SUMITA DUARA

ACADEMY OF CIVIL SERVICES

APSC RESOURCES
SCIENCE CURRENT AFFAIRS
 E-CIGARETTES
▶ These are battery powered devices that work
by heating a liquid into an aerosol that the
user inhales and exhales.
▶ The e-cigarette liquid typically contains
nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin,
flavorings, and other chemicals.
▶ In India, the possession of e-cigarettes and
similar devices is a violation of the Prohibition
of Electronic Cigarette Act (PECA) 2019.
▶ PECA 2019 has banned e-cigarettes.
INDIAN SPACE START UPS
▶ IN-SPACe- Indian National Space Promotion & Authorization
Centre, DoS Autonomous Agency, Monitors Private space sector.
▶ NSIL-
New Space India Ltd, Schd A company under Dos, it is the
commercial arm of ISRO (2019).
▶ Antrix Corporation Ltd- A GOI company,commercial arm of
ISRO dealing with international customers (space products &
services)
▶ Indian
Space Association- apex nonprofit industry body, works for
development of private space sector in India
INDIAN SPACE STARTUPS
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
▶ Artificial intelligence is the technique to develop intelligent
software & systems
▶ itis a technique for teaching a computer, a computer-controlled
robot, or software to think intelligently in the same way that
humans do.
▶ AI is achieved by studying human brain patterns and analysing
the cognitive process.
▶ Alan Turing, an English mathematician, published Computing
Machinery and Intelligence in 1950 with a simple proposition:
can machines think?- start of AI
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE COMPONENTS
Neural Network: a type of machine learning composed of
interconnected units (similar to neurons) that process information
by responding to external inputs and relaying information
between each unit.
Machine Learning: A subfield of artificial intelligence used to
make decisions or predictions based on previous patterns found in
the data
Deep Learning: It employs massive neural networks to learn
complex patterns in large amounts of data. Image and speech
recognition are two common applications.
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE COMPONENTS
Computer Vision:To recognize what's in a picture or video,
computer vision uses pattern recognition and deep learning.
▶ When machines can process, analyse, and comprehend images,
they can capture and interpret images or videos in real time.

Natural Language Processing (NLP):

▶ It refers to computers' ability to analyze, comprehend, and
generate human language, including speech.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE COMPONENTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CATEGORIES
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TYPES
Reactive Machines: AI systems with no memory, only can perform
certain tasks.
Limited Memory: AI systems with memory, can use past
experiences to make future decisions. Eg: self driving cars
Theory of Mind: AI systems with social intelligence, shall be able
to predict human nature
Self-awareness: AI systems with conciousness
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TYPES
v Fake content created with the help of
Artificial intelligence
v Fake content can be videos, photos
and audio
v Sections 67 and 67A of the
Information Technology Act (2000)
related to defamation and publishing
explicit material is applied in cases of
deepfakes.
 NOBLE PRIZE 2023
PHYSICS: Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, Anne L’Huillier for
Generation of Attosecond Pulses of light.
Atoms move about in very short period of time.
 NOBLE PRIZE 2023
CHEMISTRY: Moungi G Bawendi, Louis E Brus, Aleksey Akimov
for Quantum Dots
The smaller a particle, the more its electrons are squeezed
together, and that affects its properties. These size based paarticles
are called Quantu• m Dots
 NOBLE PRIZE 2023
PHYSIOLOGY: Katalin Kariko, Drew Weismann for mRNA
vaccines
mRNA- • Its primary function is to carry genetic instructions from
DNA to ribosomes, the cellular machinery responsible for protein
synthesis.
•mRNA vaccines introduce a piece of mRNA that corresponds to a
viral protein, allowing cells to produce the viral protein
•The immune system recognizes the foreign protein and produces
antibodies, which remain in the body.
Tidal locking
Full Moon Types
 Betelgeuse

•Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star located in the constellation of Orion. It is one of the largest and
brightest stars visible to the naked eye and holds significant astronomical interest. Huge potential to
undergo Supernova Explosion
Magnetar vs Pulsar

• The core left behind after a massive star explodes is called a Neutron Star. Two
types of Neutron stars are – Magnetar & Pulsar
Radio Galaxies

A particular type of active galaxy that

emits more light at radio wavelengths
than at visible wavelengths, also known
as a radio-luminous galaxy or radio-
loud galaxy.
The central part of these galaxies is an
Active Galactic Nuclei powered by a
Super Massive Black Hole

As matter falls into the Black hole the

kinetic energy is transformed into light
energy
Blazars

v Blazars are one of the most luminous

and energetic objects in the universe
powered by material falling onto a
super-massive black hole at the center
of the host galaxy

v They are a type of Active Galactic

Nuclei

v Markarian 421 is a Blazar – 400 million

light years away from Earth.
Trans Lunar Injection

vUsed by
CHANDRAYAAN 3 to
reach into the orbit
around the Moon

v Performed when the

spacecraft is at the
Perigee point of the
orbit
Comet Nishimura

vComet Nishimura, discovered

by Hideo Nishimura in August
2023, will pass by Earth for the
first time in over
Exo planet

vPlanets that orbit other

stars and are beyond
our solar system

vNASA’s James Webb

Space Telescope has
discovered a new
exoplanet named
Wasp-107b (a super-
Neptune ice giant)
James Webb Space Telescope
vNASA’s James Webb Space
Telescope has discovered a new
exoplanet named Wasp-107b (a
super- Neptune ice giant)

v James Webb Space

Telescope succeeds the
Hubble Space
Telescope

v JWST is placed at L2 point while

HST was orbiting the earth

vJWST is a collaboration of NASA+

ESA+CSA
Black Hole & White Hole

vMatter and light only emerge from

white holes.

vMatter and radiation fall in but

cannot escape from a black hole

vScientists have discovered the oldest

(13.2 billion years old) and largest
black hole (10 times larger than the
black hole at the center of our
galaxy)
Cosmic Diamonds

vAlso referred to as Carbon Stars

vWhite dwarf Stars at the end of their

life explodes in a massive explosion-
Supernovae

vGenerates intense heat and pressure

vCauses Carbon to form into diamond

particles
Project Kuiper

vIt is Amazon’s project to build a

network of 3,236 satellites in low Earth
orbit to provide high-speed internet
access anywhere in the world.

vCombined effort of Amazon and

SpaceX
ONE Web

vOneWeb Constellation operates in a

LEO Polar Orbit.

vSatellites are arranged in 12 rings

(Orbital planes) with 49 satellites in
each plane.

vISRO’s LVM-3 will launch these satellites

v Launched 40 satellites in January 2023,

it now has 542 in its LEO constellation.
vJIO Space Fiber is another such
initiative
Arogya Maitri
v1st Portable Disaster Hospital

vCan be assembled into 73 cubes

vIt is a Part of Project BHISHM (Bharat

Health Initiative for Sahyog Hita and
Maitri)

vCapacity- 200 patients for 48 hours

vThe hospital includes Operation

theatres, mini-ICUs, Ventilators, Blood
test equipment, an X-ray machine, a
Ayushman Bhav Campaign

vHealthcare Extension initiative by

MoHFW
vDelivery of health care to the last mile
& access for the underprivileged
population

vThere are 3 components of this

campaign-

1. Ayushman Dwar 3.0

2. Ayushman Mela

3. Ayushman Sabha
Ayushman Bhav Campaign

1.Ayushman Aapke Dwar 3.0:

beneficiaries can create their own
Ayushmaan Card

2.Ayushman Mela: Health melas &

medical camps at community health
centers with an emphasis on
superspeciality healthcare services

3. Ayushman Sabha: community level

sabha for health care deliverance
Smishing
v Smishing is a phishing scam that uses text
messages instead of email to trick
individuals into giving away sensitive
information

v Phishing: email scams requiring personal

information from a recognized company.

v • Spear Phishing: scams targeted at

specific individuals, organisations, or
businesses.

v • Pharming: Uses malicious code to

redirect individuals to the criminal's site
without consent or knowledge
Thank You!