INTRODUCTION

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force across various sectors,
reshaping industries and redefining the way tasks are performed. In the realm of education,
particularly in English Language Teaching (ELT), AI technologies are revolutionizing traditional
pedagogical approaches and offering innovative solutions to enhance language learning
experiences. This introduction sets the stage for exploring the profound impact of AI in ELT,
highlighting its potential to personalize instruction, facilitate immersive learning environments,
and address the diverse needs of learners.
Over the past decade, advancements in AI have paved the way for the development of intelligent
tutoring systems, adaptive learning platforms, and natural language processing algorithms, all of
which have significant implications for language education. These AI-driven tools analyze vast
amounts of data, including learners' interactions, preferences, and performance metrics, to
deliver tailored instruction that caters to individual learning styles and proficiency levels.
Moreover, AI technologies facilitate real-time feedback and assessment, allowing students to
receive immediate guidance on grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and other language skills.
Whether through interactive chatbots, automated grading systems, or virtual language assistants,
AI enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of language instruction by providing personalized
support and reinforcement.
Beyond personalized learning, AI enables the creation of immersive language learning
environments that simulate authentic linguistic contexts and cultural experiences. Virtual reality
(VR) technologies, coupled with AI algorithms, immerse learners in virtual scenarios where they
can practice speaking, listening, and interacting in English with simulated native speakers. These
immersive experiences not only enhance language comprehension and fluency but also foster
cultural awareness and cross-cultural communication skills.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence has many different definitions. In the headlines of newspaper articles, AI is
a machine that thinks, understands languages, solves problems, diagnoses medical conditions,
keeps cars on the highways, plays chess, and paints impressionistic imitations of van Gogh
paintings. AI is often defined as a computer system with the ability to perform tasks commonly
associated with intelligent beings. As this definition somewhat problematically requires us to
define intelligence and is inconveniently tautological, artificial intelligence is now commonly
defined as a scientific discipline; as the activity that creates machines that can function
appropriately and with foresight in their environment. The first explicit definition of artificial
intelligence was suggested in a funding proposal to the Rockefeller Foundation in 1955. It was
based on the “conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in
principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it.” This early
definition rapidly led to deep controversies. In practice, the early developers of AI interpreted
Intelligence and thinking as mechanical processing of logical statements, thus, in effect, defining
human intelligence as computation of truth values. This interpretation was historically aligned
with logical positivism and attempts to formalize mathematics using purely syntactic means, but
it also raised important questions about the philosophical foundations of AI.

AI plays a role in conveying various information and also helps in making the English learning
process even more effective. The existence of various kinds of learning technology makes it
easier for these learners to understand what has been explained by the teacher. Even students also
have the ease of learning even without having to face the teachers directly. There are so many
choices of language learning applications based on the technology of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
which can be used by both English educators and students/learners. Some examples of AI
technology that can be used in English language learning are as follow:

Google Translate
Google has created an enormous suite of tools for users, but after their original search engine,
possibly the most important application is Google Translate which can be accessed on
http.google.com/translate (Smallwood, 2015, p. 51). Text speech has even been replaced by a
translator. Applications like Google Translate are already integrated with Google Board. So
translating Indonesian to English or vice versa is as easy as typing on a keyboard. Covili (2016)
states that there are five things about Google Translate, they are: Google Translate can translate
into up to 50 different languages. The users can translate entire documents using Google
Translate. Google Translate can pronounce words in the new language and provide definitions of
the words. By using the mobile app for „translate‟, the users can translate street signs on the fly.
Google Translate also can translate websites into a variety of languages. Concerning teaching
and learning English, Google Translate as a translator is the main function, namely as an online
translator. Students can use it to translate words/phrases/sentences/paragraphs from Indonesian
English or Indonesian English which are used a lot in Indonesian English translation activities.
Google Translate can be used to check the spelling of words that arise due to typos. It is very
useful when it comes to checking the English spelling. Google Translate can be used as a tool to
learn foreign language word pronunciation. For students who want to learn English for free,
especially how to pronounce words, google translate can be used.

Text to speech (TTS)

Google Translate adds text to speech as an additional feature. The text to speech feature of
Google Translate provides various languages to be spoken, from words that are translated from
various languages such as English. The text to speech feature in Google Translate can read text
with a less flat intonation and is smoother than the others. A Text-To-Speech (TTS) system can
be defined as a system that can convert text into speech automatically through phonetization (the
arrangement of phonemes to form speech). A TTS system can pronounce any word because the
vocabulary is unlimited.
Concerning teaching and learning English, Text-To-Speech (TTS), can convert computer-
generated text into pronunciation (audio), where the resulting pronunciation can be adjusted for
speed, intonation, and the output audio format to be saved in the form of an audio file. TTS
technology can streamline the teaching and learning process and complement the learning media
for English subjects, especially in the English laboratory (Yudhistiro, 2016).

English Able
English ABLE is an Assessment-Based Learning Environment for English grammar. This
technology was developed by Zapata-Rivera et al (2007). Assessment-based learning
environments (ABLE) use assessment knowledge to direct instruction from a variety of sources
(e.g. formative and summative). Concerning teaching and learning English, English ABLE refers
to a learning environment that focused on tests to help English language learners (ELLs) learn
about grammar in English. English ABLE uses a TOEFL CBT job library to build new sets with
improved assignments aimed at unique ELL component skills. An adaptive, scaffolded learning
environment, also offers packages for learners to help students master facets of English
grammar.

Orai
Orai's perfect option for public speaking. It can not only be used to support a teacher but can also
be used as a teacher. Orai is getting excellent reviews and is enjoyable to use. Orai is user-
friendly. Improving your oratory skills is a quick, self-directed strategy. Concerning teaching and
learning English, Orai's strengths are being able to detect how many words we say to detect how
many fillers we say while we speak. Using Orai in class, the teachers can combine it with
English speaking subject matter at that time, such as describing people, then give students about
15 minutes to use Orai and after that choose randomly to come forward to practice speaking
immediately. Orai provides several features designed to hone students' speaking skills, namely
Lessons, Practice, Progress, and Recordings. Each of the main features has interesting content
and can be studied repeatedly to hone these speaking skills. In the 'Lessons' feature, those who
want to practice speaking can learn and practice their speaking skills on the content provided.
Each content consists of three content stages that must be completed before you can learn the
next lesson content. Orai is an application purposed to help students to be better English speakers
(Suryani et al., 2019).

Elsa
English Learning Speech Assitant (ELSA) and designed by Vu Van in 2015, and is based in San
Francisco, United States. This application makes use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and speech
recognition to help improve and perfect English pronunciation. ELSA (English Learning Speech
Assistant) Speak is an application for learning English that applies artificial intelligence and
speech recognition. This technology allows for a two-way learning process, for example, the
users can pronounce certain words or sentences, then the system will perform analysis and
provide corrective input. The ELSA framework is trained to use voice data of people speaking
English with multiple accents, to recognize the speech patterns of non-native speakers,
distinguishing them from most other speech recognition technologies. Users are given an
assessment test to determine their level of proficiency. ELSA provides scores ranging from zero
to 100, with most native speakers scoring 95 or above. The results help ELSA personalize the
user's learning path, highlighting which sounds hit the spot, and what else needs tweaking. ELSA
makes suggestions for specific lessons according to the user's abilities. Concerning teaching and
learning English, Application ELSA (English Learning Speech Assistant) Speak is an application
for learning English that applies artificial intelligence and speech recognition to help students
improve their English speaking skills. This technology allows for a two-way learning process,
for example, users can pronounce certain English words or sentences, and then the system will
perform analysis and provide corrective input (Eka, 2020).

Chatbot
Chatbots as one of the artificially intelligent conversational systems are the latest technologies
designed to communicate both with humans and computers automatically (Nghi et al., 2019).
Several previous studies have proven the use of chatbots as a learning medium, especially
learning English (Afrianto et al., 2019).
Concerning teaching and learning English, the Chatbot application that is built will act as an
English conversation partner. Conversations, in general, can be carried out orally or in writing so
that it should be possible for the user to be able to practice both. To support the purpose of the
chatbot application as a medium for English conversation training, a grammar error correction
feature and a user's daily log feature are needed. The responses obtained included the location of
the errors, suggestions for replacing words/sentences, and descriptions of errors. This is an effort
to minimize errors in the user's sentence structure. Then the daily log feature is useful for
measuring the extent to which the user's practice progresses in conversation mastery and English
sentence structure. That way, users not only familiarize themselves with conversational English,
but also get corrections and assessments of their practice. The simple chatbot function starts with
the message the user sends. The NLP (Natural Language Processing) and chatbot then
interpreted the message by referring to the message according to the current database (Haristiani,
2019).
Duolingo
Duolingo is a web that is used to learn foreign languages. Duolingo is a language learning
application that uses a game method by matching words and filling in the blank parts of
sentences. This method aims to teach the grammar, words, and phrases needed in a sentence.
Concerning teaching and learning English, Any student at any level of English can learn a new
science with Duolingo. So that the learning materials obtained by users match their abilities,
Duolingo conducts tests first. After taking the test, Duolingo users will know what level of
English they are at. Only then will Duolingo provide English material that has been adapted to
the user's abilities. Not only about grammar, but Duolingo is also equipped with learning
vocabulary, terms, and so on. Duolingo's English teaching method is also designed to be gaming-
like and "competitive" with other users. That way, users of this application can see the
development of English language skills that have been learned so far.

Neo
Nexgen English Online Co., an English application company from California, United States,
launched the neo application, a global English language learning system. Neo is an integrated
learning solution via cellphone to gain proficiency in English that can adapt to the development
of user learning through artificial intelligence and voice recognition systems. Nexgen Neo is a
new solution to learning English. Neo is an application that is effective, flexible, and easy to
operate for users who have an active lifestyle. With an easy-to-use interface, an adaptive learning
system using international standard English technology and certificates, Neo also presents a
different experience for each user. Artificial intelligence (AI) in the neo Study application
regularly analyzes user behavior and data to then provide content that automatically adapts as
users progress.
Concerning teaching and learning English, Neo helps users master English faster as if they were
accompanied by an expert personal teacher. Through the neo Study application, users will use
the advanced speech recognition feature which trains them to correct the pronunciation of each
word until they become proficient in speaking English.
Positive impact of artificial intelligence (AI)
The relationship between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and English Language Teaching (ELT) is
dynamic and multifaceted, characterized by the integration of AI technologies into language
learning and teaching processes. This relationship manifests in several ways, each contributing to
the transformation of traditional ELT approaches and enhancing the overall language learning
experience. Below are some key aspects that illustrate the relationship between AI and ELT:

Personalized Learning: AI technologies enable personalized learning experiences by adapting

instruction to individual learners' needs, preferences, and proficiency levels. Through intelligent
tutoring systems and adaptive learning platforms, AI analyzes learners' interactions and
performance data to deliver tailored instruction, ensuring that each student receives targeted
support and feedback.
Immediate Feedback and Assessment: AI-powered tools provide immediate feedback and
assessment, offering students timely guidance on grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and other
language skills. Automated grading systems, interactive chatbots, and language assessment
software enable learners to identify and correct errors in real-time, accelerating the language
learning process and enhancing self-directed learning.

Enhanced Language Practice: AI facilitates language practice through interactive simulations,

language games, and virtual reality (VR) environments. Virtual language assistants and chatbots
engage students in conversational practice, while VR technologies immerse learners in authentic
language contexts, enabling them to practice speaking, listening, and cultural interaction in
English.
Access and Equity: AI-powered language learning applications extend access to quality
education by breaking down geographical and socio-economic barriers. With AI-driven
platforms available anytime, anywhere, learners have the flexibility to engage with English
language materials at their own pace, regardless of their location or background, thus promoting
equity and inclusivity in ELT.

Teacher Support and Professional Development: AI technologies support English language

teachers by providing tools for lesson planning, instructional design, and student assessment. AI-
driven analytics offer insights into students' learning progress and performance, enabling
teachers to adapt their teaching strategies and provide targeted interventions. Moreover, AI can
facilitate professional development for teachers through personalized training modules and
resources tailored to their specific needs and interests.
Innovative Pedagogical Approaches: The integration of AI in ELT encourages the exploration
of innovative pedagogical approaches that foster active learning, collaboration, and creativity.
AI-driven collaborative learning environments, project-based activities, and peer tutoring
systems promote student engagement and autonomy, transforming traditional classroom
dynamics and enriching the learning experience.
Research and Development: The relationship between AI and ELT also encompasses research
and development efforts aimed at advancing AI technologies and their applications in language
education. Researchers and developers collaborate to explore new AI-driven solutions, evaluate
their effectiveness, and address challenges related to bias, ethics, and scalability in AI-powered
language teaching.

Overall, the relationship between Artificial Intelligence and English Language Teaching is
symbiotic, with AI technologies reshaping language learning and teaching practices and ELT
informing the development and refinement of AI-driven solutions. As this relationship continues
to evolve, it holds immense potential to enhance language education, empower learners, and
bridge linguistic and cultural divides in an increasingly interconnected world.

The significance and justifications for employing Artificial Intelligence (AI) in English
Language Teaching (ELT) are rooted in its potential to revolutionize traditional pedagogical
approaches and enhance language learning outcomes. Firstly, AI enables personalized learning
experiences tailored to individual learners' needs, preferences, and proficiency levels. By
analyzing vast amounts of data, AI-driven adaptive learning platforms can deliver targeted
instruction, provide immediate feedback, and identify areas for improvement, thereby optimizing
the learning process.
Moreover, the integration of AI in ELT addresses the challenges of scale and accessibility,
particularly in diverse and resource-constrained educational settings. AI-powered language
learning applications extend access to quality education by providing anytime, anywhere
learning opportunities, thus promoting equity and inclusivity in language education.
Additionally, AI facilitates innovative pedagogical approaches that foster active engagement,
collaboration, and creativity among learners. From interactive chatbots for conversational
practice to immersive virtual reality simulations for cultural immersion, AI technologies offer
diverse and dynamic learning experiences that motivate and empower students to develop their
English language skills.

Furthermore, the employment of AI in ELT aligns with the evolving demands of the digital age,
preparing students for success in a globalized and technologically driven society. As AI
continues to advance, its integration in language teaching not only enhances language
proficiency but also cultivates critical thinking, problem-solving, and digital literacy skills
essential for lifelong learning and professional success. Overall, the significance of employing
AI in English Language Teaching lies in its capacity to transform language education, empower
learners, and foster a more inclusive and interconnected world.

Negative impact of artificial intelligence (AI)

Limited Human Interaction
Despite the advantages of AI apps for language learning and assessment, it's critical to recognize
that they may reduce face-to-face contact in EFL classrooms. For students to participate in
genuine and meaningful dialogues, direct connection with instructors and peers is essential. AI
chatbots can replicate discussions but cannot fully capture the subtleties and dynamics of
interpersonal dialogue (Jeon, 2021). The capacity of learners to completely grasp the nuances of
language, such as tone, body language, and contextual knowledge, might be hampered by the
lack of face-to-face contact and nonverbal clues. Human connection offers a rich learning
environment where students may practice active listening, meaning negotiation, and social
interactions, improving communication abilities (Kim et al. 2021). Therefore, to provide
thorough language learning experiences in the EFL classroom, it is crucial to establish a balance
between AI applications and human engagement.
Risk of Overdependence
Although AI applications offer automatic aid and convenience, relying on them too much in the
EFL classroom might lead to passive learning experiences. Learning takes on a more passive
quality when AI often gives pre-generated information and automated feedback (De la Vall &
Araya, 2023). Developing higher-order cognitive abilities requires active involvement, critical
thinking, and problem-solving, all limited by this passive learning technique. The capacity of
learners to undertake independent research, think critically, and analyze material outside of the
predetermined algorithms and replies offered by AI might be hindered by an overreliance on AI
systems (Vera, 2023). AI-based tools and activities that promote active engagement, independent
thought, and student-driven inquiry must be balanced to provide a well-rounded education.
Ethical Concerns
AI in the EFL classroom raises significant ethical questions about data security and privacy. AI
systems gather and examine learner data, including performance and personal data. To preserve
the privacy and rights of students, it is crucial to secure this data against unauthorized access or
breaches. Algorithmic biases are another issue wherein AI systems could unwittingly uphold
injustices or favor certain groups over others (Wang et al., 2023). To solve this, it is crucial to
ensure that AI applications are fair and inclusive, actively minimizing biases and encouraging
equal opportunity for all learners. Maintaining trust, protecting student privacy, and upholding
ethical norms are crucial when integrating AI into EFL classrooms. These qualities must be
continually worked towards.
Technological Limitations and Accessibility
Technology restrictions and accessibility issues may arise when using AI in EFL classrooms. AI
systems often depend on specialized infrastructure, such as steady internet connections and
suitable hardware, which may not be accessible everywhere in educational settings. A lack of
technological access may lead to inequities, preventing some students from using AI powered
tools and experiences. Additionally, using AI technology necessitates a learning curve for
instructors and students, requiring time and effort to become used to new resources and modify
teaching strategies (Vera, 2023). The learning process may be interfered with, and the smooth
integration of AI in the EFL classroom might be hampered by technical issues or dissatisfaction
with AI technologies. To successfully integrate AI into the EFL learning environment, it is vital
to provide equal access to technology, to offer instructors and students the required assistance
and training, and to resolve any technical concerns quickly.
Conclusion

In conclusion, the impact of Artificial Intelligence in English Language Teaching is profound

and multifaceted, offering numerous benefits alongside challenges and 1610 Impact of Artificial
Intelligence in English Language Teaching AI technologies have the potential to revolutionize
language learning by providing personalized instruction, facilitating immersive experiences, and
extending access to quality education. However, addressing issues such as bias, ethics, and
teacher readiness is essential to harnessing the full potential of AI in ELT. By embracing AI
responsibly and collaboratively, educators can enrich language learning experiences and
empower learners to achieve proficiency in English language skills.

Artificial intelligence tries to make robots that have intelligence that is similar to or even more
than the intelligence possessed by humans. Artificial intelligence is expected to be able to do a
variety of things that will make it easier for humans, starting from natural language processing,
regarding perception, reasoning, moving and manipulating objects, knowledge, and also
learning. The purpose of making this sophisticated machine is to reduce working time so that
activities can be more efficient. By using artificial intelligence, humans become cheaper in
making decisions and carrying out activities.