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Microbiology 1

The document is a presentation on microbiology and bioprocess technology, covering topics such as the history, classification, and characteristics of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, eukarya, and viruses. It discusses microbial structures, nutrition, growth, metabolism, and genetics, as well as the scope and future challenges in the field of microbiology. The materials are intended for academic use and can be reused with proper acknowledgment.

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Snehasis
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9 views14 pages

Microbiology 1

The document is a presentation on microbiology and bioprocess technology, covering topics such as the history, classification, and characteristics of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, eukarya, and viruses. It discusses microbial structures, nutrition, growth, metabolism, and genetics, as well as the scope and future challenges in the field of microbiology. The materials are intended for academic use and can be reused with proper acknowledgment.

Uploaded by

Snehasis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology

(BTC 302)
Microbiology Books - Prescott, Harley, and Klein’s Microbiology
Brock Biology of Microorganisms
General Microbiology by Hans G Schlegel
Microbiology by Pelczar, Chan, Krieg

Most of the texts and images of this presentation are from Prescott, Harley, and Klein’s Microbiology book (7 th Ed). Some are from Brock
Biology of Microorganisms (14th Ed) and from Microbiology – an Introduction (8th ed) by Tortora, Funke, and Case

The study materials/presentations are solely meant for academic purposes and they can be reused, reproduced, modified, and distributed by others for
academic purposes only with proper acknowledgements

Presentation prepared by Prof Sufia K Kazy, NIT Durgapur 1


PART A: Microbiology
Introduction to microbiology: History and scope of microbiology, major contribution and events in microbiology, different types of
microorganisms – characteristic features, microbes and diseases, microbes in human welfare.

Microbial structures: Different types of microscopy, preparation and staining of specimens, microbial shape, size, arrangements,
overview of procaryotic and eucaryotic cell – internal and external structures, cytoplasmic matrix, nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes,
flagella, pilli, fimbrie, spores, bacterial and archaebacterial cell walls and cell membranes, Viruses – types, structures, multiplications.

Microbial classification and taxonomy: Domains of life, classification, taxonomic ranks, techniques for determining microbial
taxonomy and phylogeny, prokaryotic phylogeny and diversity, microbial community and interactions – Mutualism, Cooperation,
Commensalism, Predation, Parasitism, Amenalism, Competition. Normal microbiota of human body.

Microbial nutrition, growth and control: Common nutrient requirements, nutritional types, uptake of nutrients by cell, culture media,
pure culture, microbial growth – batch culture and continuous culture, growth curve, measurement of growth, influence of
environmental factors on growth, control of microorganisms by physical and chemical agents, Antimicrobial drugs – general
characteristics, narrow-spectrum and broad-spectrum drugs, inhibitors of cell wall synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis and protein
synthesis, metabolic antagonists, Drug resistance.

Microbial metabolism: Energy release and conservation, chemoorganotrophic fueling processes, aerobic respiration, glycolysis, TCA
cycle, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, anaerobic respiration - nitrate and sulfate reduction, fermentations,
chemolithotrophy, phototrophy .

Microbial genetics: Conjugation, Transduction, Transformation.

Presentation prepared by Prof Sufia K Kazy, NIT Durgapur 2


Members of the Microbial World
Microbiology is the study of tiny, microscopic
organisms that are mostly unicellular, or if
multicellular, do not have highly differentiated
tissues.

Organisms are divided into three domains:


Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya. Domains Bacteria
and Archaea consist of procaryotic
microorganisms. The eucaryotic microbes (protists
and fungi) are placed in Eucarya.

Viruses are acellular entities that are not placed in


any of the domains but are classified by a separate
system.
Presentation prepared by Prof Sufia K Kazy, NIT Durgapur 3
Microorganisms are present within all three domains
• Domain Bacteria - procaryotic microbes
• Domain Archaea - procaryotic microbes
• Domain Eukarya -
• Protists - eucaryotic microbes
• Fungi - eucaryotic microbes
• Plants
• Animals

Viruses are acellular entities and classified by a separate system

Presentation prepared by Prof Sufia K Kazy, NIT Durgapur 4


Bacteria (Eubacteria)
“Eu” means “true” Many are common
infectious agents.
• Prokaryotic, Unicellular
• Cell wall present - made of peptidoglycan
macromolecule
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic. For energy,
they can use organic chemicals, inorganic
chemicals, or photosynthesis
• Reproduce asexually (binary fission)
• Most abundant organisms on earth. One
bacterium can give rise to 10 million
bacteria in 24 hours.
• Found in almost every habitat on earth
(omnipresent). They may be present in
extreme environment as well as in normal
environment.
• Beneficial or disease causing, decomposer
of dead organisms
Archaea Aerial view of hot spring at Yellowstone National Park, USA
(Archaebacteria)
“Archaea” means “ancient” bacteria.

• Unicellular, Prokaryotic
• Cell Wall lack peptidoglycan, made of pseudomurein
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic
• Reproduce asexually
• They have adapted to extreme environments.
• Some can survive in extremely hot environments, like around
hot springs and geysers. They are called thermophiles.
• Some can survive in extremely salty environments, like in sea
water. They are called halophiles.
• Some are barophilic (pressure loving) - piezophiles
• Some are methanogens – methane producing
• Some are methanotrophs – methane consuming
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park
Presentation prepared by Prof Sufia K Kazy, NIT Durgapur 7
DEEP OCEAN ENVIRONMENT
Presentation prepared by Prof Sufia K Kazy, NIT Durgapur 8
Eukarya
Protista Plantae
• Mostly unicellular and microscopic • Multicellular green plants
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic • Autotrophic through photosynthesis
• Can be infectious agents • Have a cell wall
Examples:
•Amoeba Examples:
• unicellular Algae •Mosses
•Plasmodium (causes malaria) •Ferns
•Slime molds •Trees
•Water molds •Flowering Plants
Fungi Animalia
• Multicellular • Multicellular Animals
• Heterotrophic • Heterotrophic
• Decomposers • No Cell Wall
• Can be infectious agents
Examples:
Examples: •Insects
•Mushrooms •Spiders
•Bread Mold •Crabs
•Birds
•Humans
Unicellular Algae – eukaryotic
microorganisms
• Eukaryotes
• Cellulose cell walls
• Autotrophs - Use
photosynthesis for energy
• Produce molecular oxygen
and various organic
compounds

From Microbiology – an Introduction (8th ed) by


Tortora, Funke, and Case

Presentation prepared by Prof Sufia K Kazy, NIT Durgapur 10


Fungi – Eukaryotic microorganisms
• Eukaryotes
• Chitin cell walls
• Heterotrophs - Use organic
chemicals for energy
• Molds and mushrooms are
multicellular consisting of
masses of mycelia, which
are composed of filaments
called hyphae
• Yeasts are unicellular
From Microbiology – an Introduction (8th ed) by
Tortora, Funke, and Case

Presentation prepared by Prof Sufia K Kazy, NIT Durgapur 11


Protozoa

• Eukaryotes
• Absorb or ingest organic
chemicals
• May be motile via
pseudopods, cilia, or
flagella

From Microbiology – an Introduction (8th ed) by


Tortora, Funke, and Case

Presentation prepared by Prof Sufia K Kazy, NIT Durgapur 12


Viruses
• Viruses are simple, acellular
entities.
• They can reproduce only within
living cells because they are
obligate intracellular parasites.
• Consist of DNA or RNA genome core
• Core is surrounded by a protein
coat - capsid
• Coat may be enclosed in a lipid
envelope. Envelope usually has
spike proteins
• They are infectious agents.
• They are different from prokaryotic
and eukaryotic organisms. Presentation prepared by Prof Sufia K Kazy, NIT Durgapur 13
The Scope of Microbiology
Basic fields - Microbial physiology, biochemistry, molecular
biology, ecology and genetics are some examples.
Applied fields - Medical, Public Health, Industrial, Food and
Dairy, Agricultural, and Environmental Microbiology.

The Future of Microbiology


Many exciting and important future challenges for Microbiologists
are --- finding new ways to combat diseases, reduce
environmental pollution, and feed the world’s population.
Presentation prepared by Prof Sufia K Kazy, NIT Durgapur 14

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