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CBSE Class-10 Information Technology

Revision Notes
Web Applications and Security
Networking Fundamentals

Relevant Knowledge
A computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware components interconnected by
communication channels (cables or satellites) that allow sharing of resources and information.
This session introduces you to the basic fundamental concepts of networking and Internet and using different
types of Internet connection.
Networks are designed using the following architecture:

PEER-TO-PEER (P2P) ARCHITECTURE:

Networks in which all computers have an equal status are called peer to peer networks. Generally in such a
network each terminal has an equally competent CPU.

CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE:
Networks in which certain computers have special dedicated tasks, providing services to other computers (in
the network) are called client server networks. The computer(s) which provide services are called servers and
the ones that use these services are called clients.
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TYPES OF NETWORKS
There are two major types of network Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN).

LOCAL AREA NETWORK

A local area network (LAN) is one which connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area
such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings.
Usually local area networks offer very high speeds and are used for connecting computers and
peripherals such as printers, scanners, etc.
WIDE AREA NETWORK
A wide area network (WAN) is one which covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links across
metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). The Internet is the most popular WAN, and is used by
businesses, governments, non-profit organizations, individual consumers, artists, entertainers, and
many others.

INTERNET
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol
suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public,
academic, business, and government networks. Internet is one of the most useful technologies of modern times
which help us in our daily, personal and professional life. Internet is widely used by students, educational
institutes; scientist and professionals to gather information for research and general information. Businesses
use the Internet to access complex databases such as financial database.
The Internet is the largest encyclopaedia for all age groups. The Internet helps in maintaining contact with
friends and relatives who live across different locations via Internet chatting systems and email software.
Internet is also becoming a major source of entertainment for the general public.

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WORLD WIDE WEB

World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web), is a system of interlinked
hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain
text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.
Information is stored on web servers referred to as web pages are retrieved by using a web browser such as
Firefox on the local computer. A Web Browser is a software used to view Web sites and acts as an interface
between the user and the World Wide Web. A Web server is a computer that stores web sites and their related
files for viewing on the Internet.

Some of the advantages associated with networking are:

Data Sharing: One of the most important uses of networking is to allow the sharing of data.
Files Transfer: Users can send text files, spread sheets, documents, presentations, audio files, video
files, etc. to other users.
Hardware Sharing: Hardware components such as printers, scanners, etc. can also be shared. For
example, instead of purchasing 10 printers for each user, one printer can be purchased and shared
among multiple users thus saving cost.
Internet Access Sharing: You can purchase a single Internet connection and share it among other
computers in a network instead of purchasing multiple Internet connection for each computer. This is
very commonly found in Internet café (browsing centres), schools, colleges, companies, etc.
Usage of network based applications: Such as web browsers, email clients, chat application, audio &
video calling, etc. is another advantage.

GETTING ACCESS TO THE INTERNET

To use the Internet, you need an Internet connection. Internet connections are provided by Internet Service
Providers such as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), Airtel, MTS, Vodafone, Tata Docomo, etc.

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization which provides you with access to the Internet via a dial-
up (using modem) or direct (hard wired) or wireless connection.
Choosing connectivity depends on the availability of a particular technology, speed and connection type in your
area. Usually small and medium business users, home users use connectivity types such as DSL, cable modem,
dial-up, broadband wireless, WiMAX or 3G. Medium to large business users or customers with more demanding
requirements may use high speed connectivity such as DSL (High Speed), ISDN, etc.

MODEM
Á modem is a device that converts digital computer signals into a form (analog signals) that can travel over
phone lines. It also re-converts the analog signals back into digital signals. The word modem is derived from its
function MOdulator/DEModulator.

Types Of Common Internet Connectivity

There are different types of Internet Connectivity available today; it can be widely categorized into wired and
wireless access. Following table is a summary of different types of Internet connectivity categorized into wired
and wireless:

Technology Type of Connectivity

Dial-Up Wired

DSL Wired

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Cable Internet Access Wired

3G Wireless

WiMAX Wireless

Wi-Fi Wireless

Some of the commonly used Internet connectivity are:

Dial-up: Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the public switched
telephone network (PSTN) to establish a connection to an Internet service provider
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(ISP) via telephone lines using a device called MODEM. Users dial a particular number provided by the ISP and
gain access to the Internet.

Dial-up connections are extremely slow and in most cases, it is replaced by a high speed connection such as
DSL or Cable Modem.

DSL: Digital subscriber line(DSL) provide Internet access by transmitting digital data over wires of a local
telephone network. DSL service is delivered along with wired telephone service on the same telephone line. On
the customer premises, a DSL filter removes the high frequency interference, enabling simultaneous use of the
telephone and data transmission. For using a DSL connection, you need a DSL modem and a subscription.

Cable Internet Access: Cable Internet Access is a form of broadband Internet access that uses the cable
television infrastructure. Cable Internet Access is provided through existing cable TV networks; this is similar to
DSL that is provided over existing telephone lines.

3G: 3G, short for 3rd Generation is a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunication
services and networks. High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is 3G mobile telephony communications
protocol that allows higher data transfer speeds and capacity.
If support for 3G is available on your mobile phone, you can subscribe to the 3G connectivity with your ISP in
order to get high speed Internet connection on your phone.

WiMAX: WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications standard
designed to provide mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices.
WiMAX is a long range system, covering many kilometres and is typically used where DSL or Cable Internet
Access cannot be used; this could be difficulty in laying out cables for home or offices located in remote
locations but need access to the Internet.

WI-Fi: Wi-Fi is a popular technology that allows an electronic device such as computers or mobile phones to
exchange data wirelessly over a network, including high-speed Internet connections. WiFi devices such as
personal computer, smartphones, video game console, etc. can connect to a network resource such as Internet
through a device called the Wireless Access Point (WAP).
Wi-Fi is used where cables cannot be run (such as old buildings, outdoor areas) to provide network and Internet
access. Wi-Fi can also be used where users require mobile connectivity.
Wi-Fi connectivity is used in home & offices, hotels, college & school campus typically for Internet Access.
Shopping malls, coffee shops, resorts mostly offer free or paid Wi-Fi access to the Internet for their customers.

DATA TRANSFER ON THE INTERNET

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Having talked of data transfer and the Internet, have you ever wondered how sitting in one corner of the world,
you get information from another distant area in a few seconds?
In very simple language, let’s see what happens to a piece of data, say a Web page, when it is transferred over
the Internet:

Each packet is sent from computer to computer until it finds its destination. Each computer on the way
decides where next to send the packet. All packets may not take the same route.
At the destination, the packets are examined. If any packets are missing or damaged, a message is sent
asking for them to be re-sent. This continues until all packets have been received intact.
The packets are now reassembled into their original form. All this done in seconds!

To access the Internet, you need an active internet connection. You need to gather and understand your
requirement carefully before subscribing to an internet connection plan. In this exercise, you will learn how to
choose an Internet connection.
Some of the common questions that help you in your decision are:

What is the purpose of getting this connection?

Will you use the connection regularly?
How much data will be downloaded on an average per month?
How much speed do you need?
What technology is available in your particular area?
What are the different plans available from the ISP?
Is there any limitation or catch for the selected plan?

Use the following table to compare different subscription plans to get an estimate and analyse if that
would suit your requirement.

3G

ISP Plan Name Download Speed Download Limit Free Modem

DSL

ISP Plan Name Download Speed Download Limit Free Modem

Cable Internet Access

ISP Plan Name Download Speed Download Limit Free Modem

WiMAX

ISP Plan Name Download Speed Download Limit Free Modem

To access Wi-Fi, you need an access point with an active Internet connection. Usually when you subscribe to an
Internet connection, the ISP provides options to purchase or rent a Wi-Fi router that can act as both an internet
connectivity device and an access point for Wi-Fi connectivity. Setting up a Wi-Fi network requires technical

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expertise; however, you can access the Wi-Fi network by connecting to an access point that is already setup for
use. On computers that run Windows XP, you can view the list of wireless networks available by using the
following procedure:

Right-Click on the Wireless Icon in the system tray and Click View Available Wireless Networks (figure
10)

Windows XP will display the list of available Wi-Fi networks; you can choose any of the connection from the
list. Select by Double-clicking on the name displayed in the list.

Note: You may be prompted to enter a password if the selected network is secure. You will receive a
confirmation that you are connected to a wireless network. Now the system is ready to be used for network
related applications such as Firefox, Chrome, Skype, etc.

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