2 CHAPTER 2- SPECIFICATIONS

2.1 Introduction
Specification is one of the components that makes up the documents used for bidding and
construction of a project. Specification is defined as the designation or statement by which
written instructions are given distinguishing and/or limiting and describing the particular trade of
work to be executed. In short Specification is a statement of particular instructions of how to
execute some task.

In terms of an engineering project a specification contains a detailed written description of the

quality of materials and workmanship necessary to complete the work. In the construction
activity therefore, the scope of the work that is described in drawings includes such information
as dimensions, form, or details while the specifications provide the description of the qualities of
materials for construction.

Information that is best transmitted in written form is addressed in the specification while that
which is best transmitted graphically will be addressed in drawings where both are so defined as
to be mutually complementary and understood in conjunction.

In other words drawings show what is to be done in graphics form, specifications show how it is
to be done by furnishing written descriptions to supplement the drawings.

Generally, specifications are written instructions which supplement the drawing to set forth the
complete technical requirements of the work.

Therefore drawings and specifications in combination define the project in sufficient detail to
enable the carrying out of the works.

Drawings and specifications should compliment each other and neither should overlap or
duplicate the other.

Specifications are devices for organizing the information depicted on the drawings and they are
written descriptions of the legal and technical requirements forming the contract document.

The main difference between specification and drawing is that drawings should generally show
the following:
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 • Dimensions, extents, size, shape, and location of component parts.

• Location of materials, machineries and fixtures.

• Interaction of furniture, equipment and space.

• Schedules of finishes, windows and doors.

Specifications generally describe the following:

• Type and quality of materials, equipments, labor or workmanship

• Methods of fabrication, installation and erection

• Standards, codes and costs

• Allowance submittals and substitutions

• Cost included, insurance and bonds

• Project record and site facility

Specifications are written based on the prepared design, drawings, general and scientific trends
of workmanship, quality expected, equipment involved, and materials to be used for the
particular trade of work.

The specifications should clearly specify design and drawing, labor employment, materials to be
used, construction method, equipment used.

Specifications should be clear, concise, and brief description of what is required to execute the
proposed trade of work.

2.2 Purpose of Specification

The purpose of specifications generally includes:

i. Guide the bidder at the time of tendering to arrive at a reasonable cost for the
work.
ii. Provide guidance for the execution of the work
iii. Guide contractor for the purchase of materials

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 iv. Serve as part of contract document to limit and describe the rights and obligations
of each contracting parties.
v. Guide the bidder to identify his capacity to execute the work
vi. Serve as fabrication and installation guide for temporary and permanent works.
vii. Guide the contractor for purchase and/or hiring of equipments.
viii. Serve the owner to know what she/he is intended to receive.
ix. Serve for the manufacturers of construction materials, equipments, tools etc. to
grade, classify, and improve qualities of their products.
x. Indicates method of testing and acceptance of final products.
xi. Guide parameters for rejection of non conforming works.
xii. Indirectly, the specifications are very much related to the legal considerations,
insurance considerations, bidding requirements, alternates and options, rights,
obligations and remedial measures for the contracting parties.
Note: in the events of conflicts between specification and drawings, the specification governs.

A clearly written specification will enable proper quality control and avoid disputes in
administering construction projects.

2.3 Types of Specification

In general, specifications can be broadly classified into four categories:

1. Manufacturer’s specification: Manufactures prepare specification of their product for

guidance of their users, which may include property description and installation guide
lines.

2. Guide specification: specification prepared by an individual or group of individuals

based on manufacturer’s specifications, established trends of workmanship, service and
laboratory tests and research findings to be used as guide lines for preparation of contract
specification.

3. Standard specification: specifications which are intended to be used as reference

standard in the construction of a project. The guide specification which has been
standardized by recognized authority.

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 4. Contract (Project) Specification: The specification prepared for a particular project to
accompany the drawings and other contract documents.

The specifications described above can be prepared following the format which has general and
specific parts (General Specification and Specific Specification).

In the general part of the specification the following items are included:

▪ Administrative and Procedural Requirements

▪ Scope, definition

▪ Reference Organization and Standards

▪ Project Description, site facilities

▪ Submittals and quality assurance

▪ Delivery, storage and handling

▪ Project records, Insurances other general requirements

In the specific part of the standard specification the detailed description of the quality of items to
be used and preparatory actions and methods of incorporating the items are included.

“Technical Specification and Methods of Measurement for Construction of Buildings”, of

March 1991 is the standard specification which has been used as one of the contract document in
our country.

In the general requirement part the following items which may be applied to any project and any
trade of work are described in general terms:

♦ 011 – General ♦ 014 - Project Records

♦ 012 - Site Description ♦ 015 - Site Facilities
♦ 013 - Quality Assurance ♦ 016 - Cleaning Up

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In the specific part the different trades of works (excavation and earth works, concrete works
etc.) are described in details and the method of measurement are given.

Specification can also be classified as Material and Workmanship Specification and Performance
Specification.

I. Material and Workmanship Specifications

This form of specification includes,

• The description of the scope of the works,

• The general and specific requirements that are necessary for the execution of the
work,

• Material requirements,

• Construction details, and

• Method of measurement and payments for completed works.

A. Material Specifications

For some items may focus on the physical and or chemical properties that can also be cross
checked by tests and for others the performance characteristics may be the governing factors.

In some cases, a composition of the two types may be also applicable.

These descriptions generally include;

• Physical properties, such as strength, durability, hardness, and electricity.

• Chemical composition

• Electrical and thermal and acoustical properties

• Appearance including color, texture, pattern and finishes.

B. Workmanship Specifications: describes the desired results that need to be achieved in the
works which include;
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 ▪ Specify the desired results as to the quality of workmanship
▪ State any detailed construction methods or procedures necessary for the
accomplishment of particular purposes.
▪ Stipulate any desired limitations or restrictions to be placed on the contractor's
methods in the interest of coordination of the work.
▪ Give any precautions necessary for the protection of the work or adjacent property.
▪ Specify the methods of inspection and tests to which the work is to be subjected
II. Performance Specifications

Such types of specification, define the performance requirements for machinery and plant
operating equipment. This allows the advance manufacturer and procurement of such equipment,
or of the standard brands. Specification could be written in several ways, with the prime
emphasis given to either the producer company’s brand or the performance capacity of the
material and so on.

Accordingly, there are the following types of technical specifications:

A. Proprietary Specifications

This specifications call for desired materials, producers, systems, and equipment by their
trade names and model numbers.

For detailed descriptions reference should be made on manufacture’s specifications.

They are of two types; Closed (sole) and Open or equal source.

Example: -
1. Water reducing agent shall be used in all concrete, in strict accordance with the
manufacturer's printed instructions. Total air entrained shall be 5.0% plus or minus 1.0%
of volume of concrete with required strengths maintained.
2. Air – Entraining Agent: “Darex” by W.R. Grace Company, “Aerolith” by Sonneborn
Building Products or equal meeting ASTM C260 as approved by the architect.
B. Performance Specifications

Specifications which define products based on desired end results which are performance
oriented.

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 Most appropriate when new or unusual products or systems are required or when
innovation is necessary.

Describing the problems or condition under which the products or system must operate,
and the parameters for the acceptable solutions is difficult and challenging.

Testing methods and evaluation procedures for defining the required performance must
be explicitly specified.

Example: Stud shear connectors shall conform to the requirements of Article 4.26 of the
American Welding Society.

C. Reference Specifications

Specifications which refer to levels of quality established by recognized testing authority

or standards set by quality control authority. They are used in conjunction with other
types.

Example: C – 25 Concrete.

D. Descriptive Specifications

Specifications which describe all components of products, their arrangements, and

method of assembly, physical and chemical properties, arrangement relationship of parts
of numerous other details.

The specifier shall take total responsibility for the function and performance of the
product.

Example: “Supply and fix 40mm. thick flush wood door with hard wood frames and
both sides covered with best quality 4mm thick ply wood. Price includes approved
quality lock, hinges, three coats of varnish paint, door stopper and all necessary
accessories to comply ES’’.

E. Cash Allowance Specifications

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 Specifications meant to direct bidders to set aside a specified amount of money to be
applied to the construction work at the direction of the specifier.

Example: “A lump sum of $3,000.00 for purchase of hard ware, as defined by and
specified in Specification sections of Division 8”.

2.4 Specification Writing

Basically specifications are not to be created; they are prepared based on existing standards,
codes, guidelines, and laws.

When planning to write specifications one should start first of all with:

• An overall analysis of the work to be done, and

• The requirements necessary to achieve the required level of quality,
• Conditions under which it must be done,
• Materials required, and the
• Details of the construction

Hence preparing an outline of the details of the work is the first step in writing a good
specification.

Specification writing embodies certain methods of presenting information and instructions.

When specifications are to be written, the following shall be taken to considerations:

a. Specification writing require:

• Visualization (Having clear picture of the system)

• Research (to know the legal impact correctly)

• Clear thinking (understanding things directly without misleading)

• Organizing (organizing what we know to write the specification)

b. Specification writing requires professional ability to read drawings.

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 c. Specification writing require wide knowledge of the construction materials, various
levels of workmanship, different construction equipments and method of construction
to be employed.

d. Specifications use simple and clear language such that it can readily be understood.

e. Specifications shall be brief and short as much as possible (avoid long sentences with
out punctuation)

f. Specifications shall include all items affecting the cost of the work.

g. Specifications shall be fair and do not attempt to throw all the risks and
responsibilities on one of the parties signing the contract.

h. Specifications shall avoid repetition of information shown on drawings to avoid

mistakes and duplication between the specification and drawings.

i. Specification shall not include inapplicable text and do not specify the impossible or
anything not intended to be enforced.

2.4.1. References for Specification Writing

The following are useful references in specification writing:

a. Codes and ordinances of governments, cities, or municipalities. E.g. EBCS

b. Standards prepared by distinct societies and government agents. E.g. ACI

standards, ASTM standards, BS, ES.

c. Standards or model specifications prepared by manufacturers, professional

societies, and government bodies.

d. Master Specification and previous specifications.

e. Information or experience acquired by personal observation and contract with

trained or experienced people in the construction industry.

2.4.2. Specification Language

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The specification writer should present his instructions regarding the particular work under
consideration in such a manner that:-

1. The drawings are more clearly interpreted, not duplicated.

2. Rights, Obligations, and remedial measures shall be designated without ambiguity
or prejudice.
3. Clearly express the extent of works under consideration therefore, the
phraseology used in this regard shall be:

• Judged by its quality not its length

• Should be concise and short and written with commonly used words.

• Punctuations are important but their usage shall be limited to few

4. Capitalizing the first letters is mandatory for the following expressions: -

a) Parties to the contract; e.g. Employer/Client/Contractor/ Engineer

b) Space within the building; e.g. Bed Room, Toilet, Living Room

c) Contract documents; e.g. Bill of Quantity, Working Drawing,

Specification

5. Minimize the use of symbols.

6. Do not use foot notes, do not underline within a sentence for emphasis.

7. Words shall be used as follows: -

a) shall in place of must; use “shall” for the duties of the contractor or the
consultant to represent the word “must”

b) “will” is used for the duties of the employer to represent the word “must”

c) Avoid the use of the word “must” and substitute by the word shall to
prevent the inference of different degrees of obligation

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 d) Avoid the use of words which have indefinite meanings or limitless and
ambiguous in their meanings. For example, any, either, same, similar, etc.

2.4.3. Specific Guidelines for Specification Writing

Below are some specific guidelines that one needs to follow when preparing a specification:

▪ Be specific and not indefinite

▪ Be brief, avoid unnecessary words or phrases

▪ Give all the necessary facts

▪ Avoid repetition

▪ Specify in the positive form

▪ Use correct grammar

▪ Direct rather than suggest

▪ Use short rather than long sentences

▪ Do not specify both methods and results

▪ Do not specify requirements in conflict with each other

▪ Do not justify a requirement

▪ Avoid sentences that require other than the simplest punctuation.

▪ Avoid words that are likely to be unknown to the user of the specification ( words
with more than one meaning)

▪ Arrange the specification in the order of the execution of the work. E.g.
Formwork, concrete mixing, concrete placing, curing, etc..

▪ Address measurement and payment issue

▪ Refer only to the principal parties in the contract, Owner, Engineer, Contractor.

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 ▪ Use “these specifications” rather than “these specifications”. Use the plural.

▪ Workmanship should be in accordance with….

▪ Materials should confirm to-A reference specification.

Reference

[1]. Kalin, M.; Weygant, R.S.; Rosen, H.J.; Regener, J.R., Construction Specification Writing:
Principles and Procedures, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, INC. , Hoboken, New Jersey,
2011.

[2]. The Construction Specification Institute, Construction Contract Administration Practice

Guide, John Wiley & Sons, INC. , Hoboken, New Jersey, 2011.

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