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Fundamentals of Computer Networking

The document provides an overview of computer networking, covering key concepts, types of networks, protocols, devices, and security practices. It discusses various network types such as LANs, WANs, and wireless networks, as well as the OSI and TCP/IP models. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of network security and best practices for maintaining secure communications.

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21 views

Fundamentals of Computer Networking

The document provides an overview of computer networking, covering key concepts, types of networks, protocols, devices, and security practices. It discusses various network types such as LANs, WANs, and wireless networks, as well as the OSI and TCP/IP models. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of network security and best practices for maintaining secure communications.

Uploaded by

tkaminky99
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Title: Fundamentals of Computer Networking

Abstract: Computer networking enables devices to communicate and share resources, forming
the backbone of modern digital infrastructure. This document provides an introduction to
networking concepts, protocols, and technologies.

1. Introduction to Networking Computer networks connect devices to facilitate communication


and data sharing. Networks range from small-scale (LANs) to global (the Internet).

2. Types of Networks

 Local Area Network (LAN): Covers a small geographic area (e.g., office, home
network).
 Wide Area Network (WAN): Spans large distances, connecting multiple LANs (e.g.,
the Internet).
 Wireless Networks: Use radio waves instead of cables (e.g., Wi-Fi, cellular networks).
 Cloud Networks: Virtual networks hosted on cloud platforms, enhancing scalability.

3. Network Protocols and Models

 OSI Model:
o Layer 1: Physical (Cables, signals)
o Layer 2: Data Link (MAC addresses, Ethernet)
o Layer 3: Network (IP addressing, routing)
o Layer 4: Transport (TCP, UDP)
o Layer 5: Session (Session establishment)
o Layer 6: Presentation (Data encryption, format conversion)
o Layer 7: Application (HTTP, FTP, DNS)
 TCP/IP Model: A simplified, practical version of OSI, focusing on internet
communication.

4. Network Devices

 Router: Directs data between networks using IP addresses.


 Switch: Connects devices within a LAN and forwards data efficiently.
 Modem: Converts digital data for transmission over analog lines (e.g., DSL, fiber).
 Firewall: Secures networks by filtering incoming and outgoing traffic.

5. IP Addressing and Subnetting

 IPv4 vs. IPv6: Transitioning from 32-bit to 128-bit addressing for scalability.
 Subnetting: Dividing large networks into smaller segments to improve efficiency.
 DHCP: Dynamically assigns IP addresses to devices.

6. Wireless and Mobile Networking


 Wi-Fi Standards: 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax for varying speeds and ranges.
 Cellular Networks: 4G LTE, 5G for mobile data connectivity.
 Network Security: WPA2, WPA3 encryption for securing wireless communication.

7. Network Security Best Practices

 Use strong passwords and authentication mechanisms.


 Enable firewalls and intrusion detection systems (IDS).
 Encrypt sensitive data during transmission.
 Implement Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) for secure remote access.

8. Conclusion Computer networking is essential in modern communication, enabling


connectivity across global digital infrastructure. Understanding its principles allows individuals
and businesses to optimize performance and security.

References:

1. Kurose, J., & Ross, K. (2020). Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach. Pearson.
2. Tanenbaum, A. S., & Wetherall, D. (2019). Computer Networks. Pearson.
3. Forouzan, B. A. (2017). Data Communications and Networking. McGraw-Hill
Education.

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