Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s

Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil Polytechnic, Satara

Micro-Project Report
On
“ Segments of Environment”
Presented By
Roll No Name of Student
90 Mayur Rajaram Sankpal
91 Onkar Sandip Shinde
92 Ganesh Chandrakant Zore

Program: Diploma in Computer Engineering

Class: TYCO Year (Semester: V)
Course: Environmental studies
(Subject Code: 22447)

Guided By
Mrs. Toraskar P.D.

Computer Engineering Department

[2024-25]
 Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s
Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil Polytechnic,
Satara

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify
that

Mr. Mayur Rajaram Sankpal

Mr. Onkar Sandip Shinde

Mr. Ganesh Chandrakant

Zore

of Third Year (Semester V) have successfully completed the Micro-Project work

entitled “Segments of Environment” in the Course “Environmental studies” Program

Diploma in Computer Engineering of Maharashtra State of Technical Education,
Mumbai, Maharashtra State.

Prof.Mrs. Toraskar P.D Prof.Mr.Ghorpade B.S Prof. Mr.Devi N.B

Guide Head of Department Principal

Date:
Place:
 Undertaking by Students
We will preserve micro-project and the report in our custody till end of
completion of our program. We assure that we will produce the same whenever we
or anybody from our group will be asked to produce it without fail.

Sr. Roll Name of Student Mobile No. Signature

No. No.
1 90 Mayur Rajaram Sankpal 8625860545
2 91 Onkar Sandip Shinde 9529266397
3 92 Ganesh Chandrakant Zore 8108289602
 Annexure – I A
Part A – Plan (About 2-3 pages)
Format for Micro-Project Proposal (For 1st to 4th Semester)
Title of Micro-Project: “Segments Of Environment”
Brief Introduction :
The environment is made up of six interconnected segments, or spheres, which together create
a balanced ecosystem. These include the atmosphere, which acts asEarth's protective layer and
regulates climate; the hydrosphere, encompassing all water bodies vital for life and industry;
and the lithosphere, Earth's solid outer layer that provides nutrients for plants. Additionally, the
biosphere represents all living organisms, interacting with their environment to sustain life.
Understandingand preserving these spheres is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and
ensuring the planet's future sustainability
1.0 Aim of the Micro-Project (in about 4 to 5 sentences )
This Micro-Project aims at
a) Raise awareness about the six spheres of the environment and their roles in ecological balance.
b) Promote sustainable actions to preserve and protect the planet's ecosystems.
c) Encourage collective responsibility for environmental conservation and future sustainability

2.0 Action Plan ( Sequence and time required for major activities for 8 weeks )
Sr. Planned Planned Name of Responsible
Details of Activity
No. Start date Finish date Team Members
1 Searched about topic 9-9-24 14-9-24 Ashish Mane
2 Understanding new concepts 16-9-24 21-9-24 Roshan Kumar sah
3 Learning about Management 23-9-24 28-9-24 Prajwal Shinde
4 Understanding the SEM’s 30-9-24 5-10-24 Ashish Mane
5 Understanding principles of 7-10-24 12-10-24 Roshan Kumar sah
management
6 Collecting the information 14-10-24 19-10-24 Prajwal Shinde
7 Refining the report 21-10-24 26-10-24 Roshan Kumar sah
8 Making the report 28-10-24 4-11-24 Ashish Mane
3.0 Resources Requires

Sr.
Name of resource / material Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1 Ms Word Create Document
2 Google Search information
3 Wikipidia Collect information
 Annexure – II A

Part B – Outcome after Execution

Format for Micro-Project Report (About 6-10 pages)

For 1st to 4th Semester

Title of Micro-

Project
1.0 Brief Description: ( Importance of the project, in about 100 to 200 words )
This project explores the six spheres of environmental harmony—atmosphere, hydrosphere,
lithosphere, biosphere, and others—that interact to maintain a balanced ecosystem. It
emphasizes the critical role each sphere plays in sustaining life on Earth and aims to raise
awareness about the importance of preserving these systems. Through education and
advocacy, the project seeks topromote sustainable practices and foster a sense of
responsibility toward environmental conservation, ensuring a healthy planet for future
generations
2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project ( in about 100 to 200 words )

This Micro-Project aims at

a) Raise awareness about the six spheres of the environment and their roles in ecological balance.

b) Promote sustainable actions to preserve and protect the planet’s ecosystems.

c) Encourage collective responsibility for environmental conservation and future sustainability

3.0 Course Outcome Integrated

(Add to the earlier list if more COs are addressed)

a) Understand the six environmental spheres

and their roles in ecological balance.
b) Apply sustainable practices to preserve
Earth's ecosystems.
c) Develop responsibility for
environmental conservation.
d) Enhance critical thinking to
address environmental challenges.
4.0 Actual Procedure Followed
Write the step wise the work was done, including which team member did what work and
how the data was analysed. (if any)

1) We collected information About project

2) Search the information about project
3) Create a word document of project
4) Create a Report of project
5) Teacher check the softcopy of project
6) Print out the project

Actual Resources Used

( Mention the actual resources used )

Sr.
Name of resource / material Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1 Ms Word Create Document
2 Google Search information
3 Wikipidia Collect information

5.0 Output of the Micro-Project

(Drawing of the prototype, drawing of survey, presentation of collection of data, findings etc)

We know about the Segments of Environment and

what is the causes of pollution of of segments of Environment

6.0 Skill developed / Learning out of the Micro-Project

(in about 150 to 200 words)

1) How to create word document

2) How to save enviorment
 Climate change in biodiversity

 INTRODUCTION

Imagine Earth as a beautifully orchestrated symphony, each plant, animal, and ecosystem playing a unique
role in harmony. Biodiversity is the music that fills our planet, with every living thing—from the tiniest
microbe to the largest whale—acting as a note in this vibrant composition. But as climate change
intensifies, this music is disrupted, with rising temperatures, shifting weather patterns, and extreme events
altering the song.

In forests, oceans, mountains, and plains, species are struggling to keep time. Some are forced to move to
cooler areas, while others attempt to adapt to new conditions. Birds sing their migration calls at
unexpected times, plants bloom too early or too late, and insects emerge in sync with seasons that no
longer match their natural cycles. Habitats shift, resources become scarce, and ecosystems lose the balance
they once had. These changes can mean life or death for countless species, pushing some closer to
extinction.

The impact on biodiversity ripples back to us, too. This web of life supports essentials we often take for
granted: clean air, fresh water, pollinated crops, stable climates, and even medicine. If we lose pieces of
this puzzle, we risk weakening the resilience of ecosystems we rely on. Addressing climate change is not
just about protecting polar bears or rainforests—it’s about preserving the delicate, interconnected world we
all share.

Taking steps to reduce emissions, conserve habitats, and protect species from the impacts of climate
change can help restore balance. By caring for our planet’s biodiversity, we are safeguarding the natural
beauty and resilience that makes Earth a place where all life can thrive.
  Problems occur due to climate change

1. Extreme Weather Events

Climate change intensifies weather patterns, leading to more frequent and severe natural disasters.
Hurricanes, floods, droughts, and wildfires are becoming more destructive due to rising global
temperatures and altered precipitation patterns. These events displace communities, destroy homes, disrupt
livelihoods, and cost billions in emergency response and recovery. For example, higher temperatures lead
to more intense and prolonged heatwaves, causing droughts that dry out vegetation, which fuels wildfires.
Similarly, warmer ocean temperatures can increase the intensity of hurricanes, resulting in devastating
impacts on coastal regions.

2. Loss of Biodiversity

As climate changes, ecosystems are altered, and many species struggle to survive. Rising temperatures,
changing precipitation patterns, and habitat loss make it difficult for species to adapt. Some may migrate to
new regions, but not all have the capacity to move or find suitable habitats. Coral reefs, which support a
vast range of marine life, are highly sensitive to warming oceans and are experiencing massive bleaching
events. Polar species like polar bears and walruses are losing their icy habitats, and migratory birds are
finding that their seasonal paths no longer align with food availability. This loss of biodiversity disrupts
ecosystems, reducing resilience and altering the balance of nature.

3. Rising Sea Levels

One of the most visible impacts of climate change is the melting of glaciers and polar ice, which leads to
rising sea levels. As seawater encroaches on coastlines, low-lying areas are at high risk of flooding,
erosion, and loss of land. Cities, islands, and coastal communities face the possibility of becoming
uninhabitable, displacing millions of people worldwide. Rising sea levels also contaminate freshwater
supplies in coastal areas, making drinking water scarce. In addition to displacing human populations,
rising seas threaten coastal ecosystems such as mangroves and wetlands, which serve as important
nurseries for marine life and buffers against storm surges.

4. Agricultural Challenges

Climate change disrupts agricultural systems, threatening global food security. Altered rainfall patterns,
extreme heat, and increased frequency of droughts make it difficult for crops to grow and livestock to
thrive. Heat stress affects crop yields, while unpredictable weather events damage harvests, leading to food
shortages and price hikes. In regions that rely on consistent seasonal patterns, changes in growing seasons
can be disastrous. For instance, wheat and rice production in certain areas may decrease, affecting staple
food supplies. In addition, extreme weather events like hurricanes can destroy farms and wipe out entire
seasons of production, impacting both local farmers and global markets.
5. Water Scarcity

As temperatures rise, evaporation rates increase, and altered precipitation patterns lead to more frequent
droughts in many areas, causing water scarcity. This problem is especially severe in arid and semi-arid
regions where water resources are already limited. Reduced water availability affects drinking water
supplies, agriculture, and energy production. For example, in areas dependent on river systems fed by
melting glaciers, declining glacier mass reduces water flow, impacting both people and ecosystems. In
addition to physical water scarcity, increased competition for water resources among sectors (e.g.,
agriculture, industry, households) can lead to conflicts.

6. Health Risks

Climate change poses numerous health risks. Extreme heat events can lead to heat exhaustion,
dehydration, and even death, particularly among vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and
those with pre-existing conditions. Poor air quality from wildfires and pollution, which are exacerbated by
climate change, worsens respiratory and cardiovascular health. Additionally, climate change allows
disease-carrying insects like mosquitoes and ticks to expand into new regions, spreading diseases such as
malaria, dengue fever, and Lyme disease. These changes in disease patterns put new populations at risk
and strain healthcare systems unprepared for these emerging threats.

7. Ocean Acidification

As atmospheric CO₂ levels rise, oceans absorb a significant portion of this gas, leading to ocean
acidification. The increased acidity of ocean water disrupts marine ecosystems, particularly affecting
species with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons, like corals, mollusks, and certain types of plankton.
Coral reefs, which are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet, are particularly vulnerable.
The degradation of coral reefs affects the entire marine food web, as countless species depend on them for
habitat and resources. Ocean acidification also threatens fisheries, which are vital sources of food and
livelihoods for millions of people.

8. Economic Strain

The economic impacts of climate change are widespread and significant. Natural disasters like hurricanes,
floods, and wildfires lead to costly damages, requiring extensive resources for rebuilding. Additionally,
industries such as agriculture, tourism, and fisheries are heavily impacted, reducing productivity and
leading to economic losses. For example, the tourism industry suffers when natural attractions, such as
coral reefs or ski resorts, are damaged by climate impacts. The financial strain also affects national
economies, as governments allocate more resources for disaster relief, healthcare, and infrastructure repair.
The potential for climate change to

9. Loss of Ecosystem Services

Healthy ecosystems provide essential services to humans, such as clean air, water purification, pollination,
and climate regulation. Climate change disrupts these services, making it harder for ecosystems to function
and, by extension, affecting human well-being. For example, forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO₂
from the atmosphere. However, with rising temperatures and increased wildfires, forests can become
carbon sources rather than sinks, accelerating climate change. Similarly, the decline in pollinators like bees
due to changing climate patterns threatens food production. Losing these natural services creates additional
challenges and costs for societies to replace or cope with.
10. Human Displacement

Climate change is increasingly forcing people to migrate from their homes. Rising sea levels, extreme
weather events, and dwindling resources due to changing environmental conditions contribute to the
displacement of millions of people worldwide. These “climate refugees” often face challenges in finding
new homes, resources, and opportunities. The influx of displaced populations can create social and
political strain on receiving regions, as resources become stretched, and tensions may arise over land, jobs,
and services. Managing this migration and providing support to displaced communities is a growing
humanitarian challenge.
Causes of Atmosphere Pollution

1. Industrial Activities

 Emissions from factories and power plants: Industrial facilities burn fossil fuels like coal, oil,
and natural gas, releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen
oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM).
 Chemical production: Some industries emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which contribute
to the formation of ground-level ozone and smog.

2. Transportation
 Vehicle emissions: Cars, trucks, and other forms of transportation emit carbon monoxide (CO),
nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons, and particulate matter (PM), all of which contribute to air
pollution, especially in urban areas.
 Aviation: Airplanes release carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutants at high
altitudes, affecting both local air quality and contributing to climate change.

3. Agricultural Activities
 Livestock farming: Animals like cows produce methane (CH₄), a potent greenhouse gas.
 Use of fertilizers and pesticides: These chemicals release ammonia (NH₃) and VOCs into the
air, contributing to the formation of smog and ground-level ozone.
 Burning of agricultural residues: The burning of crop residues, particularly in developing
countries, releases particulate matter and other pollutants into the atmosphere.

4. Deforestation and Land-Use Changes

 Burning of forests: In many parts of the world, forests are cleared by burning, which releases
large amounts of carbon dioxide, particulate matter, and other pollutants.
 Urbanization and construction: Building roads, buildings, and other infrastructure often leads
to increased dust and particulate matter in the air.

5. Waste Disposal and Landfills

 Decomposition of organic waste: Landfills release methane gas as organic waste breaks
down anaerobically. This contributes to both air pollution and climate change.
 Open burning of waste: In many countries, waste is still burned in the open, releasing a variety of
toxic substances into the air.

6. Energy Production
 Fossil fuel combustion: Power plants that burn coal, oil, or natural gas emit large quantities of
CO₂, sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter.
 Mining activities: Mining, especially coal mining, can release dust and toxic gases, contributing
to atmospheric pollution.
Hydrosphere

 The hydrosphere (from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) 'water'

and σφαῖρα (sphaîra) 'sphere') is the combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface
of a planet, minor planet, or natural satellite. Although Earth's hydrosphere has been around for
about 4 billion years, it continues to change in shape. This is caused by seafloor spreading and
continental drift, which rearranges the land andocean.

 It has been estimated that there are 1.386 billion cubic kilometres (333 million cubic miles) of
water on Earth. This includes water in gaseous, liquid and frozen forms as soilmoisture,
groundwater and permafrost in the Earth's crust (to a depth of
2 km); oceans and seas, lakes, rivers and streams, wetlands, glaciers, ice and snow coveron Earth's
surface; vapour, droplets and crystals in the air; and part of living plants, animals and unicellular
organisms of the biosphere. Saltwater accounts for 97.5% of thisamount, whereas fresh water accounts
for only 2.5%. Of this fresh water, 68.9% is in theform of ice and permanent snow cover in the Arctic,
the Antarctic and
mountain glaciers; 30.8% is in the form of fresh groundwater; and only 0.3% of thefresh
water on Earth is in easily accessible lakes, reservoirs and river systems.

 The total mass of Earth's hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 1018 tonnes, which is about 0.023%of Earth's
total mass. At any given time, about 2 × 1013 tonnes of this is in the form
of water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere (for practical purposes, 1 cubic metre of waterweighs 1
tonne). Approximately 71% of Earth's surface, an area of some 361 million square kilometres (139.5
million square miles), is covered by ocean. The
average salinity of Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water(3.5%).
Causes of Hydrosphere Pollution
1. Industrial Discharges
 Toxic chemicals: Factories and industries release hazardous chemicals such as heavy metals
(e.g., mercury, lead, arsenic), solvents, and toxins into nearby rivers and oceans.
 Oil spills: Accidental or intentional discharges of oil from industries, shipping, and drilling
platforms cause severe pollution in marine environments, harming marine life and ecosystems.
 Wastewater from manufacturing: The release of untreated or partially treated industrial
wastewater containing harmful substances (e.g., chemicals, plastics) pollutes rivers and oceans.

2. Agricultural Runoff

 Fertilizers and pesticides: The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture can lead to
runoff, carrying excess nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) into rivers, lakes, and oceans. This
contributes to nutrient pollution, which can lead to eutrophication—an overgrowth of algae that
depletes oxygen in water and harms aquatic life.
 Animal waste: Livestock farming produces large quantities of manure, which, when not properly
managed, can wash into nearby water bodies, introducing harmful bacteria and excess nutrients into
the water.

3. Domestic Wastewater
 Sewage and household waste: In areas lacking proper sanitation systems, untreated sewage from
homes, schools, and businesses can be discharged directly into rivers and oceans. This introduces
pathogens, organic matter, and chemicals that degrade water quality.
 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products: Chemicals from household products like soaps,
detergents, medicines, and cosmetics are often flushed into water systems, contaminating water
with pharmaceutical residues and synthetic chemicals.

4. Plastic Pollution
 Plastic waste: Improper disposal of plastic products (bags, bottles, packaging, etc.) leads to plastics
entering rivers and oceans. Plastics break down into microplastics, which persist in the environment for
a long time and pose a significant threat to aquatic life. Marine animals often ingest plastic, leading to
injury or death.
 Fishing gear: Abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gear (e.g., nets, lines, traps) also contributes
to marine pollution and poses hazards to marine animals.

5. Mining and Extractive Activities

 Acid mine drainage: When mines, especially coal or metal mines, interact with water, they can
produce acid mine drainage. This runoff contains harmful metals (e.g., copper, iron, zinc) and acidic
water that contaminate nearby rivers and lakes.
 Sedimentation: Mining operations often disturb large amounts of earth and sediment, which can end
up in water bodies, reducing water quality and harming aquatic habitats.
Lithosphere

 A lithosphere (from Ancient Greek λίθος (líthos) 'rocky'

and σφαίρα (sphaíra) 'sphere') is the rigid,[1] outermost rocky shell of a terrestrialplanet
or natural satellite. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and
the lithospheric mantle, the topmost portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time
scales of up to thousands of years or more. The crust and uppermantle are distinguished on the
basis of chemistry and mineralogy.
 Earth's lithosphere, which constitutes the hard and rigid outer vertical layer of the Earth,includes the
crust and the lithospheric mantle (or mantle lithosphere), the uppermost part of the mantle that is
not convecting. The lithosphere is underlain by
the asthenosphere which is the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle thatis able
to convect.

 The lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary is defined by a difference in response to stress.The

lithosphere remains rigid for very long periods of geologic time in which it deformselastically and
through brittle failure, while the asthenosphere deforms viscously and accommodates strain
through plastic deformation.

 The thickness of the lithosphere is thus considered to be the depth to the isotherm associated with
the transition between brittle and viscous behavior. The temperature at which olivine becomes
ductile (~1,000 °C or 1,830 °F) is often used to set this isothermbecause olivine is generally the
weakest mineral in the upper mantle.

 The lithosphere is subdivided horizontally into tectonic plates, which

ofteninclude terranes accreted from other plates.
Causes of lithosphere Pollution

1. Industrial Waste and Chemical Disposal

 Toxic waste from factories: Industrial activities produce a variety of hazardous waste, including
heavy metals (e.g., mercury, lead, cadmium), solvents, and chemicals, which can leach into the soil if
improperly disposed of or stored.
 Chemical spills: Accidental or improper disposal of chemicals such as pesticides, solvents, or toxic
liquids can contaminate the land, affecting soil health and making it unsafe for agriculture and
human use.

2. Improper Waste Disposal

 Landfills: Poorly managed landfills can leak hazardous waste, including plastics, chemicals, and
heavy metals, into the surrounding soil. Older landfills without proper lining systems can be especially
problematic in allowing pollutants to seep into the ground.
 Illegal dumping: Waste from households, industries, and construction sites is sometimes illegally
dumped on land, contributing to contamination. This includes plastics, electronic waste (e-waste),
and other non-biodegradable materials.
 Plastic pollution: Improper disposal of plastic materials in landfills or on the ground
contributes significantly to soil pollution, as plastics take hundreds of years to break down and
leach harmful chemicals into the soil during decomposition.

3. Mining Activities

 Extraction of minerals and fossil fuels: Mining operations, especially open-pit mining and coal
mining, can cause significant land degradation. The process often leads to the release of heavy metals,
chemicals like cyanide or sulfuric acid, and the creation of mine tailings, which pollute the soil.
 Acid mine drainage: When minerals, especially coal or metal ores, are exposed to air and water, they
can create acidic conditions in nearby soil and water. This can mobilize harmful metals such as
arsenic, cadmium, and lead into the soil.
 Deforestation and soil erosion from mining: Mining operations often involve the removal of
vegetation, which increases soil erosion, leading to the loss of soil fertility and spreading pollutants
to other areas.

4. Urbanization and Construction

 Construction waste: Construction activities often generate large amounts of waste, including cement,
paints, metals, and plastics. When not properly disposed of, these materials can pollute the soil and
harm local ecosystems.
 Soil compaction: Urbanization and the construction of roads, buildings, and infrastructure compact
the soil, reducing its ability to absorb water, support plant life, and maintain healthy ecosystems.
 Contaminants from roads and vehicles: Urban areas with heavy traffic produce oil, grease, and heavy
metals, which can be deposited on land through runoff or spillage. Over time, these pollutants
accumulate in the soil.
Biosphere

 The biosphere (from Ancient Greek βίος (bíos) 'life' and σφαῖρα (sphaîra) 'sphere'), alsocalled
the ecosphere (from Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos) 'settlement, house'
and σφαῖρα (sphaîra) 'sphere'), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed the
zone of life on Earth. The biosphere (which is technically a spherical shell) isvirtually a closed
system with regard to matter, with minimal inputs and outputs.
Regarding energy, it is an open system, with photosynthesis capturing solar energy at arate of
around 100 terawatts. By the most general biophysiological definition, the biosphere is the global
ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction
with the elements of
the lithosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The biosphere is postulated to have
evolved, beginning with a process of biopoiesis (life created naturally from non-living matter, such as
simple organic compounds) or biogenesis (life created from livingmatter), at least some 3.5 billion
years ago.

 In a general sense, biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems.
This includes artificial biospheres such as Biosphere 2 and BIOS-3, andpotentially ones on other
planets or moons.

 The term "biosphere" was coined in 1875 by geologist Eduard Suess, who defined it asthe place
on Earth's surface where life dwells.

 While the concept has a geological origin, it is an indication of the effect of

both Charles Darwin and Matthew F. Maury on the Earth sciences. The biosphere's ecological
context comes from the 1920s (see Vladimir I. Vernadsky), preceding the 1935 introduction of the
term "ecosystem" by Sir Arthur Tansley (see ecology history).Vernadsky defined ecology as the
science of the biosphere.
Causes of Biosphere Pollution

1. Air Pollution

 Industrial emissions: Factories, power plants, and transportation systems emit harmful gases and
particulate matter into the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen
oxides (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These pollutants can cause respiratory problems
in humans and animals and contribute to acid rain, which harms plants and aquatic life.
 Vehicle emissions: Exhaust from cars, trucks, and airplanes releases pollutants like carbon monoxide
(CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and hydrocarbons into the air, which can harm living organisms and
ecosystems.
 Burning of fossil fuels: The burning of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy contributes to air pollution
by releasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that affect global climate and disrupt
ecosystems.

2. Water Pollution

 Industrial waste disposal: Factories and chemical plants often discharge hazardous materials such as
heavy metals, toxins, and untreated waste into rivers, lakes, and oceans. These chemicals can poison
aquatic life, reduce biodiversity, and harm entire ecosystems.
 Agricultural runoff: The runoff from agricultural fields contains fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and
animal waste, all of which can pollute water bodies. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus cause
eutrophication, which leads to oxygen depletion and fish kills.
 Oil spills: Accidental spills from ships, offshore drilling rigs, or pipelines release large amounts of oil
into oceans and coastal areas, devastating marine ecosystems and wildlife.
 Plastic pollution: Plastics that end up in oceans, rivers, and lakes can choke or entangle marine
organisms, while also breaking down into microplastics that enter food chains, impacting all levels of
life.

3. Land Pollution

 Deforestation: The clearing of forests for agriculture, urbanization, or logging leads to habitat
destruction, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and reduced carbon sequestration. Forest ecosystems are
particularly sensitive to pollution and land conversion.
 Waste disposal and landfills: Improper disposal of household, industrial, and electronic waste in
landfills contaminates the soil with toxins, heavy metals, and chemicals. These pollutants can leach into
groundwater, harming plant and animal life.

4. Noise Pollution
 Industrial noise: Machinery, construction activities, and factory operations produce excessive noise that
disrupts the natural behaviors of animals. This includes disturbing communication, mating, and migration
patterns in species such as birds, marine mammals, and terrestrial wildlife.
 Traffic noise: Transportation infrastructure, especially roads, railways, and airports, contribute to noise
pollution that affects the health and behavior of wildlife, particularly in urbanized and industrial areas.
 Sonar and military activities: Underwater noise from sonar systems, military exercises, and ship
movements disturb marine life, particularly whales and dolphins, affecting their navigation, feeding, and
communication.
  CONCLUSION

Our natural environment makes human life possible, and our cultural environment helps
define who we are. It is therefore essential that our population and economic growth are
environmentally sustainable. The most positive outlook for our environment is one in which
we get the balance right between:

continuing to support and implement effective policies, programs and resources (e.g.
community engagement and volunteering programs, IMOS, Australia's Biodiversity
Conservation Strategy 2010- 2030, the Great Barrier Reef Science Strategy, the Reef 2050
Sustainability Plan, NESP, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, the Australian
Heritage Strategy, the National Reserve System, the National Representative System of
Marine Protected Areas, Indigenous Protected Area programs)

further developing, testing and, as appropriate, implementing innovative approaches and

initiatives that are currently being developed (e.g. policies, technologies and management
that are decoupling the economy from environmental harm, environmental-economic
accounting and valuation, initiatives to reduce plastic pollution in coastal and marine
environments, initiatives to reduce air pollutants in urban areas)

developing and implementing new policies, processes, programs and tools in the medium to
longer term, including the further integration of policies and management approaches across
jurisdictions and sectors (e.g. green or blue economy approaches, development of a
sophisticated impact investment market, regulatory reform to provide for rapid response to
new incursions of potentially harmful invasive species and disease).
 Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project
Sr. Characteristic to be Poor Average Good Excellent
No. assessed ( Marks 1 -3 ) ( Marks 4 -5 ) ( Marks 6 -8 ) ( Marks 9 -10)
1 Relevance to the course Relate to very Relate to very Take care of Take care of
few LOs few LOs at-least one more than one
CO CO
2 Literature survey / Not more than At-least 5 At-least 7 At-least 10
Information collected two sources relevant relevant relevant
(primary and sources, at sources, most sources, most
secondary), least 2 latest. latest. latest.
very old
reference
3 Project Proposal Poor Satisfactory Good Excellent
4 Completion of target as Completed less Completed n Completed n Completed
per project proposal than 50% 50 to 60% 60 to 80% more than 80%
5 Analysis of data and Sample size Sufficient and Sufficient and Enough data
representation small, data appropriate appropriate collected by
neither sample, sample, sufficient and
organised nor enough data enough data appropriate
presented well. generated but generated sample size.
not organised which is Proper
and not well organised but inferences
present. poor drawn by
inferences organising and
drawn. presenting data
through tables,
charts and
graphs.
6 Quality of prototype Incomplete Just assembled Well Well
/ Model fabrication / / fabricated assembled / assembled /
assembly. and parts are fabricated with fabricated with
not functioning proper proper
well. Not in functioning functioning
proper shape, parts. In parts. In
dimensions proper shape, proper shape,
beyond within within
tolerance limit. tolerance tolerance
Appearance / dimensions dimensions
finish is and good and good
shabby. finish / finish /
appearance. appearance.
But no
 creativity in Creativity in
design and use design and use
of material. of material.
7 Report Preparation Very short, Nearly Detailed Very detailed
poor quality sufficient and correct and correct, clear
correct details clear description of
about methods, description of methods,
materials, methods, materials,
precautions materials, precautions.
and precautions. and
conclusion, but and conclusion,
clarity is not conclusion, Enough tables,
there in Sufficient charts and
presentation. graphic sketches.
But not description.
enough
graphic
description.
8 Presentation Major Includes major Includes major Well organized
information is information information includes major
not included, but not well and well information,
information is organized and organized but well
not well presented well. not presented presented.
organized. well.
9 Defense Could not Replied to Replied Replied most
reply to considerable properly to of the
considerable number of considerable questions
number of questions but number of properly.
question. not very questions.
properly.

Guidelines for report:

1) Paper Size: A4
2) Font name: Calibri
3) Font size: 12 points (excluding cover page and initial pages)
4) Margins (Top, Bottom, Left, Right) : 2.5 cm
5) Line spacing: 1.2
6) Black and White printing (No colour printing)