INTODUCTION TO RESEARCH: Purpose of Research

GENERAL CONCEPTS *explore

*describe
Research is an inquiry carried out to *explain
provide information.
- Is a process in looking at solution of a
given problem which can be used as basis Types of Research
for: 1. According to Purpose
Policy formulation * Fundamental/Pure/Basic
Policy enhancements - Lab research
- Is the systematic process of collecting *Applied
and analyzing information to increase our - evaluation
understanding of the world in general and - action
of the phenomenon under study in - social impact
particular.
- Is the iterative problem that eventually Basic
seeks to explain or solve an identified - starting point for the research of new
problem. knowledge
- source of the tools (methods, theories,
Re - Again Search - Find ideas)
Process - Step by step/phases
Research is driven by a scientists curiosity
Two ways of Research or interest in a scientific question. The
Formal main motivation is to expand man's
Informal knowledge, not to create or invent
something.
Why conduct research?
- To be informed, less biased decisions, in Applied Research
contrast to guessing, hunches, intuition, - refers to scientific study and research
and other personal experience. that seeks to solve practical problems.
Applied research is used to find solutions
Research concerns with WHAT (facts and to everyday problems, cure illness, and
conclusions) and HOW (scientific, critical develop innovative technologies, rather
components) than to acquire knowledge of knowledge's
sake.
Characteristics of the Scientific Method
1. Tentative (constant review) Action
2. Empirically verifiable (researchable) - advances the aims of basic and applied
3. Ethically neutral (what harm or risk research to the point of utilization.
involved to respondents, confidentiality - concerned with the production of results
and privacy?) for immediate application or utilization.
4. Shared and made public -it improves practices and methods and
generates technologies and innovations for
application to specific technological
situations.
Correlational Research Developmental or Time Series Research
- refers to the systematic investigation or Design
statistical study of relationships among - data are collected at certain points in
two or more variables, without necessarily time going forward. There is an emphasis
determining cause and effect. on time patterns and longitudinal growth
or change.
- it seeks to establish a
relation/association/correlation between
two or more variables that do not readily Quasi Experimental Research Design
lend themselves to experimental - this research design approximates the
manipulation. experimental design but does not have a
control group.
Two ways of conducting research
Experimental Experimental Research
Survey - is an objective, systematic, controlled
investigation for the purpose of predicting
Descriptive Research and controlling phenomena and examining
- refers to research that provides an probability and causality among selected
accurate portrayal of characteristics of a variables.
particular individual, situation, or group.
Descriptive research also known as Causal Comparative or Ex Post Factor
statistical research. Research Design
- this studies are a means of discovering - this research design attempts to explore
new meaning, describing what exists, cause and effect relationships where
determining the frequency with which causes already exist and cannot be
something occurs, and categorizing manipulated. It uses what already exists
information. and looks backward to explain why.

Descriptive - it attempts to describe and Correlational or Prospective Research

explain conditions of the present by using Design
many subjects and questionnaires to fully - it attempts to explore relationships to
describe a phenomenon. Survey research make predictions. It uses one set of
design/ survey methodology is one of the subjects with two or more variables for
most popular for thesis/dissertation. each.

Descriptive research deals with everything Phenomenological Research

that can be counted and studied, which has - an inductive, descriptive research
an impact of the lives of the people it approach developed from
deals with. phenomenological philosophy; its aim is
to describe an experience as it is actually
Case and Field Research Design lived by the person.
- also called ethnographic research, is uses
direct observation to give a complete General Approaches to Research
snapshot of a case that is being studied. 1. Qualitative
2. Quantitative
3. Mixed Method
 3. Mixed Method Approach
1. Qualitative Research is research Qualitative + Quantitative
dealing with phenomena that are difficult
or impossible to qualify mathematically, Significance of Research
such as beliefs, meanings, attributes, and 1. To Gather Necessary Information
symbols. 2. To Make Changes
- aim to gather an in-depth understanding 3. Improving Standard of Living
of human behaviour and the reasons that 4. For a Safer Life
govern such behavior. 5. To Know the Truth
- inductive from fact to theory 6. Explore our History
- explores factors that could explain why a 7. Understanding Arts
given event occurs.
-establish patterns/develop theory for Research methods vs. Research
understanding how and why an event methodology
occur.
Research methods
Steps in Qualitative Research
1. Acknowledge Social-Self 1. Research methods are the methods by
2. Actual Perspective which you conduct research into subject
3. Design study or a topic.
4. Collect Data 2. It involves conduct of experiments
5. Analyze Data tests, survey, and the like.
6. Interpret Data 3. Its aims at finding solution to the
7. Inform Others research problems.

2. Quantitative- refers to systematic Research methodology

empirical investigation of any phenomena 1. It explains the methods by which you
via statistical, mathematical or may proceed with your research
computational techniques. 2. It involves the learning of various
-deductive from theory to fact techniques that can be used in the conduct
-establish cause-effect relationship of research and the like.
-relate occurrence of a variable with other 3. It aims at finding the employment of
variables. the correct procedure to find out solutions.
-establish generalizations for prediction
and control Research Process
1. It is a series of various actions which
Steps in Quantitative Research are necessary to effective research work.
1. Select Topic 2. The steps involved in research process
2. Focus Question are not mutually exclusive nor they are
3. Design Study separate and distinct.
4. Collect Data
5. Analyze Data
6. Interpret Data
7. Inform Others
Steps of the Research Process
1. Formulate your information
2. Get background information
3. Refine your research topic
4. Consider your research options
5. Select the appropriate tool
6. Use the tool
7. Locate your materials
8. Analyze your materials
9. Organize and write
10. Compose your bibliography

Statement of the Problem must be...

1. Relevant
2. Clear
3. Specific
4. Research gap-based
5. Measurable