HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING Typical AHU components:

(HVAC) 1. Supply duct

2. Fan compartment
Table of Contents: 3. Flexible connection
• Types of Systems 4. Heating and/or cooling coil
• Central Forced Air System 5. Filter compartment
- Air Handling Unit 6. Return and fresh air duct
• Hot Water System
• Zoned Control System HOT WATER SYSTEM
• Radiant Heat • Water heated in boiler and circulated through
• Heat Pump pipes to radiators
• HVAC Plans • Requires plumbing rather than ductwork

Types of Systems RADIANT HEAT

• Centrals Forced-Air System • Supply heat directly to the floor, wall, or
• Hot Water System ceiling
• Zoned Control Systems • Hot water pipes or electric heating element
• Radiant Heat runs through building component
• Dependent or radiant heat
CENTRAL FORCED AIR SYSTEM - Heat transferred from hot surface to people
• Most common HVAC System and objects
• Circulates air through or around heating and
cooling devices. HEAT PUMP (HP)
• A fan forces air into ducts • A machine or device that moves heat from one
• Supply ducts transport conditioned air into location (the source) to another locations (the
building through diffusers or supply registers mechanical work)
• Air is routed back to heating/cooling devices • Can produce heating or cooling by reversing
through return ducts the direction of heat flow
• Can be used in:
AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU) - Forced Air System
• Device used to condition and circulate air as - Hot Water System
part of an HVAC system - Radiant Heat System
• Large metal box containing a blower, heating
What are the basic concepts of HVAC?
or cooling elements, filter, and sound
- As discussed earlier, HVAC stands for
attenuators
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Some
• Connects to ductwork that distributes the
require it for cooling purposes, or heating purposes, or
conditioned air through the building and
ventilation. HVAC maintains the required temperature,
returns it to the AHU.
humidity, air pressure, and quality required in any
• May need to suppl heating, cooling, or both
particular room or area.
• A furnace generates heat
- Fuel oil or natural gas
HVAC system improves air quality of area by circulating
- Electric heating elements
and adding fresh air to the system. It remove dust
- Heat pump
particles and microorganisms by filtering the air
• A refrigeration system absorbs heat
through very fine HEPA filters. The HVAC system helps
- Air conditioner
in maintaining temperature and humidity and makes
- Heat pump
the area comfortable.
• Smaller air handlers may contain a fuel-
burning heater or a refrigeration evaporator
How does HVAC affect air quality?
placed directly in the air stream
- Did you know that your HVAC system
• Large commercial air handling units contain affects your indoor air quality. Most of the time, you’re
coils that circulate water heating and cooling system benefits your home’s air
- Boiler provides hot water or steam quality and removes airborne particles, but clogged
- Chiller provides chilled water
ductwork and other issues can negatively affect the air
you breathe. Basic Components on the types of Air Conditioning
System:
Where is HVAC used?
- Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning • Unit Type of Air conditioning system is
(HVAC) system is designed to achieve the composed of the following:
environmental requirements of the 1. Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
comfort of occupants and a process. HVAC 2. Air Cooled Condensing Unit (ACCU)
systems are used more in different types
of buildings such as industrial, commercial, • Fan Coil Unit (FCU) is composed:
residential, and institutional buildings. 1. Fan
2. Coil
What are the Different/Major Components of and 3. Filter
HVAC system:
• Thermostat/Time – The Thermostat is the • Air Cooled Condensing Unit (ACCU) is
most visible part of a heating and cooling unit, composed of the following:
though it’s also the most overlooked in 1. Air Cooled Condenser (ACC)
maintenance. 2. Compresor
• Heat Exchanger
• Blower Motor • Air Cooled Condenser (ACC) is composed of
• Condensing Unit the following:
• Ductwork 1. ACC Fan
• Evaporator Coil 2. Condensing Coil
• Vents
• Refrigerant Lines • Air Cooled Water Chiller (ACWC) is composed
of the following:
What is HVAC system types? 1. Air Cooled Condensing Unit (ACCU)
- There are four main types of HVAC 2. Evaporator
systems. There are split systems, hybrid 3. Chilled Water Pipes
systems, duct-free systems, and packaged
heating and air systems. • Air Condensing Unit (Direct Expansion
method) is composed of the following:
AIR CONDITIONING 1. Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
• Air conditioning is defined as the simultaneous 2. Compressor
control of air temperature, humidity, motion,
and purity of air in a confined space. • Centralized System Elements:
1. Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Types of Air Conditioning Systems 2. Method of cooling
3. Source of Heating such us boilers or furnace
1. Unit/Room Air Conditioner – A self-contained 4. Air Distribution System
unit which housed the compressor, condenser 5. Control Equipment
and evaporator in the same cabinet
2. Split Type Conditioning System – Composed of
two separate sections, one installed inside the
room while the other is mounted outside the
building
3. Package/Cabinet Type Air Conditioning System
– A type of split type air conditioning unit
4. Centralized Type Air Conditioning System – A
type of air conditioning system used for large
installation with the use of ducts
Mechanical Terms What is the cooling load of HVAC System?
1. Evaporator Unit – the mechanical equipment, - The heating load is the amount of heat
coupled with a central air conditioning system, energy that would need to be added to a
used to dehumidify and cool the air stream space to maintain the temperature in an
injected into the air-conditioning space. acceptable range.
2. Heat – is a form of energy that is transformed - The cooling load is the amount of heat
by temperature difference energy that would need to be removed
3. Condenser – heat exchange device in a from a space to maintain the temperature
refrigeration system; it consist of a vessel or in an acceptable range.
arrangement of pipes or tubing in which
refrigerant vapor is liquified by the removal of Heat Gain through the Walls (sensible)
heat. • Q = U x A x (ETD)
4. Compressor – a machine for drawing
refrigerant from the evaporator at a relatively Where:
low pressure, compresses it and discharge it to Q = heat gain or heat transfer rate across the
the condenser. wall
5. Humidity – water vapor within a confined U = value of the wall material
space or environment. A = area of the wall
6. Humidity ratio – weight of water vapor in a ETD = Effective Temperature Difference of the
mixture per pound of dry air. Wall
7. Air – is a mixture of water vapor and dry air.
8. Wet bulb temperature – shown by a Heat Gain through the Floor (sensible)
thermometer that cause the air evaporation of • Q = U x A x (ETD)
its moisture.
9. Dry bulb temperature – temperature of air- Where:
water vapor mixture as measured in the Q = heat gain or heat transfer rate through the
normal way with a thermometer. Floor
10. Air Duct – a passageway usually fabricated of U = value of the floor material
metal, fiber glass, concrete or cement and A = area of the floor
asbestos fibers used to transfer air from one ETD = Effective Temperature Difference of the
location to another. Floor
11. Tons of Refrigeration – the useful refrigerating
effect equal to 211 KJ/min or 12,000 Btu/hr. Heat Gain through the Roof (sensible)
• Q = U x A x (ETD)
Heat Gains in Building
1. Heat transmitted through walls, roofs, floors, Where:
partitions, ceilings, and glass owing to Q = heat gain or heat transfer rate across the
differences between indoor air temperature. Roof
2. Heat from solar radiation striking upon the U = value of the roof material
exterior surfaces of walls, glass, absorbed by A = are of the roof
them and conducted through the interior ETD = Effective Temperature Difference of the
3. Heat carried in by infiltrating or ventilating Roof
outside air
4. Heat given off by occupants Heat Gain through the Glass (sensible)
5. Heat given off by lights, cooking devices, • Q = A x [U x (To – Ti) + (SHGF x SC)]
motors, fans and industrial processes within Where:
the conditioned space. Q = heat transfer rate through the glass
A = area of the glass
U = value of the glass
To = room outside temperature
Ti = room inside temperature
SHGF = sensible heat gain factor of glass
SC = shading coefficient of the glass
Heat Gain from occupants (sensible) ACOUSTICS OF A BUILDING
• QS = no. of occupants x SHG
ACOUSTICAL SYSTEM
Where:
QS = heat transfer rate from occupants Acoustics – the science of sound, including its
(sensible) generation, transmission and effects of sound waves,
SHG = sensible heat gain/person the technology of designing spaces, structures and
mechanical systems to meet hearing needs.
Heat Gain from occupants (latent)
• QL = no. of occupants x LHG Sounds – an oscillation in pressure of the atmosphere
which is capable of being detected by the human ear.
Where:
QL = heat transfer rate from occupants (latent) Airborne sound – sound that is transmitted through air
LHG = latent heat gain/person by a series of oscillating pressure fluctuations.

Heat Gain from lighting (sensible) Decibel – the unit in which the level of various
• Q = 33 W/m2 of floor area x A acoustical quantities is expressed.

Where: ACOUSTICS
Q = heat transfer rate from lighting
A = floor area Acoustics – is the science of sound which assures the
optimum conditions for producing and listening to
ENERGY BALANCE speech, music, etc.
- For any heat exchanger, the energy
balance is, Acoustical design and construction is done to for
heating energy from heating or cooling dissipation of the noises, external and internal and
medium = heat energy absorbed by medium insulation against sound.
to be heated or to be cooled
Acoustics and Sound Insulation
HOT WATER – AIR HEATER Acoustics can be achieved by considering two
Heat Energy from hot water = energy received aspects:
by air • Proper control and remedy of the acoustical
Qw = Qa defects in buildings
(mw)(cpw)(t1 – t2) = (ma)(cpa)(ta – tb) • Sound insulation
Or (mw)(cpw)(t1 – t2) = (ma)(ha – hb) • Medium: Solid, liquid & Gas
• Velocity of sound depends on nature and
Where: temperature of medium.
Qw = heat from hot water
cpw = constant pressure specific heat of water Frequency or pitch: Number of cycle or vibrations /
cpa = constant pressure specific heat of air sec. Greater is no. of cycle higher will be the pitch.
mw = mass of water flow • Pitch is the measure of quality of sound.
ma = mass of air flow
t1 = entering temperature of hot water Intensity or loudness of sound: flow of sound
t2 = leaving temperature of hot water energy/sec through unit area.
ta = entering temperature of air • Intensity is a measure of quantity of sound
tb = leaving temperature of air energy
hb = leaving enthalpy of air flow
ha = entering enthalpy of air flow Measurement of Sound: unit – Bel = 10 dB
Qa = heat absorbed by air The ear doesn’t respond in proportion to the
ma = volumetric flow x density of air intensity of sound, and its response in proportion
ma = m3/min x kg/m3 to the logarithm of the intensity of sound.
ma = kg/min
 Reverberation: Prolongation of sound after the source
of producing it has died out.

Acoustical correction: Addition of absorption units, to

make up the deficiency of actual absorption available
for a hall or room in order to obtain optimum
reverberation time or conditions.

Reverberation
• Reverberation time:
o T > 5 sec - very bad
o 5 > t > 3sec - bad
o 3>t>2 sec - fairly good
o 2>t>1.5 sec - good
o 1.5>t>0.5 sec - very good
• Reverberation should be short for
auditorium as a cinema theatre or public
address.

Acoustical Defect

Sound Foci: when reflected sound rays meets at a

Behavior of Sound: point which causes concentration effect for the
• Sound originated from any source either reflected echoes and creates a sound of large
as a speech or music, it is transmitted intensity.
from the source in all directions. - Can be eliminated by providing
• Sound travels till it strikes on some surface geometrical designed shape of interior
from where, a part of it is reflected back, a face including ceiling/proving absorbing
part being absorbed, or transmitted material.

Reflection Coefficient: ratio of the reflected intensity Dead Spot: Side effect of sound foci. Deficiency of
over the incident intensity reflected sound rays causes low sound intensity at
some points.
Absorption Coefficient: ratio of energy absorbed by
the area to the energy striking. Insufficient loudness: In large auditorium, due to lack
of sound reflecting flat surfaces near the source or
Transmission loss: reduction in intensity of sound in stage and excessive absorption of sound in the hall,
passing through the barrier or measure of the results in this defect of insufficient loudness.
effectiveness of a barrier or surface in insulating - Provide loud speaker
against the transmission of sound.
Acoustics Defect
Acoustical Defect
• Echoes: is an indirect or a reflected voice Exterior Noise or Outdoor Nuisance: cause mainly due
which is heard just after the direct hearing to poor sound insulation and partly due to poor
of the voice coming from the same sound planning.
source.
• Echoes forms when time lag between the
two voices or sound is about 1/17th of
sound and the reflecting surfaces are
situated at a distance greater than 15cm.
• Remedy of this defect is to select the
proper shape of the auditorium and
surfaces and to use the rough and porous
material for interior surfaces.
Acoustics – Requirements and Conditions Factors in Acoustical Design
• Adequate sound intensity Treatment of interior surfaces:
• Evenly distributed • Provide favorable reflections
• Clear and distinct • Tilted portions of the ceiling can be
• Reach the audience with the same arranged
frequency and intensity • Max time gap between sound source and
• Noise protection to be done listener should be 45 milli-sec
• Ceiling and wall reflector should be within
Factors in Acoustical Design 8m of the sound source.
• Site Selection • Convex shaped wall considered best
• Volume • Rear wall should not be provided as
• Shape concave walls unless treated with sound
• Interior Surface absorbent.
• Reverberation
• Seating Arrangements and audience Reverberation:
• Sound Absorption • Optimum reverberation time
• For orchestral music, it is about 15%
Site Selection: longer than that for unaided speech
• If possible, the site should be away from • For music, it is 40% longer.
busy street, railways, airports, etc.
• If not, then orientation, layout, structural Seating Arrangements:
design should be done accordingly • Largest contributor to the absorption of
• Noise reduction. sound
Volume • Distance of front row should be about
• Purpose of hall 3.5m for drama and 4.5m for cinema
• Height is of greater importance. • Width of seat 45 to 55cm
o Public lecture hall – 2.8 to 3.7 • Back to back distance – 85 to 105 cm
m3/person
o Musical Concert Hall – 4.2 to 5.6 Sound absorption:
m3/person • Useful positioning of the sound absorbing
o Cinema Theatres – 3.7 to 4.2 material
m3/person • Coefficient absorption for distemper is
higher than paint.
Shape: • Wood panel has higher coefficient at
• For correcting the defects. lower frequency.
• For better distribution of sound.
• Ceiling height for a room or hall to be used Acoustical Treatment
for speech and music is kept varying from Open Air Theatres:
1/3 to 2/3 of the width of the room. • Selection of site is most important.
• Avg noise level should not exceed 40 dB.
• Slope of seating area should not be less
than 12 degree.
• Sound amplification system

Cinema Theatres for Sound Films:

• Fan shaped floor plan with diverging side
wall
• Splayed type ceiling with slight upward
slope towards the rear end
• Ratio (H:W:L) should approx. 1:2:3
• Surface near sound source should be hard
polished
• Vol – 3.5 to 4.5 m3
 Radio Broad Casting Studios: Composite Type-Absorbents:
• Perfect Sound Proofing/Noise insulation: • A composite absorber is a single unit
o Floor, walls, and ceiling must be which does the function of the other three
rigid material. absorbers mentioned before.
• Variable reverberation time: • The composite absorber of a perforated
o Different absorption is required in panel fixed over an air space containing
the same room as suitable for porous absorbent.
type of studio • When sound waves strike the panel, they
o Noise level – 25 to 30 dB pass through it and are damped by
• Ratio of H:W:L – 2:3:5 resonance of the air on the cavity.
• Shape should be rectangular with flat
ceiling NOISE
• Provision of windows should be min. - Unwanted sound
• Airtight - Noise created from high frequency is more
• Heavy Curtains can be used unpleasant and harmful
• Two types:
Class Lecture Rooms: o Outdoor Noise
• Room dimen – 7:8:5:4 considered o Indoor Noise
satisfactory for 40 students.
• Length to width – 1.2 to 1 (wide rooms are Classification based on their origin:
more satisfactory
• Noise level – 40 dB Outdoor Noise: source of origin outside from the room
• t – 0.75 sec at freq. (500 – 2000) & 9sec at or building.
freq. (125 CPS) • Road traffic, railways, aero planes,
• Vol per can be kept as small as possible – loudspeaker, moving machineries
12 m2 or less. Indoor Noise: source of origin inside the room
• Conversation of occupants, banging of
Classification of Sound Absorbents doors, footsteps, etc.

Porous Absorbents: Classification based on analysis of sound insulation

• Sound waves strike the surface of a porous problem:
of a material, a part of sound waves gets
reflected while the other part enter the Airborne Noise: generated in the air & is transmitted
porous material. through air.
• The part of reflected waves energy is Structure Borne or Impact Noise: originates and
reduced while, the part of waves that progresses in the building structure.
entered into the porous material is • Caused due to structural vibration
converted into heat
• Rock wool, glass wool, foamed plastics,
asbestos fiber, curtains, spray felt, etc. SOUND TERMINOLOGY

Resonant Panel’s Absorbent: Sound Absorption: prevention of reflection of sound

• Semi hard material in the form of porous waves
fiber boards. Sound Insulation: prevention of transmission of sound
Sound Structure: indicates loss of sound energy on
Cavity Resonators: reflection at a surface
Transmission loss: reduction in sound intensity during
• When sound waves enter the resonator;
the transmission of air-borne sound from the source to
due to multiple reflections inside the
the recipient.
sound waves are absorbed.
• The cavity resonator may be designed to
absorbed sound of any particular
frequency generated by machines such as
air conditioner plant, machines, etc.
 Acoustical Materials:

Sound Absorbers:
These sound absorbing acoustical panels and
soundproofing materials are used to eliminate sound
reflections to improve speech intelligibility, reduce
standing waves and prevent comb filtering. A wide
variety of materials can be applied to walls and ceiling
depending on your application and environment.
Noise Control and Sound Insulation These materials vary in thickness and in shape to
achieve different absorption ratings depending in the
General Considerations: specific sound requirements.
• Isolate it at source
• Selection of location and orientation TYPES:
• Lining of wall and ceiling by means of air- • Acoustical foam panels
filled materials, like felts, straw boards, • White paintable acoustical wall panels
etc. • Fabric wrapped panels
• Rigid wall, floor, partitions can prevent • Acoustical wall coverings
transmission of noise • Ceiling tiles
• Structure borne noise can be prevented by • Baffles and banners for ceiling
introducing discontinuities in the path if • Fiber glass blankets and roll.
vibrating waves or expansion joint.
• Personal protective devices – ear plugs,
headphone, etc.

Constructional Measures:
• Wall and Partitions
• Floor and Ceilings
• Windows and Doors
• Insulating Sanitary Fittings
• Machine mounting or Insulations of
Machinery

Wall and Partitions (vertical barriers):

• Rigid and Homogenous Partitions:
Thickness of wall affects the sound
insulation property.
• Partitions of Porous Material: Porous
Concrete Masonry, cinder concrete, etc.
10% more absorbent than non-porous.
• Hollow & Composite Partition walls or
Double wall Construction: Composite
partition of cavity wall type construction
by filling the cavity or leaving the air space
with some resilient material.

Floor & Ceilings (Horizontal barrier to noise):

• Use of resilient material on floors
• Providing floating floor constructions:
Additional floor float over the existing
surface by means of resilient material.