Chapter 6

Fluid
Dynamics Techniques
Analytical Techniques -> we use control volume or differential approach
Experimental Techniques - we use dimentional analysis
Example :

if we consider a
drag on a
cylinder experiment
Drag force depends velocity
on (flow , diameter , viscosity
speed)
and
density of fluid
change value
I would have to each
d , p, - we

to know its effect on fore

of diameter 10
Ex .

change the value

times to see it's effect on the fore
and variable is not
changing one
to the
enough so we hue same

to the other 3 variables which

would result in 10t experiments
Also "graphs.
To solve this issue , limited number of
experiments shall be conducted only a

so we use :

1 .

Dimentional Analysis
c .

Buckingham Die theorm

Dimentional
Analysis
A tool that help us information from min no of
can
get max.
- .
.

experiments

-
facilitates a correlation of data with min
. no of plots.
it establishes the
-

scaling laws between models and

prototype testing
.
The Principle of dimentional homogeneity
if an equation truly expressed
then it
a relationship between variables in

physical process is said to be

dimentionly homogenous
a as
,
,
its additive terms have the same dimentions
.

F ma

Je
=
Ex
dimentionsly homogenous
.
.

#in = M
 Pi
Buckingham theorm
-

it is a method we use to reduce the number of dimentional variables

to a smaller number of dimentional variables.

- Pi is mathematical term that means product of variables

,

Steps
1 list and count the n variables
2 .
list dimentions of all variables [MLT]
.
3 j =
# differet dimentions present
4 # . of pi (dimentionless) terms k n-j =

5 . Find different Pi (ii) terms.

select j (to appear
repeated variables in all Pi terms)
be diff pi
each of the remaining
Variables (k) will assigned to
.

term
dimational get pi term
use
homogeneity to

Example N = pa .
S

·
n
d , F , V P, M

= 5
,

V= T
M
S emi)
j =
3(M ,
L
,
T) p = ** Y
k = n -

j 5 3 = - = 2 N =
# M
TL
zit value rdpV can be to power I will choose (1)
T any
=
,

g
M MLT" MdpV
J
=
T =
choose
,
the one

T = F with
the most
Mi =
( (2) "( *)" (E)
variables to

* choose
be T. z Mo = 1 + b
,
a =
- 1

the b
, 1
-
=

quantity with L = -1 + a
,
-
3b +
, 4
c =
-
1
less Variably °

to find T, , Tz T = -1 -

| + b, = 0b , = -
1
-
+
T Map y 1 c 0c 1
- -
=
=
-

=
I
1 +3 + 1
+
a =
0

=
-

T a, = - 1
 #z =
FdpV
T ( )(1)( *)()
=

MicT: = (1) ( * " *

*

) )
Mo = 1 + b bz =
-
1 #function
, It

L 1 3bz + C will do
+ az 2 we
only
=
az
-

=
-

To = -
2 -

(2 C2 = -
2 10 trials now

2
and .
graphy
f'd 2p"v =
T =
Tz =
Notes you can't have
: one corret answer as it depends on
the variables selected
.

Non dimentional numbers in fluid mechanics

Reynolds number Re

pressure coefficent
Cp

Froud number Fr
Cavitation number Ca

Mach number M

Weber number We

Knudsen number kn

Reynolds Number Re ,
>
-

* Ratio of Inertial foret to viscous forces

* flow at large Re number is turbulent

a flow at small Re number is laminar

.

* At Re number
higharound the viscous effects are confined a thin
region
the
body
* At low Re number , viscous effects are important in a

large region around the

body.
 it her unlimited set of solutions
Imp . Hints
-
be multiplied divided
·

Any Pi term can or

by itself or
any
other
pi term
term is function of others fan (, is , tu)
Any pi Ex #
· a .
=
,

=
F(n(T) /Iziny)
,
that
·

Any parameter is dimentionless

[Ex .
Re]
it is term
a it
right away

not repeted work

~ Power = -

time
or
O - work Jouly = N m

O Ofnot repect
.
=

wr
not reped

2
=
=
M( H=
P= L D= p
3
T

N =
↓
T
g =
=
n= 7 j 3k 7 3 =
4
-
-
=
=

π = pp :

MiT =
·(*) (2) (E) · ·

Mi = 1 + a -11 T =
N3
L = 2 -
3a + b =5) -

T = 3 c
E-3/
- -
 ML2
P=
=
H= L D= 2 p =
14
N =
↓
T
g =
=

Tz =
N. p9 .
D Na
a
.

Nic
Mo = 1 +
if
a
we
)·
pick
a1) = Duned
will

is ta
PD

Lo = 1 -
3a + b T this dem
as
used
wa
-

T = 1 -
C E So

Tz = (H) p: Don'
M2T = c ·) (2)" (1) ·

M'
10
=

= 1
a

-
3a +
=
h
o
I
To =
-

2 Co

g pa
. D Na
Ty = . .

(2) ( (2) (4)

:

MIT = ·
.
·

M = a
O
⑳ ⑮
10 = 1 -

ya + b ⑰
To = -
2 -
C E2

#
,
=
f(πz , z ,y)

= f) , M
,)
PD5f( , ,)
N
P =
 Scale Models
Hydraulic
structures can be massive
·

Hydraulic and complex

it often impossible the exact flow pattren and
· is to predict dynamic
forces on hydraulic structing
not have exact
· most
hydraulic problems do
analytical solutions
.
model
·
we need a
physical
· Modle : it is a prediction tool when a full scale prototype is
reproduced into a diff . Scale

Types of Similarity
of
There are 3 types similarity
complete similarity
that should exist between
the
prototype and its to ensure model
and they model
actually represets the
prototype
1) Geometric
similarity- >

2) Kinematic similarity -Y
3) Dynamic similarity >
- M

Geometric
similarity
* The model should be the same shape as the
prototype .

of the mode
* The
physical
of
dimentions should be similar to
those prototype
= m
length
= = >
-
L DP
Hp
Am LmAm
Area
i = - = -
-

r
Ap L Hp
LmHmDm
In = = -
-

>
- Volume
#P LpHpDp
 5 m
Dp =

Hp = 3xTm
-

Lu =
0 = 0 . 1

4m
Lm
- -
=

- -

# Dm

=
5 m
Dm = 0 .

Cr 0 . 1 -

Em) =
Am
v
2

0.1 0 196 m2
Am
.
= =

(5)2
= 3x154m
# L
Hp
ol =
s Hm =
or 03mm

=
E Lv =I 0 1
.

LP
-p = 40m

Kinematic
similarity
similar Kinematic
Similar
geometry
# >
- does not ensure
.

similar kinematic = similar kinematic - .

ensures

of geometric
>
- it is
similar
the
similarity motion between 2

systems .

the shape of the streamline at time has to be

any
-

the same for both the model and

prototype
.

>
- the
velocityrectorsata corresponding
for both
location thea
a set

In
Summary :

V same Streamline
~ same
velocity rectors
~ same motion
 (continued) =
um
V = =

up
T= E
AmUm
Or -- = Li V .

ApVp
I

=
-

T =

Dynamic Similarity :

-
it is the
similarity of forces in both
kinematically similar
systems
force at similar for both modle and
corresponding location is
-
a

prototype
.

geometric similarity and kinematic

>
- it ensures both
similarity
- Kinematic
similarity
Dynamic similarity #
>
-
I Dynamic similarity
geometric Similarity
-
Dynamic Similarity =
geometric Similarity = Kinematic
similarity

- Pmm Um
I
Cons

Fr =

Am =
-

JppVp Tp
=
PrLVrTr
=
PelrVr = plavr
r
Yr
Notes

- To find
Fr , he need to have
vr

for (which
-
Vi, we are either given Vm or Up is
normally
difficulty or to know the dominant forces in the problems.
gravity force -
Dynamic similarity
(Fz)v (fg)r
=

PLV? ( =
r r

if

= vigire
use
-

they say gravity

is dominant in

=
gr
the problem

I
-L

>
- find fr and Pr Q

find Ep
-

2
-

>
- , Pp &
, ton = 1000kg

① Fr =
PrV( = (1) .
(r)*. L = (1) (r) (tr2) =
E
I Lu (X0)) = 1x10
fr =
=

both
Pr = = =
/" = 0 !
Lu (10)
2

X 1 83
19-
② fr
= 1x103 =

Fp
=
1900000kg-m/s

= ky/ms2
500 5000
Pr 1
=

=
0 .
 force
Viscous >
-
Dynamic Similarity
(fz)v (fu)r =

-
PrErV Mr =

PrtVr =
Nr IrtVr = 1- Reynolds
number
Y

↓
vr = = use

is
if they
dominant
say
viscous fore

Ir
&

95

E
0
9 5
.

= .

v =
=
-
-

Dm
-

>
-

>
- Um

- #milex 16090
5 36 m/s

r
=

=
.

Vr = 9.5 50 92.

Em
what if force both
viscous and
gravity are dominant ?

Vr = r
=
1 5
equation
.

L this
Vr = - use

if the problem says both

are dominant
.

() z)()
End of the Course