LESSON 1

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system is made up of your heart and blood arteries. The major job of the circulatory
system is to transport oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body to the muscles, tissues,
and organs. The removal of waste from cells and organs so that your body can get rid of it is another
function of the circulatory system.

Through a system of blood vessels, including arteries and veins, your heart pumps blood to the body.
Your cardiovascular system is another name for your circulatory system. Vascular refers to blood vessels,
while cardio is the word for the heart. All of the body's tissues receive blood from the circulatory system
so they can work.

FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

1. A liquid, blood, to transport nutrients, wastes, oxygen and carbon dioxide, and hormones.

2. Two pumps (in a single heart): one to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the other to
pump oxygenated blood to all the other organs and tissues of the body

3. A system of blood vessels to distribute blood throughout the body

4. Specialized organs for exchange of materials between the blood and the external environment;
for example organs like the lungs and intestine that add materials to the blood and organs like
the lungs and kidneys that remove materials from the blood and deposit them back in the
external environment

HOW IT WORKS

The arteries, veins, and capillaries that make up your blood vessels enable your circulatory system to
work. These blood veins let your heart and lungs pump blood throughout your body continually.

1. Oxygen-poor blood is delivered to the lungs through the right ventricle, the lowest pumping chamber
of the heart. The major pulmonary artery, or pulmonary trunk, carries blood.
2. Oxygen is taken up by blood cells in the lungs.

3. The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs and travels through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, or
upper chamber, of the heart.

4. The oxygenated blood is sent from the left atrium into the left ventricle, which is the lower chamber.
Through the arteries, this heart's muscular portion pumps blood out to the body.

5. Blood picks up and excretes nutrients, hormones, and waste items as it circulates around your body
and organs.

6. Deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide are returned through the veins to the heart, which then
pumps the blood to the lungs.

7. When you exhale, the carbon dioxide leaves your lungs.

Blood Vessels

Blood is transported throughout the blood vessels.

There are 3 types of blood vessels: veins, arteries, and capillaries.

Veins carries blood toward the heart; Arteries carries blood away from the heart; Capillaries are the
smallest blood vessel which connects the arteries and veins.

• VEINS - Veins have two main purposes. One purpose is to collect oxygen-poor blood throughout
your body and carry it back to your heart. The other purpose is to carry oxygen-rich blood from
your lungs to your heart.

• ARTERIES - Your arteries carry blood that has oxygen and nutrients in it. Your heart pumps
oxygen-rich blood into the biggest artery in your body — your aorta. This branches off into parts
that feed smaller and smaller arteries, eventually reaching your entire body.

• CAPPILLARIES - carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Why? These tiny blood vessels
have thin walls. Oxygen and nutrients from the blood can move through the walls and get into
organs and tissues. The capillaries also take waste products away from your tissues. Capillaries
are where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste.
BLOOD
Blood is a specialized body fluid. It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells,
and platelets. Blood has many different functions:

• transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues

• forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss

• carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection

• bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood

• regulating body temperature

About 7 to 8 percent of your total body weight is blood. An average-sized man has about 12 pints of
blood in his body, and an average-sized woman has about nine pints.

Blood Composition

Blood: 55% Plasma, 45% Blood Cells

Plasma: 92% Water, 7% Proteins, 1% Other Substances

The liquid component of blood is called plasma, a mixture of water, sugar, fat, protein, and salts.
The main job of plasma is to transport blood cells throughout your body along with nutrients, waste
products, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical messengers such as hormones, and proteins that help
maintain the body's fluid balance.

Blood Cells: 45% RBCs, 54% Plasma, 1% WBC + Blood Platelets

RBCs - Red cells contain a special protein called hemoglobin, which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to
the rest of the body and then returns carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs so it can be exhaled.
Blood appears red because of the large number of red blood cells, which get their color from the
hemoglobin. Also, transport waste such as carbon dioxide back to our lungs to be exhaled.

WBCs – protects the body from infection; about 1% of the blood.

Platelets – fragments of cell (not a whole cell); Platelets help the blood clotting process (or coagulation)
by gathering at the site of an injury, sticking to the lining of the injured blood vessel, and forming a
platform on which blood coagulation can occur. If a blood vessel is damaged, the body sends signals to
platelets which cause them to travel to the injured area. Once the platelets arrive at the site, they clump
together to form a clot that helps stop bleeding.

COMMON CIRCULATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS

Circulatory system diseases can cause a range of issues, including:

• Problems with your heart’s pumping action.

• Changes to your heart’s structure.
• Inefficient blood flow.
 • Blocked or narrowed blood vessels.
• Weakened blood vessels.
• High blood pressure
• Arrythmias
• Aneurysm
• Stroke
• Heart attack

TAKING CARE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Eat a heart healthy diet.

• Lose weight if one is overweight.

• Increase regular physical activity.

• Avoid the use of tobacco and alcohol.

Regular checking of blood pressure and blood sugar levels.

Respiratory system is made up of the organs in the body that help us to breathe. Just remember that
the word respiration is linked to breathing. Circulatory system is responsible for distributing materials
throughout the body. Take note that circulation means transportation or movement in circles. Both
systems are essentially meant for each other. The common purpose could not be attained without the
other system.

THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

 Breathe in and out. Notice your chest and belly moving
and feel the soft air passing from the nose. Listen to the quiet
sounds of breathing in and out. Imagine the air moving from
the nose into the throat, through the air tubes, and into
the air sacs. The parts of the respiratory system that are
in charge of supplying oxygen are the nose, nasal
passageways, windpipe, lungs, and diaphragm. In the nose
and nasal passages, the entering air is made warm, damp,
and clean of unknown particles. Next, the air moves down
through the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
Tracheas the empty tube that serves as passageway of air
into the lungs. Bronchi are the two branching tubes that
connect the trachea to the lungs. Bronchioles are the hair
like tubes that connect to the alveoli. Alveoli are the air sacs that allow gas exchange in the lungs.

FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. Oversees gas exchanges between the blood and external environment

2. Exchange of gasses takes place within the alveoli

3. Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and humidify the incoming air

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

PART OF THE RESPIRATORY SYTEM FUNCTION

• The only externally visible part of the

respiratory system

• Air enters the nose through the

external nares (nostrils)
NOSE
• The interior of the nose consists of a
nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum

• Muscular passage from nasal cavity to

larynx

• Three regions of the pharynx

Nasopharynx – superior region behind nasal

PHARYNX
cavity

Oropharynx – middle region behind

mouth
 Laryngopharynx – inferior region
attached to larynx

• The oropharynx and laryngopharynx

are common passageways for air and
food

• Routes air and food into proper

channels

• Plays a role in speech

• Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages

and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic
LARYNX / VOICEBOX cartilage (epiglottis)

• Vocal cords - vibrate with expelled air

to create sound (speech)

• Connects larynx with bronchi

• Lined with ciliated mucosa

• Beat continuously in the opposite

direction of incoming air

• Expel mucus loaded with dust and

other debris away from lungs
TRACHEA/ WINDPIPE
• Walls are reinforced with C-shaped
hyaline cartilage

• Formed by division of the trachea

• Enters the lung at the hilus

• (medial depression)
BRONCHI • Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and
straighter than left

• Bronchi subdivide into smaller

and smaller branches called bronchus

• Occupy most of the thoracic cavity

• Apex is near the clavicle (superior

portion)

• Each lung is divided into lobes by

LUNGS
fissures
 • Left lung – two lobes

• Right lung – three lobes

• Gas exchange takes place within the

alveoli in the respiratory membrane

• Squamous epithelial lining alveolar

ALVEOLI
walls

• Covered with pulmonary capillaries on

external surfaces

COMMON DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Asthma

• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

• Emphysema

• Chronic Bronchitis

• Lung Cancer

• Pneumonia

• COVID – 19

HOW TO TAKE CARE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. Stop smoking

2. Practice avoidance – avoiding sick people and places with a lot of dust harsh chemicals, and
smoke

3. Maintain a healthy and active lifestyle – diet, exercise

4. Regular washing of hands

Covering of mouth when sneezing or coughing

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• The air we breathe goes through the nose, nasal passages, and then through the trachea or
windpipe, which separates into two branches, called bronchial tubes or bronchi, one
entering each lung. The bronchi subdivide many times inside the lungs, analogous to the
branching pattern of grapes, finally becoming hair like tubes called bronchioles. In the last part
of the terminal bronchioles are tiny bubble-like bunch of structures called alveoli or air sacs.

• Oxygen is necessary for life to exist. Without it, the cells in the body would not be able to
release the energy in food for power, and they would die within minutes. When you inhale air,
your respiratory system gets oxygen. When you exhale, carbon dioxide is released.

• The circulatory system, which is made up of the heart and blood vessels, supports the
respiratory system by bringing blood to and from the lungs. The circulatory system helps deliver
nutrients and oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs throughout the body. It also helps
remove carbon dioxide and waste products.