the maximum transmit power
of 2 x 36 W.
• In spectrum power sharing mode, the power configured for the LTE and NR cells must be greater
than or equal to the power in independent power configuration mode. The LTE cell can be
configured with a transmit power ranging from 2 x 24 W to 2 x 40 W, and the NR cell can be
configured with a transmit power ranging from 2 x 36 W to 2 x 60 W. The spectrum power
sharing mode saves 2 x 24 W (2 x 60 W – 2 x 36 W) of transmit power, compared to the
independent power configuration mode.
Independent power configuration Spectrum power sharing
Power Power
2x60 W 2x60 W
Independent power
of the LTE cell
2x36 W 2x36 W
Transmit power
shared between LTE
and NR cells
2x12 W Independent power 2x12 W
of the NR cell
NR dedicated power

Time domain Time domain

Power used by NR Power used by LTE Saved power Unused power

SRAN / 102
 Engineering Deployment

• Base station models: 3900 and 5900 series base stations

• Boards: vary according to the TX/RX mode. For details, see LTE FDD and NR
Spectrum Sharing Feature Parameter Description.
• Cell bandwidths: (LTE) 10 MHz/15 MHz/20 MHz
Hardware (NR) 15 MHz/20 MHz/25 MHz/30 MHz/40 MHz
• Cell TX/RX modes: 2T2R/2T4R/4T4R/8T8R/32T32R

When LTE and NR share the same optical fiber, they can be configured to
share CPRI data resources, saving the CPRI bandwidth. When the LTE and NR
co-carrier co-CPRI data function is not enabled, there are no special
Networking networking requirements. When this function is enabled, this function
requires an intra-BBU single-fiber CPRI MUX topology.

• Capacity licenses: RF spectrum sharing licenses for LTE and NR

• Feature licenses: Hybrid DSS Based on Asymmetric Bandwidth feature
Licenses licenses for LTE and NR

• The prerequisite functions on the LTE side, such as normal CP and SRSs,
have been enabled.
• The mutually exclusive functions on the LTE side, such as SFN Cell and
other spectrum solutions, are disabled.
• The prerequisite functions on the NR side, such as basic functions of
Software downlink scheduling, have been enabled.
• The mutually exclusive functions on the NR side, such as PUCCH RB
adaptation and Extended Cell Range, are disabled.

• Turn on the switches controlling this function on the LTE and NR sides.
• Configure related parameters, including the LTE FDD and NR spectrum
sharing cell group, percentage of spectrum resources that can be
Activation preferentially allocated, and power allocation mode.

Glossary CP cyclic prefix CPRI Common Public Radio Interface

CRS cell-specific reference signal CSI-RS channel state information reference signal
DC dual connectivity DMRS demodulation reference signal
DSS dynamic spectrum sharing MCG master cell group
NSA non-standalone PBCH physical broadcast channel
PDCCH physical downlink control channel PDSCH physical downlink shared channel
PRACH physical random access channel PT-RS phase-tracking reference signal
PUCCH physical uplink control channel PUSCH physical uplink shared channel
SA standalone SRS sounding reference signal
SS synchronization signal SSB synchronization signal and PBCH block

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

103 / SRAN
 SRAN

Base Station Energy Saving

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Background
Increased energy consumption on operators' networks
As wireless services continue to expand, they add to network complexity and further increase the
overall equipment energy consumption, even the energy consumption during off-peak hours. The
resulting growth of base station energy consumption is a major contributor to the increasing OPEX
of telecom operators. Service development also leads to the evolution of multi-frequency and
multi-RAT networks and further increases the energy consumption of the entire networks.

Large proportion of energy High energy consumption

consumption in OPEX during off-peak hours

Great potential for energy saving

OPEX

Energy consumption Others Traffic volume Site energy consumption

Energy Saving Solutions

Huawei has introduced energy saving solutions to help maintain a green network. These solutions
can be implemented at multiple levels from top to bottom. This technical poster describes the base
station energy saving solutions. For the network-level energy saving solutions in the following figure,
the implementations on the base station side are described in the technical poster IntelligentRAN.
The implementations on the MAE side are not described in this technical poster.

Energy Saving Solutions

Device Level Site Level Network Level

Industry-leading hardware Coordinated site Inter-RAT, inter-band, and
Various energy saving modernization inter-base-station coordination
features with enhanced Maximum system energy Network-level intelligent energy
techniques efficiency saving and optimization

Time Domain Space Domain Frequency Domain Power Domain

When there is no PAs and other Most components In light-load
valid information to components of of the RF modules scenarios, the
be transmitted in certain RF and PAs corre- power over the
symbols, PAs and channels are sponding to certain air interface is
other components shut down. carriers are shut decreased.
of the RF modules down.
are shut down.

SRAN / 104
 Key Technologies

1 Device-Level Energy Saving: Time Domain

Symbol power saving
• Symbol power saving: PAs are shut down for downlink symbols carrying no data to reduce the
energy consumption of RF modules.
• Deep symbol power saving: RoC systems are shut down for downlink symbols carrying no data to
reduce the energy consumption of RF modules.
1 ms 1 ms
Symbol with reference signals
Downlink
symbol ... Symbol with data
Idle symbol
PAs on
PAs off
Symbol power saving

RoCs on
Deep symbol power saving
RoCs off

1 ms 1 ms
Symbol with reference signals
LTE symbol ... Symbol with data
Idle symbol

NR symbol ...

PAs on
Multi-RAT coordinated symbol
PAs off
power saving
RoCs on
Multi-RAT deep symbol power
RoCs off
saving

Acquisition of more idle symbols

• Bundled scheduling: Small packets are aggregated into large packets and preferentially scheduled
in slots for transmitting common information, reference signals, or high-priority services.
• Dynamic adjustment of the common channel interval: The common channel interval is dynamically
adjusted.
• CRS dynamic muting: CRSs are muted in some symbols when there are no RRC_CONNECTED UEs
or all RRC_CONNECTED UEs are in DRX sleep time.

Bundled scheduling Dynamic adjustment of the common channel interval (5G)

Frequency Interval = 20 ms

Normal load

Interval = 40 ms

Time Light load

Frequency

Interval = 160 ms

No load

Time Common information

Common information or reference signals No data transmission
Data signals
Data position before scheduling

105 / SRAN
CRS dynamic muting (LTE FDD)
Non-DRX sleep time DRX sleep time Symbol with CRSs
Downlink Symbol with data
...
symbol Idle symbol

PAs on
CRS dynamic muting
PAs off

Related functions
RAT Energy Saving Function Feature Application Scenario
Symbol power saving FOFD-021203 gNodeB Power Saving All scenarios

FOFD-031204 Intelligent Scheduling

Deep symbol power saving All scenarios
for Power Saving

Power saving scheduling FOFD-031204 Intelligent Scheduling Fixed periods when the network
5G for Power Saving is under light or no load

Multi-RAT coordinated
symbol power saving
MRFD-160266 Multi-RAT Coordinated Scenarios where LTE and NR
Deep symbol power saving
Symbol Power Saving (NR) share RF modules
LTE and NR bundled
scheduling

LOFD-001070/TDLOFD-001070
Symbol power saving All scenarios
Symbol Power Saving

LOFD-160201/TDLOFD-160201 Energy
Deep symbol power saving All scenarios
Saving Based on Proactive Scheduling

Fixed periods when the

CRS dynamic muting LOFD-171202 CRS Dynamic Muting
network is under light load

Energy saving based on LOFD-160201/TDLOFD-160201 Energy Fixed periods when the

LTE proactive scheduling Saving Based on Proactive Scheduling network is under light or no load

Multi-RAT coordinated
symbol power saving
MRFD-161225 Multi-RAT Coordinat-
Deep symbol power saving ed Symbol Power Saving (LTE FDD) Scenarios where LTE and NR
MRFD-160236 Multi-RAT Coordinat- share RF modules
LTE and NR bundled ed Symbol Power Saving (LTE TDD)
scheduling

2 Device-Level Energy Saving: Space Domain

RF channel intelligent shutdown
In light-load scenarios, certain RF channels and their PAs are shut down to reduce the energy
consumption of RF modules.

SRAN / 106
 Power Power
PA2 is shut down when the
PA2 PA2 network is under light or no load.

PA1 PA1
Time Time

RF channel dynamic muting (LTE)

RF channel dynamic muting enables the base station to mute some transmit channels of a cell in
order to reduce the energy consumption of RF modules when the instantaneous load of the cell is
light, and to quickly restore all transmit channels to ensure user experience when the instantaneous
load of the cell increases.

RF channels enabled RF channel muted RF channels enabled

Channel A Channel A Channel A

ON PA1 ON PA1 ON PA1
RF channel LTE LTE LTE
states cell cell cell
Channel B Channel B PA2 Channel B
ON PA2 OFF
muted ON PA2
Cell load
小区负载

Triggering
mechanism for
state change

Time
Dynamic determination at an interval of Dynamic determination at an interval of
20 ms for RF channel muting 1 ms for RF channel restoration

LNR coordinated channel shutdown

When LTE and NR share RF modules, the base station selects the RF channel combinations with the
maximum number of PAs that can be shut down from the candidate RF channel shutdown combina-
tions of each cell sharing the RF modules. This maximizes the number of RF channels that can be
shut down, providing the maximum energy saving gains.

Channel A
ON PA1
Carrier 1
Channel B
ON PA2
Carrier 2
Channel C
OFF PA3 shut down

Channel D Note: Channels A, B, C, and D belong

OFF PA4 shut down
to carriers 1 and 2.

107 / SRAN
TTI-level channel shutdown (NR)
When the network is under light or moderate load and the TTI-level cell load is light, some trans-
mit channels can be shut down to obtain energy saving gains. When the TTI-level cell load is high,
all transmit channels are quickly restored to ensure user experience.

RF channel RF channel RF channel

enabled shut down enabled
Working channel
Channel that is shut down

Cell load

TTI-level evaluation of triggering channel shutdown Time

Low-power RF channel dynamic shutdown

When the network is under light or moderate load, low-power RF channel dynamic shutdown can
shut down some channels with low transmit power to reduce the energy consumption of the entire
base station.

In heavy-load scenarios, In light- or moderate-load scenarios,

all RF channels work properly. RF channels with low power are shut down.

Working channel Low-power channels that are shut down

Related functions
RAT Energy Saving Function Feature Application Scenario
RF channel intelligent FOFD-031205 RF Channel Intelligent Fixed periods when the network
shutdown Shutdown is under light or no load

5G Scenarios where LTE and NR

LNR coordinated channel MRFD-170264 Multi-RAT share RF modules and the
shutdown Coordinated Channel Shutdown (NR) network is under light or no load
during fixed periods

SRAN / 108
 RAT Energy Saving Function Feature Application Scenario

TTI-level channel shutdown

FOFD-061203 Intelligent Channel Fixed periods when the network

5G Low-power RF channel Dynamic Shutdown is under light or no load
dynamic shutdown (TDD)

RF channel intelligent LOFD-001039/TDLOFD-001039 RF Fixed periods when the network

shutdown Channel Intelligent Shutdown is under light or no load

LOFD-171201/TDLOFD-171201 RF Fixed periods when the network

RF channel dynamic muting
Channel Dynamic Muting is under light or no load
LTE
MRFD-161224 Multi-RAT Coordinated Scenarios where LTE and NR
LNR coordinated channel Channel Shutdown (LTE FDD) share RF modules and the
shutdown MRFD-170234 Multi-RAT Coordinated network is under light or no load
Channel Shutdown (LTE TDD) during fixed periods

RF channel dynamic muting

RF channel dynamic muting

in TM9 (FDD)
LOFD-171201/TDLOFD-171201 RF Fixed periods when the network
RF channel dynamic muting Channel Dynamic Muting is under light or no load
in TM4 (FDD)

Low-power RF channel
dynamic muting (TDD)

3 Device-Level Energy Saving: Frequency Domain

Intelligent carrier shutdown
In multi-carrier co-coverage networking, intelligent carrier shutdown enables the base station to
transfer UEs from capacity-layer cells to basic-layer cells and to shut down capacity-layer cells as
well as the PAs of RF modules when the network is under light load. This reduces the energy
consumption of the entire network.

The capacity-layer cell is shut down The capacity-layer cell is enabled

when the network is under light load. when the network is under heavy load.

Base Base Base Base

station station station station

Capacity-layer cell that is shut down Capacity-layer cell Basic-layer cell

Basic-layer cell: cells served by carriers providing basic coverage for the network
Capacity-layer cell: cells served by carriers supporting large traffic volumes during peak hours

109 / SRAN
Dynamic carrier shutdown (LTE)
The capacity-layer cell functions as a dedicated SCell for CA and can only be configured as an SCell
for UEs in the basic-layer cell involved in dynamic carrier shutdown. UEs cannot camp on or be
handed over to this capacity-layer cell. Less LTE signaling is transmitted in the cell. In addition, if the
capacity-layer cell is not activated as an SCell for any UE during dynamic carrier shutdown, CRSs are
muted in some symbols to save power.

CA not activated CA activated CA not activated

Capacity-layer cell

0 4 7 11 0 4 7 11 0 4 7 11
Base Basic-layer cell
station
Symbol with CRSs Symbol with data Idle symbol

RF module dormancy
When there are no services during a fixed period of time, RF modules enter the dormancy state to
reduce unnecessary energy consumption.

Z
Z
Z

Related functions
RAT Energy Saving Function Feature Application Scenario

NR single-carrier scenarios where

Timing carrier shutdown FOFD-021203 gNodeB Power Saving the network is under no load
during fixed periods

Inter-frequency co-coverage
FOFD-050203 Intelligent Carrier networking where the network is
Intelligent carrier shutdown
Shutdown under light or no load during fixed
periods

Indoor scenarios where the

5G pRRU deep dormancy FOFD-030216 pRRU Deep Dormancy network is under no load during
fixed periods

LTE and NR intelligent MRFD-160263 LTE and NR Intelligent Fixed periods when the NR
carrier shutdown Carrier Shutdown (NR) network is under light or no load

MRFD-161263 RF Module Deep Fixed periods when the network

RF module deep dormancy
Dormancy (NR) is under light or no load

SRAN / 110
 RAT Energy Saving Function Feature Application Scenario

Inter-frequency co-coverage
Intelligent power-off of LOFD-001042/TDLOFD-001042
networking where the network
carriers in the same Intelligent Power-Off of Carriers in the
is under light or no load during
coverage Same Coverage
fixed periods

Inter-frequency co-coverage
LOFD-001042/TDLOFD-001042
Dynamic carrier networking where the network
Intelligent Power-Off of Carriers in the
shutdown is under light or no load during
Same Coverage
fixed periods

Inter-frequency co-coverage
Dynamic carrier LOFD-001042/TDLOFD-001042 networking where the network is
shutdown phase 2 Intelligent Power-Off of Carriers in the under light or no load during
Same Coverage fixed periods

LTE multi-layer (≥ 3) inter-frequency

LOFD-160202/TDLOFD-160202
LTE Multi-carrier coordinated co-coverage networking where the
Multi-Carrier Coordinated Energy
energy saving network is under light or no load
Saving
during fixed periods

Indoor scenarios where the

LOFD-130202/TDLOFD-130202 pRRU network is under no load
pRRU deep dormancy
Deep Dormancy during fixed periods

MRFD-160223 LTE and NR Intelli-

gent Carrier Shutdown (LTE FDD) Fixed periods when the network is
LTE and NR intelligent under light or no load
MRFD-160233 LTE and NR Intelli-
carrier shutdown
gent Carrier Shutdown (LTE TDD)

MRFD-161233 RF Module Deep

Dormancy (LTE TDD) Fixed periods when the network is
RF module deep dormancy MRFD-181223 RF Module Deep under light or no load
Dormancy (LTE FDD)

111 / SRAN
 4 Device-Level Energy Saving: Power Domain

Energy saving based on flexible frequency-domain scheduling

Energy saving based on flexible frequency-domain scheduling expands available frequency-domain
resources for target UEs when there are idle frequency-domain resources on the network and
dynamically lowers the transmit power of the base station. This reduces the energy consumption of
the base station.

Time Time
Slot D Slot D
Symbol 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Symbol 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
RB0 RB0
RB1 RB1
RB2 RB2
RB3 RB3
... RB4
RBn RB5
RB6
...
User data User data
RBn
(with high power) (with low power)

Related functions
RAT Energy Saving Function Feature Application Scenario

Energy saving based on FOFD-060203 Energy Saving Based on Scenarios where the network
5G flexible frequency-domain Flexible Frequency-Domain Scheduling is under light or moderate load
scheduling

Energy saving based on LOFD-180201/TDLOFD-180201

Scenarios where the network is
4G flexible frequency-domain Energy Saving Based on Flexible
under light or moderate load
scheduling Frequency-Domain Scheduling

5 Site-Level Energy Saving

Low power consumption mode
When an alarm indicating power supply insufficiency or failures is reported, cells enter low power
consumption mode and the base station takes various measures according to a user-configured
policy to reduce the energy consumption of RF modules and prolong the duration of basic coverage
service provisioning.

SRAN / 112
 Symbol power saving (5G) Channel shutdown (LTE)

Carrier shutdown Transmit power reduction (LTE)

User-configured policy

Power saving level

Fault source A Fault source B Fault source C Fault source D

PSU intelligent shutdown

All PSUs work when the network Some PSUs are shut down when
is under heavy load. the network is under light load.
PSUs on PSUs off

Related functions

RAT Energy Saving Function Feature Application Scenario

Low power consumption FOFD-021203 gNodeB Power Saving Centralized power supply scenarios
mode where the mains supply is unstable
5G
FBFD-031003 PSU Intelligent Scenarios where the network
PSU intelligent shutdown
Shutdown is under light or no load
Low power consumption LOFD-001040/TDLOFD-001040 Low Centralized power supply scenarios
mode Power Consumption Mode where the mains supply is unstable
LTE
LOFD-001056/TDLOFD-001056 Scenarios where the network is
PSU intelligent sleep mode
PSU Intelligent Sleep Mode under light or no load

Glossary CA carrier aggregation CRS cell-specific reference signal

DRX discontinuous reception OPEX operating expense
PA power amplifier PSU power supply unit
RoC radio-on-a-chip SCC secondary component carrier
SCell secondary cell MAE MBB Automation Engine

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

113 / SRAN
 SRAN

Green Site

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Overview
Green Site is a cost-effective and efficient solution featuring green power generation, intelligent
power distribution, and simplified devices. This solution reduces the power consumption of an entire
site, reduces energy consumption and carbon emissions, and accelerates the formation of a
simplified, intelligent, and green site. This technical poster mainly introduces the APM5950
series-based site solution, Super Blade Site solution, and RuralLink solution, which suit deployment
requirements in different scenarios.

1 APM5950 Series-based Site Solution

The APM5950 series-based site solution is a next-generation APM-based solution that caters to the
evolution requirements of 5G devices in all scenarios and frequency bands. This solution uses
intelligence-related features to improve energy utilization. It helps build environmentally-friendly
and intelligent green sites while solving problems such as high costs and low energy efficiency that
can occur in traditional sites.

Continuous Coverage Improvements of APM5950 Series over APM30H Series

Power supply:
improved to 28 kW
Dense
urban杆站Urban
area area
Rural
area vs. Backup power:
improved to 1200 Ah
Heat dissipation:
improved to 3 kW

2 Super Blade Site Solution

The Super Blade Site solution is a site solution in which BladeAAUs with A+P integration are used.
This solution features simplification and agility, and is suited in sites with limited antenna space. In
this solution, resources available at existing sites are reused, reducing costs and improving efficiency.

Point Coverage Before Deployment vs. After Deployment

Limited antenna
space Simplified antenna
Multiple devices installation

Blade site
and high power
consumption vs. Simplified devices
Cost-effective and
High deployment efficient
costs

SRAN / 114
 3 RuralLink Solution
RuralLink is a wireless fronthaul solution. In this solution, microwave and COE devices are deployed,
avoiding the installation of optical fibers. Moreover, BBUs at existing sites are reused, eliminating the
need to install new BBUs. This allows for quick deployment while reducing costs.

Wide Coverage Before Deployment vs. After Deployment

Rural area Long optical fibers

Difficulties in deploying Flexible

vs.
optical fibers deployment

High optical fiber costs Reduced power

consumption
High costs of BBU
Island deployment at new Lower costs
sites

APM5950 Series-based Site Solution

The APM5950 series-based site solution is a next-generation APM-based site solution that can be
quickly deployed. It provides power supply, environment monitoring, and heat dissipation functions,
and has the ability to effectively manage energy consumption and power generation. In addition, a
unified OSS is used in this solution to help build an environmentally-friendly and intelligent green
site.

Intelligent Power Distribution

● Adaptive power backup: reduced power consumption of
non-critical services and increased power backup duration
for important loads, helping achieve precise power backup
● Intelligent peak staggering: reduced electricity fee
through staggering electricity usage in accordance with
varied electricity prices on peak and off-peak hours
● Intelligent voltage boosting: intelligent cooperation
between lithium batteries and power systems for supplying
constant voltage, reducing power cable costs
● Intelligent peak shaving: power supply with both batteries
and mains, avoiding need for mains reconstruction
● Multi-level power backup: power backup as needed
based on multiple sectors and bands, reducing battery costs

Green Power Generation and Carbon Emission

Reduction
● Carbon emission reduction: PV deployment is supported
to save energy and reduce carbon emissions.
● Efficient and green power generation: iPV is deployed to
improve solar energy acquisition efficiency and increase
solar energy yield.

Simplified O&M
Simplified O&M: easy maintenance, no need to visit sites,
and remote full-awareness of sites, improving O&M
efficiency

115 / SRAN
APM5950 with PV Power Distribution Solution
The APM5950 series-based site solution obtains power through iPV deployment (solar power+mains
supply). iPV deployment supports the stacking of iPV modules, featuring flexible scaling for increased
solar energy yield.

Mains supply solar power

In addition to traditional power supply, PV modules
are added to use solar power.
Solar power is preferred during daytime when
sunlight is abundant.
Mains supply is used when there is less sunlight
and at night.

GIU01D
After solar power is converted, the GIU01D,
which is a green power input unit, supplies
the converted power to the APM cabinet
and the EPU supplies power to equipment.

APM5950 series
Stacking of PVPU controller EPU04A-01/02 RRU
iPV modules

Super Blade Site Solution

The Super Blade Site solution uses BladeAAU, Blade RRU, Blade BBU, Blade Power, and
Blade Battery modules, eliminating the need for cabinets. It features simplified antenna
installation and devices, as well as flexible deployment, thereby effectively solving the
deployment difficulties that can occur in traditional sites.
Simplified Devices
● BladeAAUs integrate RF modules and antennas, reducing
the space required for antenna installation. BladeAAU
● Multi-band RF modules reduce the number of modules
on sites.

Flexible Deployment
● Multiple TX/RX modes for flexible deployment in
multi-sector scenarios
● Easy deployment with "zero" land occupation and no
need for cabinets Blade RRU

Carbon Emission Reduction

Blade BBU
● Highly integrated modules reduce power consumption of Blade Power
an entire site, therefore reducing costs.
● The duration for site deployment is shortened, improving
Blade Battery
efficiency.

SRAN / 116
 Super Blade Site Devices

1 BladeAAU Series

BladeAAU modules adopt an A+P integration design, which means

they can be deployed in existing antenna installation spaces,
effectively reducing the space required for antenna installation.
Flexible
Combination A (active module)+P (passive module)
Supported Sub-3
3500 MHz or 3700 MHz
GHz Band
TX/RX Mode 32T32R or 64T64R
Antenna
Eight-band antenna with 16 ports
Configuration
Number of
192
Antenna Elements

2 Blade RRU Series

Blade RRUs support an ultra-wide range of frequency bands
and flexible TX/RX modes, and allow for expansion to more
frequency bands and TX/RX modes.

Three low frequency bands (MHz):

700+800+900
Multiple-Band Three medium frequency bands (MHz):
Capability 1800+2100+2600
Two medium frequency bands (MHz):
1800+2100

TX/RX Mode 4T4R or 8T8R

Sector 4T6S or 8T3S, working with SDA

Configuration

3 BladeBBU (BBU5900A)

The BBU5900A allows for baseband capability expansion by adding

or replacing boards to meet capacity requirements of a site.
Dimensions
400 mm x 160 mm x 380 mm
(H x W x D)
Weight ≤ 20 kg (full configuration)

–48 V DC/110 V AC single-phase/220 V AC

Input Power
single-phase

117 / SRAN
4 BladePower Series
The OPM200 is used as an example. To meet the power
distribution requirements of different RF modules, the OPM200
can be configured with the PSU, PDU, or SDU.
Dimensions
400 mm x 380 mm x 164 mm
(H x W x D)
Weight ≤ 25 kg (full configuration)

220 V AC/110 V dual-live wire/120 V

Input Power
dual-live wire

Output Power 8000 W (configured with three PSUs)

5 BladeBattery (IBBS50L)

Dimensions
420 mm x 120 mm x 380 mm
(H x W x D)
Weight ≈ 28 kg

Input Power –48 V DC

Output Power 2400 Wh

RuralLink Solution
RuralLink is a wireless fronthaul solution in which BBUs of the existing base stations are reused,
eliminating the need to deploy new BBUs. In this solution, only new RRUs and COEs need to be
deployed, thereby reducing costs and power consumption. The RuralLink solution supports GSM,
UMTS, and LTE, and allows the evolution to 5G. This solution provides superior coverage.

Simplified Devices
● No dedicated BBU is required, as the BBU of the macro base station is reused.
● COE, which is used for CPRI-ETH conversion, enables microwave transmission, thereby reducing the number
of optical fibers required.

Carbon Emission Reduction

● BBU sharing with macro base stations reduces the power consumption of the entire site and
carbon emissions.

SRAN / 118
 Flexible Deployment

● Sharing resources of macro base stations for flexible capacity expansion

● Simplified sites and flexible deployment

Reused BBUs
RRUs deployment only
Combination of
microwave and No dedicated BBU required
COE Combination of microwave
and COE

Traditional macro
RuralLink
base station

RuralLink Devices
COE modules perform conversion between CPRI frames and Ethernet packets. The BBU and RRU
transmit CPRI frames whereas microwave devices transmit ETH frames. As such, COE modules are
added between the BBU and microwave device and between the microwave device and RRU for
CPRI-ETH conversion. COE modules can be flexibly interconnected with microwave devices working
in different frequency bands, RRUs, and BBUs.

A COE module consists of a high-speed interface module, a data processing module, and a power
module.
Dimensions
(H x W x D) 250 mm x 155 mm x 35 mm
Microwave BBU/
device RRU
Weight 2 kg
GE_C CPRI0
Input Power –48 V DC
High-speed
Power module

interface module Typical Power

18 W
Consumption
CPRI Port Rate 1.25 Gbit/s or 2.5 Gbit/s
Data
processing module GE_C Port Rate 2.5 Gbit/s
COE5902

Glossary COE CPRI over Ethernet CPRI Common Public Radio Interface ETH Ethernet
GIU green power input unit iPV intelligent photovoltaics OSS operations support system
PV photovoltaics PVPU Photovoltaic Power Unit SDA software-defined antenna

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

119 / SRAN
 SRAN

MetaAAU

This technical poster provides only a general overview and does not constitute any offers or commitments. For detailed
information, see the product or feature documentation delivered with the software.

Generations of Massive MIMO AAU Modules

Experience 30%–40% ↑
Coverage 40% ↑
Third-generation
massive MIMO
Energy consumption 10% ↓
Ultra-large-scale array
Experience 20% ↑ Second-generation Improvement in performance
Coverage 20% ↑ massive MIMO and energy efficiency

High bandwidth and power Ultra-large-scale

First-generation Outperforming 4G mid-band antenna elements
networks in coverage
massive MIMO AU
aA Ultra-high-resolution
t

beam management
Me

384
antenna Super-optimal
system integration
192 elements architecture
antenna
128
antenna elements
elements

Industry Huawei

Specifications

Key specifications of the AAU5636m

Band: 3.5 GHz Number of antenna elements: 384

Power: 320 W Frontal area: 1450 mm x 400 mm

MetaAAU TRX: 64T64R Weight: 30 kg

AAU5636m
OBW: 200 MHz

SRAN / 120
 Key Technologies
Three cutting-edge technologies improve performance and energy efficiency.

Ultra-large-scale Ultra-high-resolution Super-optimal system

antenna array beam management integration architecture

Improvement in uplink Wide sweeping, anti- High integration and low

and downlink coverage interference capability, and power consumption
increased coverage scope

• Ultra-light integrated • High-resolution • High-density board

antenna element beamforming • Third-generation highly
• Low-insertion-loss feed • Narrow-beam management efficient GaN power
network • Adaptive beam optimization amplifier

Four Benefits
Green and energy-
Coverage Experience efficient network Traffic growth
increase improvement Simplified network ROI increase

Typical Cases

1 Coverage Increase

Increase for the uplink and downlink:

3 dBm

Conventional AAU

MetaAAU

121 / SRAN
 2 Experience Improvement

Downlink transmission rate

Increase for cell edge users:
Around 30%

Conventional AAU
MetaAAU
SSB RSRP

3 Green and Energy-Efficient Network

MetaAAU
has lower energy consumption than
conventional AAU modules
when providing the same coverage.

Conventional AAU MetaAAU

4 Traffic Growth

Increase in the number of users per site:

Increase in traffic per site:

Around 20%
Around 30%

Conventional AAU MetaAAU Conventional AAU MetaAAU

Glossary AAU active antenna unit GaN gallium nitride MM massive MIMO OBW occupied bandwidth
ROI return on investment RSRP reference signal received power SSB synchronization signal and PBCH block

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2023. All rights reserved.

SRAN / 122
 Glossary
A
AAU active antenna unit AHR Adaptive High Resolution
AMC adaptive modulation and coding AoA angle of arrival
B
B2H business to home BLER block error rate
BSR buffer status report
C
CA carrier aggregation CBF coordinated beamforming
CCE control channel element CEU cell edge user
COE CPRI over Ethernet Co-MM coordinated massive MIMO
CoMP coordinated multipoint transmission/reception CP cyclic prefix
CPE customer-premises equipment CP-OFDM Cyclic Prefix OFDM
CPRI Common Public Radio Interface CQI channel quality indicator
CRS cell-specific reference signal CSI channel state information
CSI-RS channel state information reference signal
D
DC dual connectivity DCI downlink control information
DFT-s-OFDM DFT-spread OFDM DMB Dynamic Massive Beam
DMRS demodulation reference signal DRX discontinuous reception
DSS dynamic spectrum sharing

E
eMBB enhanced Mobile Broadband ETH Ethernet
F
FTTx fibre to the x FWA fixed wireless access
G
GaN gallium nitride GIU green power input unit
GP guard period
H
HARQ hybrid automatic repeat request
I
IBLER initial block error rate IC interference cancellation
IMB Intelligent Multi-Beam IoT Internet of Things
IPTV Internet Protocol television IPV intelligent photovoltaics
IRC interference rejection combining
J L
JAMC joint adaptive modulation and coding LTM Lightweight Wireless Terminal Management
 M
MAE MBB Automation Engine MCG master cell group
MCS modulation and coding scheme MIE Mobile Intelligent Engine
MIMO multiple-input multiple-output MISO multiple-input single-output
MM massive MIMO MPR maximum power reduction
MU beamforming multi-user beamforming MU-MIMO multi-user MIMO
MU pairing multi-user pairing
N
NSA non-standalone
O
O&M operations and maintenance OBW occupied bandwidth
OPEX operating expense OSS operations support system
P
PA power amplifier PAPR peak to average power ratio
PBCH physical broadcast channel PCC primary component carrier
PCell primary cell PDCCH physical downlink control channel
PDSCH physical downlink shared channel PIM passive intermodulation
PMI precoding matrix indication PRACH physical random access channel
PRB physical resource block PSU power supply unit
PT-RS phase-tracking reference signal PUCCH physical uplink control channel
PUSCH physical uplink shared channel PV photovoltaics
PVPU Photovoltaic Power Unit
Q
QAM quadrature amplitude modulation QCI QoS class identifier
QoS quality of service QPSK quadrature phase shift keying

R
RB resource block RBG resource block group
RIM-RS remote interference management reference signal
RoC radio-on-a-chip ROI return on investment
RPCU radio phase calibration unit RSRP reference signal received power

S
SA standalone SCC secondary component carrier
SCell secondary cell SDA software-defined antenna
SIMO single-input multiple-output SINR signal to interference plus noise ratio
SISO single-input single-output SR scheduling request
SRS sounding reference signal SS synchronization signal
SSB synchronization signal and PBCH block SUL supplementary uplink
SU beamforming single-user beamforming SU-MIMO single-user MIMO
T
TB transport block
TTIB TTI bundling TRP transmission reception point

V
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol