Chemistry
Projec
t
Inde
x Page
Topi no.
c
€ Certificate of authenticity 1
€ Acknowledgement 2
€ Objective of project 3
€ Introduction 3
Factors influencing rate
of
€ Evaporation 5
€ Application 7
€ Theory 7
€ Experiment no.1 10
€ Experiment no.2 11
€ Experiment no.3 12
1
€ Experiment no.4 3
€ Bibliography 14
1 Chemistry project
Certificate of
Authenticity
This is to certify that “Richard Singh,T” a student of
class 12th ‘A’ has successfully completed the
research project on the topic “Rate of
Evaporation of Different Liquids” under the
guidance of Mrs.Bushra.
This project is absolutely genuine and does not
indulge in plagiarism of any kind. The references
taken in making this project have been declared at
the end of this project.
Signature (subject teacher)
Signature (examiner)
1
2 Chemistry project
Acknowledgement:
I feel proud to present my project in
chemistry on the “Rate of Evaporation
of Different Liquids”.
This project would not have been
feasible without the proper rigorous
guidance of chemistry teacher
Mrs.Bushra who guided me throughout
this project in every possible way. An
investigatory project involves various
difficult lab experiments, which have to
obtain the observations and conclude
the reports on a meaningful note.
These experiments are very critical and
in the case of failure may result in
disastrous consequences.
Thereby, I would like to thanks
both Mrs.Bushra and lab assistant
Mr.lazar for guiding me on a
systematic basis and ensuring that
in completed all my experiments
with ease.
Rigorous hard work has put in this
project to ensure that it proves to be the
best. I hope that it proves to be the best.
I hope that this project will prove to be a
breeding ground for
the next generation of students and will
guide them in every possible way.
2
3 Chemistry project
Rate of
Evaporation of
Different
Liquids
Objective of the Project:
In this project, we shall investigate various factors such
as nature of liquid, surface of liquid and temperature and
find their correlation with the rate of evaporation of
different liquids.
Introduction
When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly
escapes into gaseous phase eventually leaving the vessel
empty. This phenomenon is known as vaporization or
evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in
the terms of kinetic molecular model although there are
strong molecular attractive forces which hold molecules
together. The molecules having sufficient kinetic energy
can escape into gaseous phase. If such molecules happen
to come near the surface in a sample of liquid all the
molecules do not have same kinetic energy. There is a
small fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic
energy to overcome the attractive forces and escapes into
gaseous phase.
Chemistry project
Evaporation causes cooling.
This is due to the reason that
the molecules which
undergo evaporation have
high
Kinetic energy therefore the kinetic energy of the
molecules which are left behind is less. Since the
remaining molecules which are left have lower average
kinetic energy. Therefore temperature is kept constant
the remaining liquid will have same distribution of the
molecular kinetic energy and high molecular energy will
kept one escaping from liquid into gaseous phase of the
liquid is taken in an open vessel evaporation will
continue until whole of the liquid evaporates.
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar
energy drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes,
moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In
hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves
evaporation within plant stomata) are collectively termed
evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when water is
exposed to air and the liquid molecules turn into water
vapour which rises up and forms clouds.
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Chemistry project
Factors influencing
rate of Evaporation
1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in
the air: If the air already has a high concentration of
the substance evaporating, then the given substance
will evaporate more slowly.
2. Concentration of other substances in the air: If the
air is already saturated with other substances, it can
have a lower capacity forth substance evaporating.
3. Temperature of the substance:If the substance is hotter,
then evaporation will be faster.
4. Flow rate of air: This is in part related to the concentration
points above. If fresh air is moving over the substance all the
time, then the concentration of the substance in the air is less
likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation.
In addition, molecules in motion have more energy than those
at rest, and so the stronger the flow of air, the greater the
evaporating power of the air molecules.
5. Inter-molecular forces: The stronger the forces keeping
the molecules together in the liquid or solid state the more
energy that must be input in order to evaporate them.
Chemistry project
6. Surface area and temperature: The rate of
evaporation of liquids varies directly with temperature. With
the increase in the temperature, fraction of molecules
having sufficient kinetic energy to escape out from the
surface also increases. Thus with the increase in
temperature rate of evaporation also increases. Molecules
that escape the surface of the liquids constitute the
evaporation. Therefore larger surface area contributes
accelerating evaporation.
7. Nature of Liquids: The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of
attraction in liquid determines the speed of evaporation. Weaker
the inter-molecular forces of attraction larger are the extent of
evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporation is greater than
that of ethyl alcohol.
8. Composition of Environment: The rate of evaporation of
liquids depends upon the flow of air currents above the surface
of the liquid. Air current flowing over the surface of the liquid
took away the molecules of the substance in vapour state
thereby preventing condensation.
9. Density: The higher the density, the slower a liquid
evaporates. In the US, the National Weather Service measures
the actual rate of evaporation from a standardized "pan" open
water surface outdoors, at various locations nationwide. Others
do likewise around the world. The US data is collected and
compiled into an annual evaporation map. The measurements
range from under 30 to over the120 inches (3,000 mm) per
year.
10. Pressure: In an area of less pressure, evaporation
happens faster because there is less exertion on the surface
keeping the molecules from launching themselves
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7 Chemistry project
Applications:
When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the
ambient temperature is below the boiling point of water, water
evaporates. This is accelerated by factors such as low humidity,
heat (from the sun), and wind. In a cloth dryer hot air is blown
through the clothes, allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.
Theory:
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near
the surface, be moving in the proper direction, and have
sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid -phase intermolecular
forces. Only a small proportion of the molecules meet these
criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic
energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature,
evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures. As
the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules
have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the
liquid thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called
evaporative cooling. This is why evaporating sweat cools the
human body.
Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow
rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with
higher vapour pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line
will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a
still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, humidity and air
movement.
Chemistry project
Evaporative equilibrium:-
Vapour pressure of water vs. temperature. 760 Torr = 1
atm.
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9 Chemistry project
If evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the escaping
molecules accumulate as a vapour above the liquid. Many of
the molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules
becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of the
vapour increases. When the process of escape and return
reaches equilibrium, the vapour is said to be "saturated," and no
further change in either vapor pressure or density or liquid
temperature will occur. For a system consisting of vapour and
liquid of a pure substance, this equilibrium state is directly
related to the vapour pressure of the substance, as given by the
Clausius-Cla peyron relation:
W here P1, P 2 are the vapour pressures at temperatures T1, T2
respectively, H vap is the enthalpy of vaporization, and R is the
universal gas constant. The rate of evaporation in an op en
system is related to the vapour pressure found in a closed
system. If a liquid is heated, when the vapour pressure reaches
the ambient pressure the liquid will boil. The ability for a
molecule of a liquid to evaporate is largely base d on the
amount of kinetic energy an individual particle may possess.
Even at lower temperatures, individual molecules of a liquid can
evaporate if they have more than the minimum amount of
kinetic energy required for vaporization.
But vaporization is not only the process of a change of state from
liquid to gas but it is also a change of state from a solid to gas.
This process is also known as sublimation (vaporization).
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10 Chemistry project
Experiment no. 1
Aim: To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and
chloroform.
Requirement: Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm, 10 ml.
pipettes, stop watch, acetone benzene and chloroform.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly pipette
out
10 ml of benzene and chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now cover each of
the Petri dish and note the volume of remaining material in them.
Observation: Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Liquid Volume
Rate (V/T)
Petri dishes Taken Vol. Evap.
remaining ml./s
Marked (V1) ml. V=V1–V2
(V2) ml.
A
B
C
Results:Rate of evaporation of Acetone is ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Benzene is ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is ml/s.
Conclusion:
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and
chloroform are in order.
Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.
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11 Chemistry project
Experiment no. 2
Aim: To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of
diethyl ether.
Requirement: Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5 cm. with
cover 10 ml. of pipette and stop watch.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of the Petri dishes A, B and
C and cover them immediately.
3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl ether
from each Petri dish.
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri dishes Diameter of Volume Taken Remaining Evaporated
Marked P.T.Ds. (ml.) Vol. volume
(ml.)
A
B
C
Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in three Petri dishes as
Conclusion: Larger the surface area more is evaporation.
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12 Chemistry project
Experiment no. 3
Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of
acetone.
Requirement: Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10 ml.
pipette, thermometer and thermostat.
Procedure:
1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover
them.
3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same
time.
4. Note the reading.
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri dishes Temperature Volume Taken Evaporated
Time (Sec.)
Marked (in Celsius) (ml.) volume (ml.)
A
Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as
given Room Temperature Heating
Conclusion: Observation clearly shows that the
evaporation increases with temperature.
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13 Chemistry project
Experiment no. 4
Aim: To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone.
Requirement: Two Petri dishes acetone.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.
2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air
current. 3.Note the reading.
Observation:
• Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.
Petri dishes volume
Conditions Time (Sec.) Evaporated
Marked (ml.)
A With fan 40 10
B without fan 50 10
Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given
With fan ------ Without Fan.
Conclusion: The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with
the increase in rate of flow of air current.
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14 Chemistry project
Bibliography
€ www.google.com
€ www.wikipedia.org
€ www.allprojectreports.com
€ www.chemistryprojects.com
€ Comprehensive practical book
