Networking and Telecommunications

A computer can operate autonomously or be connected to a network. In the first case,

it is used as a stand-alone system, ideal for domestic situations. In the second case, it
is part of a network environment, in which multiple devices and peripherals are
connected to improve sharing and communication.
Advantages of Networking Networking and Telecommunications A computer can operate
autonomously or be connected to a network. In the first case, it is used
as a stand-alone system, ideal for domestic situations. In the second

Sharing resources (printers, software, databases) to case, it is part of a network environment, in which multiple devices and
peripherals are connected to improve sharing and communication.

reduce costs and improve efficiency. Advantages of Networking: Sharing resources (printers, software,
databases) to reduce costs and improve efficiency. Rapid data exchange
and collaboration between users. Centralized backup for more secure
data management. Disadvantages of Networking: High costs for
Rapid data exchange and collaboration between installation and maintenance, Need for specific hardware (servers,
switches, cables),Requires specialized personnel for network
users. management and security. LAN and WAN Computer networks are
classified according to their geographical extension: LAN (Local Area
Network): Covers a limited area, such as a room, a building or a group of
buildings. Communication via copper cables, optical fibre or Wi-Fi
Centralized backup for more secure data connections, the latter useful for reducing costs or in places where cables
cannot be installed. WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers a much larger
management. geographic area, connecting multiple LANs (e.g. the Internet).
Communication: It can be managed by a single network or multiple

Disadvantages of Networking
High costs for installation and maintenance.
Need for specific hardware (servers, switches, Intranet: A private LAN that uses internet protocols to share
information confidentially. Internet: A public WAN accessible from
cables). multiple networks globally. Wi-Fi Technologies Wi-Fi (Wireless
Fidelity) is a wireless network technology that allows devices to
connect to the Internet via high-frequency radio signals (2.4 or 5
Requires specialized personnel for network GHz), without the use of cables. Advantages of Wi-Fi; It eliminates
the need for physical cabling, avoiding wires and sockets everywhere,

management and security. it guarantees mobility, allowing you to connect anywhere without
being tied to a fixed point, It facilitates access to shared data, such as
doctors consulting medical records in real time. Operation and
Coverage Wi-Fi uses an access point, which emits radio waves to
connect devices to the network. Coverage varies: About 20 meters
indoors, limited by walls, Several hundred meters outdoors, with
overlapping access points, Wi-Fi Security Less secure than wired

LAN and WAN connections, as data can be intercepted with radio devices. Secure
with encryption, thanks to protection protocols that encode data with
passwords and advanced algorithms. Decodable only with a password
and knowledge of the encryption algorithm.Wi-Fi combines
Computer networks are classified according to their convenience and flexibility but requires adequate security measures
to protect data.
geographical extension:
LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a limited area,
such as a room, a building or a group of buildings. Communication via copper cables,
optical fibre or Wi-Fi connections, the latter useful for reducing costs or in places where
cables cannot be installed. The Origins of the Internet The Internet originated in
the 1960s with ARPANET (1969), a network designed by

WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers a much larger the US Army to connect military sites and withstand
nuclear damage. If a base was destroyed, messages
could be rerouted through other nodes in the
geographic area, connecting multiple LANs (e.g. the network. The project also involved universities and
companies to strengthen the network. Development of
Internet). Communication: It can be managed by a the Internet (1970-1990) TCP/IP (1974): The
introduction of this protocol allowed new networks to be
single network or multiple distinct networks, with connected, especially in universities. World Wide Web
(1991): The introduction of the WWW made the Internet

private (authentication-protected) or public access. accessible to the general public, thanks to multimedia
content (graphics, animations, music and video). The
Internet from the 1990s to the early 2000s In the 1990s,
the diffusion of PCs and access to the Internet grew
Intranet vs Internet rapidly. Companies exploited the network for advertising
and sales, leading to the birth of companies specialized

Intranet: A private LAN that uses internet protocols to

share information confidentially. Network protocols are sets of rules and standards that allow
devices to communicate with each other efficiently. IP
(Internet Protocol): Identifies and routes data packets across
Internet: A public WAN accessible from multiple networks globally. a network, assigning unique IP addresses and breaking data
into smaller blocks for efficient transmission. TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol): Breaks data into packets,
sends them in order, and verifies that they are received
correctly. It also manages network congestion control to
avoid overloading. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):
Allows communication between a browser and a web server,
making it easier to access and view web pages. It works by
sending HTTP requests to servers, which respond with the
requested information. Other protocols: FTP (File Transfer
Protocol): For transferring files. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol): For sending email. DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol): For automatically assigning IP
addresses to network devices.
Wi-Fi Technologies
These protocols are fundamental to the functioning of the
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a wireless network technology that allows devices to connect
to the Internet via high-frequency radio signals (2.4 or 5 GHz), without the use of
cables.
Advantages of Wi-Fi.