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Statistics

Statistics is a branch of mathematics focused on collecting, organizing, and interpreting data, divided into descriptive and inferential statistics. Key concepts include population, sample, variables (qualitative and quantitative), and various data collection methods such as surveys and experiments. Sampling techniques like simple random, stratified, systematic, and cluster sampling are essential for selecting samples, while frequency distribution tables and statistical graphs help visualize and interpret data.

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Sairel Mae Bautista
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3 views

Statistics

Statistics is a branch of mathematics focused on collecting, organizing, and interpreting data, divided into descriptive and inferential statistics. Key concepts include population, sample, variables (qualitative and quantitative), and various data collection methods such as surveys and experiments. Sampling techniques like simple random, stratified, systematic, and cluster sampling are essential for selecting samples, while frequency distribution tables and statistical graphs help visualize and interpret data.

Uploaded by

Sairel Mae Bautista
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics – is branch of mathematics that deals with collecting, organizing, and interpreting data to address a certain

phenomenon.
TWO KINDS OF STATISTICS:
1. Descriptive Statistics - describes the properties of sample and population data.
2. Inferential Statistics - uses the properties of sample and population data to test hypotheses and draw conclusions.

TERMS USED IN STATISTICS:


 Population is the set of all possible cases from which data are collected.
Example: Populations of all students enrolled at CNHS
 Sample is a subset of the population under study.
Example: Grade 7 students of CNHS
 Variables are characteristics that vary over time from subject to subject.
Example: Grade 7 students of CNHS

TWO TYPES OF VARIABLES:


1. Qualitative Variable - is a type of variable that focuses on the quality or characteristics of each
experimental unit.
Examples: Civil Status, Gender, Color, Favorite Movie, Brand of shoes
2. Quantitative Variable - is a type of variable that measures a numerical quantity on each experimental
unit.
Examples: Age, Height, Weight, Daily Allowance, Scores in quiz

 Data Collection - is the process of gathering or collecting data.


METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:
1. Surveys and Questionnaires
- Surveys involve asking individuals a set of predetermined questions, often in written form, to gather
information about their opinions, behaviors, or characteristics.
2. Interviews
- Interviews involve direct interaction between a researcher and a participant, where questions are asked
and responses are recorded.
3. Observations
- Researchers directly observe and record behavior, events, or phenomena without direct interaction
with the participants.
4. Experiments
- Researchers manipulate variables to observe the effect on the outcome. Controlled conditions help
establish cause-and-effect relationships.
5. Case Studies
- In-depth examination of a single case or a small number of cases to gain insights into complex
phenomena.

 Sampling is the process of selecting a sample of individuals or elements from a larger population
for study.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:
1. Simple Random Sampling: Every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Example: Lottery, Fishbowl method

2. Stratified Sampling: Dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and then randomly sampling from
each subgroup.
Example: Samples from each Grade level

3. Systematic Sampling: Selecting every nth individual from the population after a random start.
Example: Getting every 5th student in the class

4. Cluster Sampling: The population is divided into groups called clusters based on geographical location. Then, a random
sample of these clusters is selected.
Example: Selecting student-athletes per district.
Frequency Distribution Table - is a statistical table that deals with the frequency or number of occurrences of
a given variable for a specific experimental unit.
The parts of a simple frequency distribution table:

RELATIVE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE


CATEGORY FREQUENCY Frequency Frequency
x 100 %
Total Numbe r Total Number

Example #01:
VEGETABLES FREQUENCY RELATIVE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Eggplant 5 0.20 20%
Carrot 4 0.16 16%
Cabbage 3 0.12 12%
Potato 6 0.24 24%
Squash 4 0.16 16%
Bell Pepper 3 0.12 12%
TOTAL: 25 1.00 100%

Example #02:
After a survey, Gina gathered data about the fruit preferences of some Grade 7 students. The result is presented in the table below.
Create a frequency distribution table.
Apple Banana Orange Mango Orange
Banana Mango Apple Orange Apple
Orange Orange Banana Apple Orange

Solution:
FREQUENCY RELATIVE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Statistical Graphs or Charts - are visual representations of statistical data. These graphs are utilized to illustrate a data set, making it
simpler to understand and interpret the information.

TYPES OF GRAPH:
1. Bar Graph is a data presentation tool that uses bars with different heights and lengths.

2. Line Graph makes use of lines and dots to show a potential future pattern or trend.

3. Stem and Leaf Plot is a unique table in which each data value is divided into a "stem" (the first digit or digits) and a "leaf"
(typically the last digit).
4. Pictograph is the pictorial representation of data using images, icons, or symbols.

5. Pie Graph is a type of graph representing data in a circular form, with each slice of the circle representing a fraction or
proportionate part of the whole.

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