small, simple, unicellular

no Nucleus, circular DNA, lack membrane Prokaryotic cell Building blocks of life in cork ((Dead Cell)
e.g. - bacteria, cynobacria, mycoplasma 1st by Robert Hooke (1665)
Definition Fundamental unit of life Father of cytology
Types of cell
large, complex, unicellular & multicellular Structural or functional basis of life by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1674) in pond water (Living Cell)
Nucleus & Membrane present, linear DNA Eukaryotic cell
Discovery by Robert Brown (1831) Nucleus
G1 - Growth e.g. - Plant, Animal
by Fredrick Mischer (1869) Molecule discovery of DNA
S - DNA synthesis
phases Watson & Crick (1953) Double-helical structure of DNA
G2 - Gorwth & preparation for mitosis Thin, elastic, flexible, Living
by Camillo Golgi Golgi bodies
M - Mitosis provide definite shape & holds content
Cell membrane
occurs in Somatic cells Cell Division Selectively permeable

Nucleus divides once Mitosis Proteins+lipids (composition)

diploid (2), 2 daughter cells Provides determines shape, strength &

Types: turgidity
occurs in Germ Cells Powerhouse of the cell
Freely permeable, Non-living
Nucleus divides twice Meiosis ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Energy currency Cell wall Plants - made up of Cellulose
haploid (1), 4 daughter cells Mitochondria
Outer: Porous Bacterial - made up of Peptidoglycan
Two-membranes
Inner: ATP synthesis Fungi - made up of Chitin
Has its own DNA & Ribosomes Largest cell structure
Suicidal bag of the cell Lysosomes Cell “Brain of the cell”
Cis face - towards nucleus Nucleus Composed of membranes & Covers Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Trans face - towards plasma membrane Golgi bodies Separates nucleus from cytoplasm
Parts of Cell
Stores, modification of package Components Liquid ground substance of nuclear envelope
Functions
Forms lysosomes one or more in number
Cell organelles Nucleoplasm Nucleolus
Rough ER: makes proteins, ribosomes present forms protein forming centres-Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Smooth ER: synthesis of fats and lipids, Reticulum Types Entangled mass of thread like structures
ribosomes absent
Thread like structures
Large, distinct, Permanent Chromatin material visible during cell division
in plants
Provide turgidity & rigidity DNA Consists of genes
Vacuoles Chromosome Components:
Small, temporary Proteins
in animals
stores glucose, glycogen, protein 22 pairs (autosomal)
23 Pairs
Only in plant cell 1 pair (sex pair - XX & XY)
Has its own DNA & Ribosomes Plastids Parts between plasma membrane & nuclear
envelope
stores chlorophyll pigment Chloroplasts
Cytoplasm Cell organelles present in it
stores colour pigment Chromoplasts Types
Cytos: Aqueous ground substance
Stores starch, oil and protein granules Leucoplasts
 Food storage tissue

contain intercellular airy spaces

Aerenchyma which helps to float
Parenchyma
Chlorenchyma contains chlorophyll

in leaf stalks & stem of dicots

Present in growing reason Living, Irregularly thickened at corners,

little intercellular space
Collenchyma
Vocuoles absent
Provides mechanical strength & flexibility
Intercellular space absent Allows bending of parts

active cell in Outer parts

dence Cytoplasm Meristematic tissue Dead cells

Simple tissue Sclerenchyma
Provides toughness to the tissue
perform cell division
Outermost layer of plant parts
Present at shoot & root apex
Plants of dry habitats have thicker
Increase length of root & stem Apical tissue epidermis
Present at the base of leaves/internodes Cutin is waxy materials & Layer of cutin is
Epidermis called cuticle
Increase length of leaves & internodes Intercalary tissue Type
Cuticle prevents water loss, Injury & Fungi
Present beneath the bark infection
Increase girth of root or stem Lateral tissue
Epidermal cells of roots form long hair like
Plant Tissue Protective tissue structures which increase absorption
surface area

Permanent tissue in mature roots and shoots

Cork Protection to mature roots and shoots

Dead, Intercellular spaces absent,

Walls have suberin
Cell wall in thin/thick
one-way conduction

large central vacuoles Conducts water & minerals

Xylem parenchyma
by the process of differentiation Xylem - food storage
Meristematic convert in Permanent
Tracheids Living
Types
Vessels

Complex tissue Xylem fibres/sclerenchyma

two-way conduction

Conducts food

Sieve tubes
Phloem
Companion cells

Types Phloem parenchyma - food storage

Phloem fibers/Sclerenchyma
- rigidity & support
 Cells + loose gel like matrix

Around blood vessels & nerves, in bone Covering/protective tissues of animal body
Loose
marrow & space inside organs
extremely thin, flat, Irregularly shaped
Connects skin + muscles, Supports internal
organs, Helps in repair of tissues Single layer of cells
Areolar
Connects muscles to bones Squamous Simple Forms delicate lining
Tendons
Great strength & Limited flexibility eg: mouth and oesophagus
Dense
Connects bones to bones Cells are arranged in layers
Ligaments
Considerable strength Stratified Prevent wear and tear
rounded/oval & contain large fat droplets Epithelial eg: Skin

Below the skin Adipose Cube like structure

Cuboidal
Prevents mechanical shocks, Act as eg: Sweat glands, Salivary glands, Thyroid
insulation glands, Lining of Kidney tubules

flexible, Widely spaced out Pillar like structure

Cartilage Columnar
present in Ear pinna, nose tip, trachea, larynx
Skeletal
Animal Tissue Lining of intestine, stomach, gallbladder
Very strong, Non flexible, Hard and rigid
have Cilia (hair like projections on surface)
Supports the body & Provides shape Bones which facilitates movement
Ciliated
Protects vital body organs like brain, lungs, Connective Movement of mucus, urine, egg etc
etc.

92% water & 8% harmones, protines etc Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves
Plasma Liquid
yellow fluid
Nervous Fundamental unit: Neuron
Red due to hemoglobin (Fe)
Sense stimuli: Touch, Smell, Taste, Hearing &
transports oxygen Sight

Graveyard of RBC: Spleen

RBC
Blood
Biconcave / disc shaped Are elongated & large sized
known as erythrocytes
Contraction & relaxation
Life span: 120 days
Unbranched, multinucleated & Striations
Helps in blood clotting
Skeletal Fast, Easily fatigue & Voluntary
known as thrombocytes Platelets Solid
present in Biceps, bone
Life span: 7-10 days
Fluid
Muscular Unbranched, Uninucleated & Non-striations
Prevent from infection

formed in bone marrow Smooth/Visceral Slow, Do not fatigue & Involuntary

Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, present in soft interior organs: lung, liver,

Types WBC
Basophils & Eosinophils abdomen, intestines
known as leukocytes
Branched, uninucleated & Striations
Life span: 12 days
Cardiac Do not fatigue & Involuntary
Colourless fluid
Lymph Help to pump & distribute blood
RBCs & Blood proteins are absent
 Locomotion through appendages

Cell wall is absent except Euglena

can be Autotrophic/Heterotrophic

Unicellular Protista eg: Unicellular algae, diatoms, protozoa

mostly aquatic, solitary or colonial

free living/parasitic/symbiotic

Cilia - hair-like structure

Helps in movement
PHYLUM PROTOZOA Paramecium

Diversity in living Flagellum - tail-like structure

Helps in movement
organism Euglena

Pseudopod - false feet

Helps in movement
Amoeba

Multicellular except yeast

Can be autotrophic/heterotrophic Eukaryotes Cell wall is made up of complex sugar chitin

Cell wall maybe present/absent Monera Prokaryotes in symbiotic relationship

(benefit from each other)
eg: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Lichen - Blue green algae + fungi
Cynobacteria (Blue-green algae)
Used in medicine

Fungi Penicillin Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin

Used in bakery
Yeast

Heterotrophic
Cell wall present Saprophytic: Decaying organic material as
food

Parasitic: Dependent on protoplasm of a

Multicellular host organism for food

Plantae

Cell wall absent Animalia

 PLANTAE

don't have diff. body part have diff. body part

Thallophyta Without vascular tissue With vascular tissue

Plants are called as algae Bryophyta Cryptogams Phanerogams

(don't produce seeds) (produce seeds)

Green algae: Chlorophyceae Amphibians of Plant Kingdom

Pteridophytes Bear naked seeds Bear covered seeds
Root like structures present: Rhizoids
Chlorella
Autotrophic, non-motile Found in cracks of rocks, Gymnosperms Angiosperms
moist & shady places
Red algae: Rhodophyceae
Found in damp and moist areas
First terrestrial plants Usually perennials, evergreen flowering plants, highly evolved
Brown algae: Phaeophyceae
& mostly woody plants
eg: Riccia, Moss (funaria), Marchantia
eg: Marsilea and fern, Horsetails Ovary gets modified into fruit
eg: Pinnes, Cycas & Deodar
Sargassum grass, Lamanaria (Kelps)
Embryos have structure: Cotyledons
Blue green algae: Cyanobacteria
Monocots
(One cotyledon)
eg: Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Ulva, and Chara
Type
Dicots
(Two cotylodeons)
 Organ system organisation
Cellular level organization
Bilateral symmetry
Diploblastic & Acoelomate
Triploblastic & coelomate
have pores so it called sponges
Notochord: rod like structure Porifera
Non-mobile, aquatic
Paired gills slits in pharynx
Endoskeleton is present Tissue level organisation
Closed blood vascular system
eg: Scyon, Euplectella, Spongilla Radial symmetry
Do not have proper notochord
Diploblastic & Acoelomate
Nerve cord is present Protochordata
Cnidaria/ Aquatic
eg: Herdmania, Amphioxus, Balanogesus Coelenterata
Chordata Exoskeleton made of calcium carbonate
jawless vertebrates
Cyclostomata Anus is absent
eg: Petromyzon/Myxine, hog fishes, lamprey Organ level organisation
fishes eg: Jelly fish, Coral and hydra
Bilateral symmetry
2 Chambered heart Pieces
Triploblastic & Acoelomate
eg: Dog fish, Shark, tuna
Anus is absent
mucous glands in skin for respiration Platyhelminthes
dorsoventrally flattened body (like ribbon)
3 chambered heart Amphibians

eg: Frogs, toads, salamader parasitic or free living

3 chambered heart Hermaphrodite (Male+Female part present)

Vertebrates Organ system organisation
Exception: Crocodile (4 chambered heart) eg: Planareia, Liverfluke, Tape worm
Reptiles
Cold blooded animals Bilateral symmetry
Largest phylum in animal kingdom
eg: snake, turtle, lizard, crocodile Triploblastic & Pseudocoelom

warm blooded animals Organ system organisation Nematodes/ Body is cylindrical

4 chambered heart Aves Bilateral symmetry
Aschelmithes
eg: Elephantiasis (filarial worms) & Worms in
lay eggs intestines (roundworms/pinworms)
Triploblastic & coelomate
warm blooded organism
jointed legs
ANIMALIA Organ system organisation
Sexes are separate
Bilateral symmetry
4 chambered heart
Segmented body into head, thorax/cahals
mammary glands Mammalian thorax, abdomen Arthropoda Triploblastic & coelomate

Exception: Mammals but lay eggs Open circulatory system Annelida Body segmetation is present
eg: Platypus & echidnas 2nd largest phylum
Locomotory organs paired, lateral
Exoskeleton is made of chitin appendages - Parapodia (Nereis)
eg: Human, Whale, Dolphins
Organ system organisation
Unisexual
eg: Earthworms, Leech
Organ system organisation Bilateral symmetry
eg: Spider, Crab, Crayfish, Silverfish
Radial symmetry Triploblastic & coelomate
Mollusca
Triploblastic & coelomate Body is soft

Exoskeleton is hard (snails)

Spiny skinned organism Echinodermata
Star shaped, spherical, elongated Open circulatory system

No segmentation eg: Octopus, Pila, Unio, Snail

eg: Star fish, Brittle Stars, Sea urchins

 Not growth related
Nastic Movement
eg: movement by touch: Thigmonastic
Movement (touch me not plant) Brain
Central Nervous System
Growth related Spinal Cord
Nervous System
in response to light
Peripheral Nervous System Nerves
Plant Movement Longest cell in our body
Positive movement: Shoots Phototropic

Negative movement: Roots Neuron basic unit of nervous system

in response to water
Nerves Glial cells
Positive movement: Roots Hydrotropism Tropic Movement
Synapse Gap between nerve
Negative movement: Shoots

in response to chemical stimuli Cerebrum Memory

Chemotropism
eg: Growth of pollen tube towards the ovule Fore Brain Thalamus Pain and Sensation

in response to Gravity Released by thyroid gland

Regulates body temperature
(largest endocrine gland) Hypothalamus
Hunger, thrust & Sleet
Positive movement: Roots Geotropism
Located in neck region Thyroxine Controls involuntary actions such as change in
Negative movement: Shoots pupil size & reflex movements
deficiency of Iodine cause Goitre in it Brain Mid Brain
vision, hearing
secreted by pituitary gland (Master Gland)

known as Somatotropin
BRAIN Cerebellum Controls posture and balance

Growth Hormone Hind Brain Pons Connects Brain and Spinal Cord
less amount leads to dwarfism
Controls Automatic Nervous System
surplus amount leads to Acromegaly Medulla Oblongata
(ANS) - Respiration/heartbeat/Digestion

regulates blood pressure, heart beat

Growth hormone
located above kidneys Auxin
involved in phototropism
Adrenal Gland Animals Hormones (response towards light)
Fight or Flight hormone
Growth hormone
Deficiency causes - Addison’s disease
Gibbrelin
Responsible for germination/flowering
Secreted by Pancreas
Insulin & Glucagon
regulates sugar levels Plant Hormones Cytokinins Promote cell division

It inhibits growth
male Testosterone
Abscisic Acid
Sex Hormones
stress hormone
female Estrogen/Progesterone
Gaseous hormone
Regulate sleep
Ethylene
helps in fruit ripening
Released by Pineal Gland
Melatonin
(pea-sized gland)

located in brain
 involves a single parent

divides into two offsprings

BINARY FISSION Only for unicellular organisms

involves two parents eg: Amoeba, Bcteria, Paramecium, Leishmania

Reproductive organ in plants: Flower divides into many offsprings

supports anther Filament Male part called MULTIPLE FISSION Only for unicellular organisms
STAMEN
produces pollen Anther
eg: Plasmodium (Malarial parasite)
sticky bulb that catches pollen Stigma
Female part called Breaks into half which is not
passageway for grain Style fully develop & become a new one
PISTIL
holds the eggs awaiting fertilisation. FRAGMENTATION only for simple multicellular organisms
Ovary
Becomes the fruit
in PLANT
Anemophily - Wind eg: spirogyra & sea anemone

pollen grains reach Develops buds to be new one

Hydrophily - Water Pollination
stigma through
Antemophily - Insect BUDDING only for simple multicellular organisms
SEXUAL
eg: Hibiscus, sunflower, rose, lily, tulip, Male + female part = eg: hydra & yeast
tomato, chilli Bisexual/Monoecious
repairs or regenerates the missing part of body
eg: Papaya, cucumber, watermelon, musk Only Male or Female = ASEXUAL
melon, bitter guard Unisexual REGENERATION only for simple multicellular organisms

produce form Testicle Sperm Male sex cells eg: planaria, hydra & rhizopus

produce form Overy Ovum Female sex cells Bob and stick like structures that releases spores

Menarche - Ovaries start to mature & produce SPORE FORMATION only for simple multicellular organisms
eggs (age 11-12 yrs)
eg: Rhizopus
Menopause -natural decline in producing eggs
(age 40-50yrs)
grow from a fragment or cutting of parent plants

Gametogenesis > Insemination > stem or leaf is cut and planted into soi
Fertilisation > Zygote > Implantation > in HUMANS CUTTING
Gestation
REPRODUCTION eg: rose plant, money plant, sugarcane plant,
banana plant
Cervical cancer - VEGETATIVE
by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) PROPAGATION stem of the plant is bent to the ground and
covered with soil
LAYERING
fertility treatment where eggs are combined
IVF (In vitro fertilisation) eg: Lemon, strawberry
with the sperm outside the body in a lab

surgically blocking fallopian tube Tubectomy cutting from some other plant attached to
the stem of a plant
Methods of GRAFTING
surgically blocking Vas deferens Vasectomy
Sterilisation eg: Rose plant
asexual reproduction in which of
embryo occurred directly from egg Scientific artificial vegetative propagation
without fertilis TISSUE CULTURE
Parthenogenesis
eg: Snake plant
eg: Honey bees, lizard
 known as Buccal Cavity

Mouth Saliva Gland releases Salivary Amylase

enzyme breaks complex carbohydrates to

simple carbohydrates
1.5 m long

Absorb water from food Large intestine Food pipe

Oesophagus
store the waste material food directly goes to stomach
Rectum
further releases through Anus
known as Gastric juice

HCl kills harmful bacteria

allows food to pass from make acidic medium

Sphincter muscle
stomach to small intestine
works in acidic medium
7-8 m long
Stomach Pepsin
breaks protein into Amino acids
3 parts - Duodenum, Jejunum & Ileum
protects inner delicate lining of
Major part of digestion occur here Mucus membrane
stomach from gastric juice
largest gland
secreted by liver DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
dark red brown in colour
basic/alkaline medium Bile juice
Position - right of abdomen side
large Fat globules into Smaller one Small intestine star shaped phagocytic cells
secreted by Pancreas Liver Kupffer cells
involved in breakdown of RBCs
breaks carbs amylase
major parenchymal cells
fats into fatty acid lipase Pancreatic juice Hepatocytes
responsible for various cellular functions
Works in basic medium
trypsin not a part of Alimentary Canal
proteins into amino acid

e finger-like projections
Villi
help in increase of surface area for food
absorption
 absence of oxygen

in yeast Anaerobic respiration

Breathing starts from it
Ethanol + CO2 + Energy Nostrils
hairs and mucus purifies the air in nose
oxygen in minute concentration

in muscle cells Pharynx where both food and air enters

Lack of oxygen Type
Lactic acid + Energy

Develops cramps in muscle Adam’s apple larynx - sound box

presence of oxygen

boney structure
in mitochondria Aerobic respiration

protect Lungs
CO2 + Water + Energy
Rib cage
Inhale - expand

Exhale - contract

Connected to capillaries
RESPIRATORY Sheet-like structure
supplies this oxygen to blood capillaries
SYSTEM Diaphragm Inhale - move downward
Nitrogen - 78%
Exhale - move upward
Oxgen - 21% Breathe in Alveoli
Carbon Dioxide - 0.036% Prevents trachea from collapsing
rings of
Nitrogen - 78% cartilage Oxygen passes thorugh
Trachea > bronchus > Bronchi
Oxygen - 16% Breathe out

Carbon Dioxide - 4.4%

 Pacemaker (Artificial Heart)

Sphygmomanometer To measure arterial blood pressure

Discovery - Karl Landsteiner
carries oxygenated blood
Universal donor - O (-ve)
Arteries Narrow, thicker
Universal acceptor - AB (+ve)
Exception :
by YM Bhende
Pulmonary artery - carries deoxygenated
in 1952, Bombay
Blood Group Heart carries deoxygenated blood
Lacks H antigen on RBCs Bombay blood
Veins
Exception :
cannot take blood from anyone
Pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood
protein on the surface of RBCs
heart contracts
Systole
Protein present - Rh(+ve) Rh factor
120 mm of Hg pressure
Protein absent - Rh(-ve)
heart relaxes
Diastole
80 mm of Hg pressure
form L. Ventricle to Body
Arota
CIRCULATION
Largest artery
From Body to R. Atrium
Superior & Inferior
from Lungs to L. Atrium
SYSTEM Vena Cava carry deoxygenated blood

Form L. Atrium to L. Ventricle

Pulmonary Vein Form R. Atrium to R. Ventricle
through Mitral valve through Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary Artery
from R. Ventricle to Lungs
 Basic unit - Nephron (specialised cells)

Millions of nephron present in one kidney

Ultrafiltration (filters everything) Glomerulus
Right kidney is slightly
lower than left kidney
Reabsorption & removal
Bowman's capsule
of nutrients/urea
Kidney to heart
Water - 95% Nephron kidney Renal vein
Deoxygenated blood
Urea - 2%
Kidney stone made of Calcium oxalate
pH: 4.5-5 Urine component
Artificial process to remove
the waste from blood
Yellow due to Dialysis
Urobilin/Urochrome
When both kidney malfunctions

Waste product
EXCRETORY SYSTEM Solid by kidneys

Kidney converts ammonia to urea Liquid by skin

Ammonia Waste removal
Urea is major excretory product Gaseous by lungs

Urine > Ureter > Urinary bladder Yellow solid waste from anus due to bilirubin
 DNA
genetic material encoded in a protein
envelope known as Capsid
RNA

behave as Non-living outside

diseases that last for a short period of time
Become active after getting a host
Acute disease
eg: fever, cold, cough
Prokaryotes, Unicellular and living entity cannot be treated with antibiotics
diseases that last for a long period of time
genetic material is called genophore affects liver
Chronic diseases
(bacterial DNA) Protozoa - plasmodium eg: Diabetes, TB, elephantiasis (filaria)
Hepatitis A: Transmission through food
Divides on its own Carrier - female Anopheles mosquito diseases that spread from one person to
Hepatitis B: Sexually transmitted through
another Hepatitis
Parasitic/Saprophytic bodily fluids
Treatment - Quinine (found in bark of
Malaria
cinchona tree) COMMUNICABLE eg: AIDS, cold, chicken pox, COVID
Antibiotics used to treat Hepatitis C: Transmitted when in contact with
infected blood
Detection - VIVAX TEST infectious diseases
Death due to plague known as
- Black Death Malaria Day - 25th April Classification diseases that cannot spread from contact
India’s first indigenous Hepatitis-A vaccine:
Havisure
1897-1906 - 12 Million death in India Plague
Protozoa
Protozoa - Trypanosoma NON-COMMUNICABLE non-infectious diseases
Sleeping Sickness Jaundice mainly affects liver
Caused by - Yersinia pestis Carrier - Tse Tse flies eg: diabetes, arthritis, glaucoma, polio
Mums affects the parotid salivary glands
Affects skin Protozoa - Leishmania Sudden an intention cases across several
Kala Azar Pandemic Virus - Poliomyelitis virus Entovirus
countries, continents, or the world
Also known as Hansen’s Disease Leprosy Carrier - Sandfly
eradicated from India, as declared in 2023
Sudden increase in cases spreading through
Caused by: Mycobacterium leprae Epidemic
a large population
affects the nervous system
Clostridium tetani Tetanus These disease are constantly present in a
Polio 1st polio vaccine - by Dr. Jonas Salk
Endemic population or region with relatively low
Diphtheria spread
Whooping cough Inactivated (killed) polio vaccine (IPV)
Affects respiratory tract - by Dr. John Salk

Affects reproductive organs Gonorrhoea Bacteria DISEASES VIRUS Live attenuated (weakened) oral polio
vaccine (OPV) - by Dr. Albert Sabin
Streptococcus
Pneumonia caused due to gene malfunction (meiosis) affects the cervix region in women
pneumoniae
Baldness Down Syndrome Cervical Cancer Virus - Human Papillomavirus
Salmonella typhi
Athlete’s foot Thalassemia Detected through - Smear Test
Typhoid
Widal Test Mendelian Disorders
Ring worm Fungi Sickle Cell Anaemia Dengue carrier - female Aedes aegypti mosquito
Change in gene (gene defects)
Transferred through animals Anthrax
Skin disease Scabies
GENETIC DISORDERS Colour blindness sexually-transmitted diseases
Caused by - Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Asthma X-chromosome is missing, virus - HIV (Human
Turner’s Syndrome Retrovirus
Mainly attack lungs seen only in female Immunodeficiency Virus)
Tuberclosis (TB)
Commonly referred as White Plague Albinism death - due to weak immune system

Vaccine - BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) Angelman Syndrome Acquired Immunodeficiency method of transmission - sexual contact,
Syndrome (AIDS) blood transfusions, from mother to baby
Caused by: Vibrio cholera Presence of an extra copy of
Klienfelter Syndrome
X-chromosome in males test - ELISA Test (Enzyme-linked
It is a water borne disease Cholera Immunosorbent Assay)

Death due to cholera known as AIDS DAY - 1st Dec

- Blue Death
Measles
Syphilis
Influenza
Staphylococcus bacteria Acne
Swine flu H1N1

Rabies

Bird flu H5N1

eradicated in 1979
Small pox
last case in Somalia (Africa)
 discovered by - Casimir Funk

Retinol

Vitamin A Deficiency - Night Blindness / Xerophthalmia

make own food through
photosynthesis Source - Carrot, mango, apple, papaya

Requires - CO2, Water, Sunlight Thiamine

6CO2 + 6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Deficiency - Bone / Tooth issues Calcium Vitamin B1
Deficiency - Beri-beri
in stroma Dark reaction Deficiency - Goitre Iodine Minerals
Presence of - Vitamin B2 Riboflavin
Chlorophyll > Plastic(Chloroplast)
in grana Light reaction Deficiency - Anaemia Iron
Niacin / Niacinamide
Magnesium sulfur Oxygen Carbon Vitamin B3
Deficiency - Pallagra, 3D
Macronutrients In Plant Vitamin B Vitamin B5 Pantothenic acid

Silicon Calcium Potassium Phosphorus Nitrogen Hydrogen Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine / Pyridoxamine / Pyridoxal

Vitamin B7/ H Biotin

Vitamin B9/B11 Folic Acid

NPK used in Urea
Cyanocobalamin
Sodium Chlorine Molybdenum Copper Iron vitamin Vitamin B12
Deficiency - Pernicias anemia
Micronutrients
Ascorbic Acid
Cobalt Nickle Boron Zinc Manganese
Vitamin C Deficiency - Scurvy / Bleeding Gum

Source - Lemon, Amla

Calciferol

Vitamin D Deficiency - Rickets / Osteomalacia

eg: Green plant, Phytoplantons Autotrophic
NUTRIENTS Source - Sunlight, Fish oil
feed on dead & decaying
Saprophytic Nutrition Tocopherols
eg: Fungi, Yeast Micronutrients
Vitamin E Deficiency - Anti-Sterility
eg: Cuscuta, Plasmodium, Nematodes Parasitic Heterotrophic In Animal
Macronutrients Source - Sprouts
eg: Man, Dog, Amoeba Holozoic
Phylloquinone
Vitamin K
Deficiency - no blood clotting
High energy storage
Water Soluble Vitamin B & Vitamin C
Storage in Adipose tissue type
Fat Soluble Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E & Vitamin K
Single bond Sugar Glucose

Hard to digest Saturated provides Energy

need to be consumed
eg: Animal fat, Trans fat Monosachhride Essential
Fats eg: Leucine, Histidine, Lysine, Tryptophan
Double / Triple Bond 1 molecule of Sugar Simple fundamental unit - Amino acids
body synthesises on its own
Easily to digest Unsaturated eg: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Non -essential
Carbohydrates eg: Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, Arginine
eg: Vegetable oil, Plant fat 2 molecule of sugar
Disachhride Proteins Body building nutrients
Bile juice emulsify fat eg: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose
Complex Egg: white part (proteins), yolk: yellow part
Lipase turn fat in Fatty acid many moleucle of sugar (fats, vitamins, etc)
Polyschhride eg:
eg: Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose Soyabean

sugar is present or not Benedict Test

 hardest part
Enamel
Calcium Phospate (CaPo4)

Crown Dentin

Pulp cavity
Father of Genetics - Gregor Johann Mendel
Structure Neck
study in Pea (Piscum Satvium) plant
Root Canal
Root
22 pair
Cement
called Sex chromosome
Incisors (8) Biting
Chromosome
male - XY
Canines (4) Tearing of food
Female - XX 1 pair
Type Pre-Molars (8) Chewing / Grinding
Trans gender -
Chromosomal Abnormality Wisdom tooth / 3rd molar
Morals (12)
Genetics Tooth Chewing / Grinding
X-chromosome is missing
Turner's Syndrome
Adult 32
In female (X)
No. of tooth
20
X-chromosome is extra
Child
Down's Sundrome
in child Pre-molars are absent
In male (XXY)
Adult 2123 / 2123
seems similar ; different function
Homologous Dentine formula
organ Child 2102 / 2102
eg: Human hand, Dog hand, Bird hand
Elephant's tusk is Incisor
seems different ; similar function
Analogous
organ Bird's beak is modified form of teeth
eg: Butterfly wing, Bat wing, Bird wing
 1934 by M N Roy

National Flag adopted 22 July 1947 1935 by congress

Britain accepted in 1945
Common Wealth membership May 1949 Demand of 1936 by J L Nehru in Lucknow session
Constituent Assembly 1946 in India
adopted National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana) August Offer by Linlithgow
by Ravindranath Tagore Important Dates Pathic Lawrence (chairman)
1940 Demand for CA was accepted
adopted National Song (Vande Mantram) A V Alexandar members
by Bakim Chatterjee but rejected by Congress & Muslim League
Stafford Cripps
284 people signed the constitution 24 Jan. 1950

elected Rajendra Prasad - 1st President Cabinet

Mission Plan
Last sitting

284 members signed constitution

(15 female) 9 Dec. 1946 1st meeting - 211 members
President - Rajendra Prasad
Constitution Maker Constituent 13 Dec. 1946 Objective Resolution by J L Nehru
Temporary President - Sachidananda Sinha
Assembly
Objective Resolution adopted
President - G V Mavalankar
22 Jan. 1947
Vice President - V T Krishnamachari
Law Maker Funcion Committee - Major 8 & Minor 13 Provisions
& H C Mukherjee
Union Power Committee Jawaharlal Nehru
Legal Adviser - B N Rao
completed in - 2 yrs 11 mon. 17 days Rules Of Procedure Committee Dr Rajendra Prasad
Chief Draftsman - S N Mukherjee
Provincial Constitution Committee Sardar Patel
Citizenship
Some provisions adopted in - Steering Committee Dr Rajendra Prasad
Elections
were imposed 26 Nov. 1949
Major Drafting Committee Dr B.R Ambedkar
Provisional Parliament
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights,
Sardar Patel
enforced in - 26 Jan. 1950 Constitution Minorites & Tribal and Excluded Areas

Symbol - Elephant Making of Union Constitution Committee Jawaharlal Nehru

Nand Lal Bose Constitution States Committee Jawaharlal Nehru

Decoration
Beohar Rammanohar Sinha Committee on the Functons of the
G.V Mavalankar
9-23 Dec. 1946 1st draft Constituent Assembly
Prem Bihari Narain Raizada - English Committee
Calligraphy Ad-hoc Committee on citizenship S Varanchari
6-17 Oct. 1949 10th draft
Vasant Kumar Vaidya - Hindi
Press Gallery Commitee usha Nath Sen
14-26 Nov. 1949 11th draft Important Drafts
4 Nov. 1948 Credentils Committee Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayvar
final draft
by B R Ambedkar from Bengal Constituency Order of Business Cotmmittee Dr K-M. Munshi

Finance and Staff Committee Dr Rajendra Prasad

formed in - 29 Aug. 1947
Minor Committee on Chief Commissioners' Provinces B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya
Bhim Rao Ambedkar - Chairman
House Committee B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya
Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar
Ad-hoc Committee on the Supreme Court S. Varadachari
N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar
Drafting Committee Expert Committee on Financial Provisios Nalini Ranjan Sarkar
7 members Muhammed Saadullah
Special Committee to Examine the Draft
K M Munshi Jawaharlal Nehru
Constituton

B L Mitter replaced by N. Madhav Rau Commission on Linguistc Provinces S.K. Dar

D P Khaitan replaced by T T Krishnamachari Ad Hoc Committee on the National Flag Dr Rajendra Prasad
 Mostly influenced the Indian constitution
Concept - USA
Emergency provision Borrowed from
Language - Australia
Supreme Court establishment
GOI act 1935 modified form of Objective resolution
PCS
adopted on 22 January 1949
Officer of Governor
enforced on 26 January 1950
Federal scheme
ID Card of the Constitution by N A Palkivala
Parliamentary form of government
Statement Passed Horoscope of the Constitution by K M Munshi
Parliamentary privileges
Keynote of the Constitution by Ernst Barker
Single citizenship Preamble Source of authority of the constitution People of India
Rule of law UK
Sovereign, Socialist, Secular,
Nature
Democratic & Republic
Writs Ingredients
Justice Social, Economic & Political
Legislative procedure
Liberty Thought, Expression, Worship, Belief & Faith
Bicameral Parliament Objective
Equality Status & Opportunity
Fundamental Rights 1960
Fraternity
Berubari Union Case
Preamble Preamble is not a part of Constitution &
only once in - 42th CA, 1976 cannot be Amended
(known as mini Constitution)
Separation of Power Amendment
1973
added - Integrity, Socialist & Secular
Supremacy of Constitution
Preamble is a part of Constitution
& can be amended
Independence of judiciary (removal procedure
of SC and HC) Case
Supreme Court / High Court can reverse the
1. Territories expansion & jurisdiction Keshavnanda Bharti Case
decision
Judicial review USA
2. Emoluments Requires more bench of judges
Equal protection of law

Election of Head of the State (President)

Preamble & Schedule 3. Affirmation & Oaths 13 judges were present (highest till now)

4. Rajya Sabha Seats LIC Case confirmed Keshavnanda Bharti Case

Impeachment of President
Source of the 5. Scheduled Areas
Post of Vice President
constitution
6. Other Schedule Areas Assam, Tripura, Mizoram & Meghalay
Financial Emergency

Federation with a Strong Centre

Centre appoints Governor of State

Canada
Residuary power - only to Centre

Advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court 7. Federal Provision

Concurrent List

Freedom of trade and commerce Schedule

Australia
Joint sitting of two houses

Division of powers between Centre and State

originally - 14
DPSP
Ireland at present - 22
Nomination of members in Rajya Sabha
21st CA Sindhi added
President’s power - Emergency 8. Official Languages
71st CA Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali
Germany
Suspension of Fundament Rights during
emergency 92nd CA Bodo, Dongri, Maithili, Santhali

Fundamental Duties 96th CA Odia

Ideals of Justice - Social Economical & Political USSR (Russia) 9. Land Reforms 1st CA - 1951

Five Year Plans 10. Defection Law 52nd CA - 1985

Liberty, equality, fraternity 11. Panchayats 73rd CA - 1992

France
Republic system 12. Municipalities 74th CA - 1993

Procedure established by law Japan

 By birth Name & territory of the Union

By decency - born outside India, but are Indian India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States
citizen
Article - 1 States and territory specified
By registration - origin India (7 years residing
Acquire the territories of the States
in India)
Territory of India Union territories specified in 1st Schedule
By naturalisation - origin not of India (12 years
of residing in India) other territories as may be acquired

By incorporation of territories Admission/Establishment of new states

Article-2
By renunciation (by own will) Parliament may by law admit into the Union,
or establish, new States
By termination (voluntarily acquired
citizenship of other country without Lose Formation of new states & alteration of areas,
informing) boundaries or names of existing States
Citizenship Act 1955
By deprivation (document, malfunction, alter the area of any state
helping enemy country at war with India)
altering the boundary of States

Article-3 alter the name of any State

Part-I
Regulated by Parliament no bill to be introduced in either house of the
Union & Its territory Parliament, unless with recommendation of
Article 5-11 President

Single Citizenship taken from UK Provisions Not finding on Parliament (advisory in nature)

Citizenship at the commencement of the New Delhi in bills

Constitution
Give to particular State for suggestions
(Governor)
should have a domicile mendetory Article - 5
Laws made under articles 2 & 3
born in India

either of the parents of Indian origine either one of these Amendment in article 1 & 3 & Schedule 1 & 2
will not be dealt as amendment under Art. 368
who is a ordinary resident for at least 5yrs Part-II
dealt as Amendment under Art. 368 make sure
Rights of citizenship of certain persons who
Article - 6
Citizenship to change in Schedule 1st & 4th
have migrated to India from Pakistan
Only by Simple Majority Is applicable when a
Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to territory is added from outside to inside
Article - 7 1948
Pakistan Fully fledge state on 1 Nov 1956 Andhra Pradesh (2/3 members present + voting)
Article-4

Rights of citizenship of certain persons of 1960 Maharashtra S K Dhar Commission Linguistic basis model rejected Berubari Union Case
Article - 8
Indian origin residing outside India 1959
1960 Gujarat States to be organised on the basis of Indian territory if it has to be given to a
“Administrative Convenience”, not linguistic foreign territory - Art 368 applicable
Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a
foreign State not to be citizens
Article - 9
1963 Nagaland
Part - I & II basis
Indo-Bangladesh agreement
Continuance of the rights of citizenship Article - 10 1966 Haryana 1948
100 CA
Linguistic Provision JVP Committee State should not be formed on linguistic basis
Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship 1971 Himachal Pradesh India’s few parts to Bangladesh by Special
by law
Article - 11 commission 2014
Majority
1972 Meghalaya Members - J L Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel,
Pattabhisitaramayya Bangladesh few parts to India by Simple
Majority
1972 Manipur
Potti Sriramulu died during Fast unto death (56 days)
1972 Tripura Formation of States After his death, 1st linguistic state of India
1953 Dec 1953
formed
1975
Sep/Oct 1953 Fazal Ali (chairman)
Earlier ruled by Chogyal Dynasty Andhra Pradesh
Sikkim Telugu speaking area members K M Panikkar
Associate State - Art 2A - 35th CA, 1974
H N Kunzru
Complete Statehood - 36th CA, 1975 Fazal Ali Commission
Rejected the theory of “one language one
1987 (UT) state”
Goa
56th CA (statehood) Accepted the linguistic basis of formation of
state
1987 Arunachal Pradesh
State Reorganisation Act, 1956
special powers 1987 Mizoram
 Art: 12-35

Magna Carta
Art. 15, Art. 16, Art. 19, Art. 29 & Art. 30 Rights available to citizens
FRs are not absolute but qualified (very
limited)
Fundamental FRs are not sacrosact (are not permanent)
power to make laws to give effect to
fundamental rights (vested only on Parliament) Article 35 Rights
FRs are justiciable in nature

Art 31 & Art 19(f)

restriction on fundamental rights while
Martial Law is in force Article 34 Right to Property
PM - Morarji Desai
has been removed State Govt.
now legal right - 300 A
Government
Parliament power to restrict fundamental Within the
rights of armed personals Article 33 Article 12 Definition of term The State Parliament
territory of India
Govt. body

Right to constitutional remedies Local/other authorities

any laws which inconsistent/controversial with
Article 13 FR shall be declared null & void (by judiciary) Right to Equality
from UK
Art. 14-18

Equality before the law from UK

All citizens shall have the right-
Article 14 Equal protection of the law from USA
Art. 19(a) to freedom of Speech & expression

Writs Presidents, MLAs/MPs cannot be arrested on

Art. 19(b) to assemble peaceably & without arms Exceptions
civil matters
Article 32 Article 19 Art. 19(c) to from association or union Equality to status
Article 15
to move freely throughout the territory of Right against discrimination Gender, race,
Art. 19(d)
India caste, sex, religion & place of birth

to reside & settle in any part of the territory

Art. 19(e) Equality to public employment
by B R Ambedkar Heart & Soul of Constitution of India

to practice any profession or to carry on any Equality of opportunity in matters of public

Supreme Court cannot refuse to issue writ Art. 19(g) Article 16
occupation, trade or budiness employment
but High Court can
protection in respect of conviction for promotion & reservation in appointment
High Court writ jurisdiction is wider than offences (not a violation of Right to Equality)
Protection of interests of minorities Supreme Court rich jurisdiction
Art. 16(4) Balaji v/s State of Mysore
Article 29 No person shall be convicted of any offence
Right to protect language, script, culture of
every citizen for any section of society
Cultural & Educational right Part-III Article 20
no ex post facto law except for violation of a law in force at the
time of the commission
Cases Devdasan v/s Union of India Case

Right of minorities to establish & administer Art. 29-30 No person shall be prosecuted & punished for
Indira Sawhney Case (1993)
educational institutions no double jeopardy
the same offence more than once
Article 17 Abolition of untouchability
Article 30
Right to establish & administer educational No person accused of any offence shall be
no self incrimination State cannot provide title
institutions (Only for minorities) Right to Freedom compelled to be a witness against himself
Article 18 Abolish of titles
Art. 19-22 Protection of life & personal liberty
Exception: in case of education, military,
Freedom of conscience and free profession, excellency
Article 25
practice and propagation of religion Article 21
no person shall be deprived of his life &
personal liberty except according to procedure
freedom to manage religious affairs Article 26 established by law

Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion

Article 27
Right of religion Right to education
of any particular religion
Art. 25-28
provide free and compulsory education to all
Freedom as to attendance at religious Article 21 A
children of the age of 6 to 14 years
instruction or religious worship in certain Article 28
educational institutions
by 86th CA, 2002

Prohibition of Human trafficing & forced labor Protection against arrest and detention in
certain cases
Article 23
Exception - under this article, state can force
No person who is arrested shall be detained in
people to do compulsory services Right against exploitation custody without being informed
Prohibition of child labour Art. 23-24
Every person who is arrested and detained in
Article 24 custody shall be produced before the nearest
Below 14 yrs can't be employed in Article 22
magistrate within twenty-four hours
hazarduous/dangerous place

Punitive - crime has done

Preventive - on suspect
 Promote international peace and security
Directive Principles of Our State Policy
Article 51
maintain honorable relations between nations
borrowed from Ireland
DPSP
The State shall separate the judiciary from Articles 36-51
the executive in the public services Article 50 Novel feature of Constitution by B R Ambedkar
use to check constitutional value of any law
Conscience of the Constitution by Grainville Austin
The State shall protect every monument,
place & object of artistic/historic interest Article 49 Statements India’s Federalism is Quasi-federal by KC Wheare

DPSP are like Check on Bank payable at

The State shall protect & improve the by Prof. K.T. Shah
Meaning of The State convinience of the bank
environment & safeguard the forests & wildlife Article 36 same as Part-III (Art. 12)
of the country
The State shall organize agriculture and
Article 48A The provisions contained in this Part shall not
animal husbandry on modern & scientific lines added by 42nd CA, 1976 be enforced by any court
Article 48 Article 37
The State shall prohibit the slaughter, of cows are non-justiciable
and calves & other milch & draught cattle
The State shall regard the raising of the level have the right to an adequate means of
The State shall promote the welfare of the Art. 39(a)
of nutrition and the standard of living livelihood
people by securing and protecting

The State shall prohibit the consumption

Article 47 Article 38 material resources of the community are so
the State to reduce inequalities in income,
except for medicinal purpose of intoxicating Art. 39(b) distributed as best to subserve the common
status, facilities, & opportunities
drinks & drugs good
(added by 44th CA, 1978)
Article 46
operation of the economic system does not
Art. 39(c)
result in the concentration of wealth
The state shall provide special care on Article 39 equal pay for equal work for both men &
educational & economic interests for SCs, Art. 39(d)
STs, & other weaker sections of the society women
The State shall endeavor to provide, Care for
children within ten years for free
Health & strength of citizens are not abused
Article 45 Art. 39(e) and forced by economic necessity to enter
compulsory education for all children until
they complete the age of fourteen years
Article 39A avocations unsuited to their age or strength

(added by 86th CA)

The State shall endeavor to secure uniform children are given opportunities & facilities to
civil code throughout the territory of India Article 44 The State shall provide free legal aid to poor, Art. 39(f) - Children develop in a healthy manner, freedom & dignity
by suitable legislation/schemes, to ensure (added by 42nd CA, 1976)
The State shall promote voluntary formation,
that opportunities for securing justice
autonomous functioning & professional
management of cooperative societies Part-IV
Article 43B added by 42nd CA, 1976
added by 97th CA, 2011
The State shall organize village panchayats &
The state shall secure the participation of
Article 40 endow them with powers & authority
workers in the management of any industry
Article 43A
added by 42nd CA, 1976 Right to work
Secure a living wage
in cases of unemployment,
Article 41 Right to education
old age, sickness, & disablement
a decent standard of living
Right to public assistance
full enjoyment of social & cultural
opportunities Article 43
The State shall make provisions for securing
the State shall endeavor to promote cottage Article 42 humane conditions of work & for maternity
industries relief
 1915

FRs would prevail over DPSP Champakam Dorairajan Case borrowed from USSR

FRs are amendable on the recommendation of

Sardar Swaran Singh Committee
1967 Fundamental 10 duties added by 42nd CA
parliament can't take away FRs Duties
11th FD - 51 (k) added by 86th CA
24th CA - parliament can amend FR
Golaknath Case
(by parliament) Only applicable to Indians

25th CA - no laws which seek to impliment Fundamental Rights

to abide by the Constitution & respect its
Art. 39 (b) & (c) shall be declared null & void on v/s DPSP Article 51A (a) ideals and institutions, the National Flag, &
the ground of Art. 14 & Art. 19 the National Anthem

1973
to cherish & follow the noble ideals which
Article 51A (b) inspired our national struggle for freedom
13 bench judges case Kesavnanda Bharti Case

Parliament can amend FRs however must can't to uphold & protect the sovereignty, unity, &
desturb the basic structure of constitution Article 51A (c) integrity of India

Constitutional is found on the bedrock of the to defend the country & render national
Minerval Mill Case
balance b/w FRs & DPSP Article 51A (d) service when called upon to do so

to provide opportunities for education by the Promote harmony and spirit of common
parent the guardian, to his child (between the Article 51A (k) brotherhood mongst all the people of India
age of 6-14 years) Part-IV(A) Article 51A (e)
to renounce practices derogatory to the
dignity of women
to strive towards excellence in all spheres of
individual & collective activity Article 51A (j)
to value & preserve the rich heritage of our
Article 51A (f) composite culture
to safeguard public property & to abjure
violence Article 51A (i)
to protect & improve natural environment
Article 51A (g)
to develop the scientific temper, humanism, & to have compassion for living creatures
the spirit of inquiry and reform Article 51A (h)
 Power of President to grant pardons
Chapter 1 The Executive
The President shall have the power to grant
pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of Chapter 2 Parliament
punishment or to suspend, remit or commute Article 72
the sentence Part-V Chapter 3 Legislative Power of The President
The Union
can pardon Death Sentence Chapter 4 The Union Judiciary
Election to fill vacancy
Chapter 5 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
An election to fill the term of office of
President shall be completed before the Article 62 Head of Indian Union
expiration of the term The Union Executive
1st Citizen of India
in the case of Death, Resign or Removal - Vice- Procedure for impeachment of the President
president, CJI or Judge of SC shall act as The President of India
Acting President President is to be impeached for violation of Article 52
the Constitution There shall be a President of India.
Executive power of the Union.
the charge shall be preferred by either House
of Parliament Executive power of the Union shall be vested
Article 53 in the President
such a resolution has been moved after at
least 14 days’ notice in writing Article 61 Article 54 The supreme command of the Defence Forces
of the Union Shall be vested in the President
signed by not less than 1/4th of the total
number of members of the House Election of President

Such a resolution has been passed by a The President shall be elected

majority of not less than 2/3rd of the total
membership of the House by the elected members of both Houses of Manner of election of President
Oath or affirmation by the President Parliament & the Legislative Assemblies of the
State (All elected MPs & MLAs)
Indirect election (Rajya sabha, President, Vice
before entering upon his office, make and President)
subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice Article 60
of India
Proportional Representative + Single
Article 55 Transferrable Vote
or, in his absence, the senior most Judge of
the Supreme Court available
Conditions of President’s office
President by secret Ballot

The President shall not be a member of either

Term of office of President
House of Parliament or a House of the Article 59
Legislature of any State
The President shall hold office for a
Article 56 term of five years
The emoluments and allowances of the
President shall not be diminished during his
Qualifications for election as President term of office resignation to the Vice-President

citizen of India

completed the age of thirty-five years Article 58

Eligibility for re-election
ualified for election as a member of the House Article 57
of the People eligible for re-election to that office

shall not hold any office of profit under the

Government of India or the Government of any
State
 Matters relating to, or connected with, the
election of a President or Vice-President The Vice-President of India

All election doubts & disputes in the election

Article 71 Article 63
There shall be a Vice-President of India.
of President & Vice-President shall be inquired
& decided by Supreme Court only
The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman
of the Council of States
Discharge of President’s functions in other
Article 70 Article 64
contingencies shall not hold any other office of profit

Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President. The Vice-President to act as President or to

discharge his functions during casual
Every Vice-President shall, before entering Article 69 Article 65 vacancies in the office, or during the absence,
upon his office, make and subscribe before the of President
President

Election of Vice-President
Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the
office of Vice-President The Vice-President shall be elected by the
members of both Houses of Parliament
An election to fill a vacancy \shall be (All MPs)
completed before the expiration of the term Article 68
Vice-President Proportional Representative + Single
Transferrable Vote
An election to fill a vacancy in the office of
Vice-President occurring because of his death, Term of office of Vice-President
resignation or removal shall be held within 60 The Vice-President shall not be a member of
The Vice-President shall hold office
days
for a term of five years
Article 66 either House of Parliament or a House of the
Legislature of any State

resignation to the President citizen of India

a Vice-President may be removed from his Article 67 Eligible for election

ompleted the age of 35 years
office by a resolution of the Council of States as Vice-President
passed by a majority of all the then members
qualified for election as a member of Rajya
of the Council and agreed to by the House of
Sabha
the People
Should not hold any office of profit under the
A Vice-President shall continue to hold office Government of India or the Government of any
until his successor enters his office State
 Council of Ministers to aid and advise
President.

President may request CoMs to reconsider,

There shall be a CoMs with the PM at the head
Article 74 to aid and advise the President
and he shall act by the advice after
Duties of Prime Minister reconsideration.
Article 78
President <-> PM <-> CoMs advice was tendered by Ministers to the
President shall not be inquired into in any
court.

Other provisions as to Ministers.

Conduct of business of the Government of
India
The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the
President
All executive action of the GoI taken in the
name of President.
total no. of Ministers, including PM, in CoMs
shall not exceed 15% of total no. of members
Orders and other instruments made in the of LS
name of the President Article 77 the other Ministers shall be appointed by the
President on the advice of the Prime Minister
member of either House who is disqualified for
President makes rules for the more convenient
transaction of the business of the GoI and the PM & CoMs deflection also disqualified to be appointed as
a Minister.
allocation among Ministers of the said
business.
The Ministers shall hold office at the pleasure
Article 75 of the President

The Council of Ministers shall be collectively

responsible to the House of the People
Attorney-General for India Article 76
Before a Minister enters his office, the
President shall administer to him the oaths of
office

who for period of 6 consecutive months is not

a member of either House shall cease to be a
Minister.

salaries and allowances determine by

Parliament
 Constitution of Parliament

Courts not to inquire into proceedings of There shall be a Parliament for the Union
Parliament Article-122

Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as

respects Houses

Every Minister and the Attorney-General of

India shall have the right to speak in either Article-88
House

shall not by virtue of this article be entitled

to vote Article-79
Special address by the President

At the commencement of the first session Lower House / 1st chamber / House of People
after each general election to the House of
the People
Lok Sabha Minimum age - 25 years
Article-87
at the commencement of the first session of 1st sitting - 17 April 1952 Composition of the Council of States
each year
Upper House / 2nd chamber / Council of State twelve members to be nominated by the
President shall address both Houses of / House of elders President
Parliament assembled together
Rajya Sabha Minimum age - 30 years
Right of President have special knowledge or practical experience
1st sitting - 13 May 1952 in Literature, science, art and social service
The President may address either House of
Parliament or both Houses assembled together Article-86 not more than 238 representatives of the
Article-80 States and of the Union territories
The President may send messages to either
House of Parliament, whether with respect to The allocation of seats in the Council of
a Bill then pending in Parliament Composition of the House of the People
States to be filled by representatives of the
Sessions of Parliament
Parliament not more than 530 members chosen by direct
States and of the Union territories

The President shall from time to time summon election from the States
representatives of each State shall be elected
each House of Parliament members of the Legislative Assembly of the
not more than 20 members to represent the
The President may from time to time prorogue
Article-85 Article-81 Union territories
State by single transferable vote

the Houses or either House representatives of the Union territories in the

number of seats in the House of the People Council of States shall be chosen in
Qualification for membership of Parliament The President may from time to time dissolve shall be allotted in such manner that number Parliament may by law prescribe
the House of the People and the population is same for all States
citizen of India
Readjustment after each census
in the case of the Council of States - not less
than 30 years of age Article-84
in the case of the House of the People - not
less than 25 years of age Duration of Houses of Parliament Article-82
The Council of States shall not be subject to
dissolution
Article-83
1/3rd members shall retire in every 2 year

The House of the People shall continue for 5

years from the date appointed & then dissolve
 Establishment and Constitution of Supreme
Court
Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of
the Supreme Court consisting of a Chief Justice of India
There shall be a Supreme Court of India
& not more than 7 other Judges
All authorities, civil and judicial, in the
Article 144
territory of India, shall act in aid of the appointed by the President
Supreme Court
maximum age - 65 years

Power of President to consult Supreme Court Every Judge of the Supreme Court Resignation to President

If it appears to the President that a question Article 143 a judge may be removed from his office in the
of law has arisen which is of public manner provide in clause (4)
importance, he may refer the question to that
Court and the Court may, after hearing, unless he is a citizen of India
Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme report to the President its opinion thereon
Court and orders as to discovery, etc
has been for at least five years a Judge of a
High Court or of two or more such Courts
he Supreme Court in the exercise of its A person shall not be qualified for
jurisdiction may pass decree or make order as Article 142 Article 124 appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court has been for at least ten years an advocate of
is necessary for doing complete justice
a High Court or of two or more such Courts

Subject to the provisions of any law made on is, in the opinion of the President, a
this behalf by Parliament, the Supreme Court distinguished jurist
shall have all and every power to make any Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding
order on all courts
by an order of the President passed after an
The law declared by the Supreme Court shall
Article 141 address by each House of Parliament
be binding on all courts within the territory of
India A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be supported by a majority of the total
removed membership of that House

Ancillary powers of Supreme Court

on ground of - proof of the misbehaviour or
Parliament may by law make provision for
Article 140 incapacity of a Judge
conferring upon the Supreme Court
Oath before the President

Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers No Judge of the Supreme Court shall plead or
to issue certain writs act in any court
Salaries, etc., of Judges
Parliament may by law confer on the Supreme Article 139
paid to the Judges of the Supreme Court may
Court power to issue directions, orders, or
writs, any of them, for any purposes other
Article 125 be determined by Parliament
Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the
Supreme Court than those mentioned in article 32
privileges and allowances may from time to
time be determined by Parliament
The Supreme Court shall have further Appointment of acting Chief Justice
jurisdiction and powers with respect to any of Article 138
the matters in the Union List Article 126 When the office of Chief Justice of India is
vacant or absent by any reason - the duties
shall be performed by one of the other Judges Appointment of ad hoc judges
The Supreme Court shall have such further
jurisdiction and powers with respect to any of the Court as the President may appoint
Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme If a quorum of the Judges of the Supreme
matter as the Government of India and the Court
Government of any State Court not available to hold or continue any
session, the Chief Justice of India may, with
Article 137 Article 127
Subject to the provisions of any law made by
Parliament or any rules made under Article Supreme Court the consent of the President, request in
writing the attendance at the sittings of the
145, the Supreme Court shall have the power Court, as an ad hoc Judge
to review Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of
the Supreme Court
duty of the Judge who has been so designated,
Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court Article 128 in priority to other duties of his office
by Chief Justice of India, with the consent of
the Supreme Court may, in its discretion, Article 136 the President
grant special leave to appeal from any
judgment, decree, determination, sentence, or Supreme Court to be a court of record
order in any cause
Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court Article 129 The Supreme Court shall be a court of record
under existing law to be exercisable by the and shall have all the powers of a court
Supreme Court Seat of Supreme Court
Article 135
Until Parliament by law provides, the Supreme
Court shall also have jurisdiction and powers
Article 130 The Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi

in any matter to which the provisions of or in other place, as the Chief Justice of India
Article 133 or Article 134 do not apply may appoint, with the approval of the President
Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in between the Government of India and one or
regard to criminal matters Article 131 more States
Article 134
in matters of Theft, Murder, Charges etc. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, between the Government of India and any
the Supreme Court shall have original State or States on one side and one or more
jurisdiction in any dispute – other States on the other
Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in
appeals from High Courts in regard to civil
matters between two or more States
Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in
Article 133 appeals from High Courts in certain cases
in matters of Property, Marriage, Divorse etc. Article 132
In constitutional matters
 Recruitment of persons other than district
judges to the judicial service Article 234 Article 214 High Courts for States

Validation of appointments of, and judgments,

etc., delivered by, certain district judges
Article 215 High Courts to be courts of record
Article 233
by Governor
after consulting High Court Constitution of High Courts
Establishment of a common High Court for
two or more States
Article 216 1 Chief Judge and other such judges as
Parliament may decide
by 7th CA Article 231
Appointment and conditions of the office of a
Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Maharashtra & Goa Judge of a High Court
Union territories Maharashtra High Court
common High Court
by President Consultation, such other judges
Power of Parliament as President may fil necessary - Collegium

Calcutta High Court Andaman& Nicobar Article 230 Article 217 Rsignation to President

(Kochi) Kerala High Court Lakshadweep Proved misbehavior

Removal same as Judges
Maharashtra High Court Dadra/Daman of Supreme Court
incapacity

Madras High Court Pudducherry 10 years advocate of High Court

Qualification
Power of superintendence over all courts by has held judicial office for 10 years
the High Court Article 227
Application of certain provisions relating to
Article 218 Supreme Court to High Courts
Power of High Courts to issue certain writs

High court's writ is wider than Supreme Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts
court's writ Article 219
Article 226 High Courts by Governor
High Court can issur writs on legal + FRs

Restriction on practice after being a

High court may refuse to issue writs but SC
can not Jurisdiction of existing High Courts Article 220 permanent Judge
Salaries, etc., of Judges
Governor does not need advice
Article 221 Salaries - Consolidated fund of State
original jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction &
Writ Article 225 Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to Pension - consolidated fund of India
another
High Court appellate jurisdiction is wider than Article 222
High Court original jurisdiction by President after consultation of CJI

Article 223 Appointment of acting Chief Justice

 UPSC, SPSC & JPSC
Article 76 Attorney-General for India

considered the highest law officer in the

Public Service Commissions for the Union and country
for the States

appointed by the president & holds office

UPSC - Union Public Service Commission Article 315 during his pleasure

SPSC - State Public Service Commission qualified to be appointed as the judge of the
Supreme Court
JPSC - Joint Public Service Commission National Commission for Scheduled Castes
Salary & condition of service determined by
Appointment and term of office of members Article 338 President

NCSC & NCST separated 86th CA, 2003 To advise the government on the legal matters
UPSC & JPSC appointed by President

National Commission for Scheduled Tribes Duties To appear on behalf of the GOI in SC
SPSC appointed by Governor
(NCST)
Article 338A NCSC
Article 316 Attorney General
UPSC - 6 / 65 years To appear in HC in the cases concerning GOI
National Commission for Backward Classes when required
Term Article 338B
(NCBC) Comptroller and Auditor General of India
SPSC & JPSC - 6 / 62 years
has the right to audience in all the courts in
Chairman + Vice Chairman + 3 other members the territory of India Single membered body
UPSC & JPSC - to President (NCSC & NCST)
Resignation Composition
Article 324 CAG is considered as the guardian of the
SPSC - to Governor has the right to speak and take part in the
appointed by the President public purse
parliamentary proceedings
Rights
Removal and suspension of a member of a Election Commission is a permanent and
Public Service Commission independent body Head of Indian Audit & Accounts Dept.
doesn’t enjoy the right to vote

if he is an insolvent It is common to both central and state Appointed by President

Article 317 All the privileges and immunities available to a
governments
member of parliament are granted to the AG
if he is engaged in paid employment Article 148 Term - 6 years / 65 years
Removing Authority The elections to parliament, state
- by President 1st AG - M C Setalvad
legislatures, the office of president, and vice
if he is of unsound mind
president are looked after by EC Costitutional Removal - same as a judge of Supreme court
Current AG - R Vekatramini
on ground of misbehaviour
EC consists of a chief election commissioner
Bodies not eligible for reappointment
and other election commissioners. President
Power to make regulations as to conditions of fixes the number
service of members and staff of the Commission Article 280 salary - determind by Parliament
CAG
Article 318 appointed by the president
UPSC & JPSC - President Quasi Judicial body Parliament can prescribe duties & powers of
Rule of Condition of Service CAG
SPSC - Governor Term - 6 years / 65 years ELECTION COMMISSION Constituted by President
Audits the accounts related to all expenditure
Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members Administrative Composition - (1+4) by Parliament form the consolidated fund of India &
Article 319 contingency fund of India
of Commission on ceasing to be such members
Article 149
Advisory powers of the election commission Eligible for reappointment
Functions of Public Service Commissions Ascertains & cartifies the net process of any
tax & duty
Article 320 Quasi-Judicial Chairman having experience in Public Affairs
CSE, CDS, CAPF AC, NDA etc.
to conduct exams
- by UPSC Compiles and maintains the accounts of State
Removal - same as a judge of Supreme court Parliament determines one qualified to be appointed as judge of High
govt.
their qualifications court
Power to extend functions of Public Service
Security of tenure is provided for the chief
Commissions Accounts of Union & States shall by kept in
election commissioner Finance & Accounts
Article 150 such form as President may on the advice of
having specialized CAG may prescribe
UPSC - Parliament Article 321 Economics
knowledge in
FINANCE COMMISSION Article 151 Audit reports to President
SPSC - State Legislature Financial matters

Expenses of Public Service Commissions to recommend the President (not binding on

President)
Consolidated fund of India UPSC Article 322
Distribution of net proceeds of taxes between
Centre & States
Consolidated fund of State SPSC
Function
Reports of Public Service Commissions How the grants will be aided to States by
Centre

UPSC - President Article 323

States consolidated funds & changes made to
them - for equal distribution of resources
SPSC & JPSC - Governor between Panchayat & Municipalities

1st FC - K C Noegy

15th FC - N K Singh
 Luminous Self-glowing

Not self-glowing, but can reflect light

Non-Luminous
from other sources

Asteroids small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun

Earth’s natural satellite
Meteoroids enters Earth’s atmosphere and burn up
Non-Luminous / Meteors in Mesosphere

Radii - 1.74 x 10^6 km CELESTIAL Comet

Small icy dirt balls that orbit the Sun,
Origin of BODIES burn upon reaching Sun
Time taken by light to reach Earth -
1.26sec. UNIVERSE Group of stars
Moon Constellation Largest - Hydra
Distance b/w Earth & Moon = 3,84,000
km
Urja Major - Sapta Rishi
Earth’s gravity = 6 times Moon's gravity
Rigel - Brightest star in Orion Constellation
Rotation = Revolution = 27.3 days (same)
Stars Sirius (Dog Star) - Brightest star in night sky
Only one side of the Moon is visible (far
Closest star to Earth - Sun
side)
Distance: 150 million km (1.5 x 10^8 km)

only star in our solar system Closest star to Sun - Proxima Centuri

powerhouse of solar system

Solar System
Composed of Hydrogen (73%), Helium
(25%) and other metals

Carries 99% mass of our solar system

Nebular Theory -
Approx 109 times Earth size Sun
Origin of 1755 - by
Light takes 8min. 30sec. to reach Earth SOLAR SYSTEM Immanuel Kant
Speed of light - 3 lakh km/sec 1796 - modified
by Laplace
Temperature at surface = 5800 K/5600 C

Temperature at centre = 15.7 million K

Outer layer - CORONA

 Farthest planet

known as - Ice Giant Mercury

Atmosphere has Hydrogen, Helium
Closest planet to Sun
Bluish in colour due to Methane Neptune
Smallest planet in solar system
Discovered by Johann Galle and Urbain
Le Verrier in 1846 Diameter: 4900 km
(only planet found by Mathematical
Predictions) Fastest planet
takes 88 days to complete revolution
Has 14 satellites
famous moon - Triton Planet with no satellite

Green Planet (Methane)

Discovered by William Herschel in 1781 Hottest planet in solar system

Jupiter > Saturn > Uranus > Neptune > Earth >
Known as - Ice Giant Venus > Mars > Mercury Brightest planet in Solar System
known as - Evening Star & Morning Star
Atmosphere has Hydrogen, Helium,
Water, Ammonia, Methane Uranus Venus No satellite

Coldest planet known as - Earth’s Twin (similar mass &

size)
tilted 98 degree at its axis Saturn
known as - Rolling/Lopsided Planet Earth Rotates clockwise

Rotates clockwise like Venus Second largest planet

only planet to give support to life
Has bright & concentric rings made of
known as - Blue Planet (70% water)
tiny rocks, gas, dust, ice
Planets
one satellite - Moon
least dense planet

Mars Densest in the entire solar system

Largest satellite - Titan
Jupiter
1655 - Huygenes (discover Saturn’s rings)
Known as - Red Planet (Iron Oxide (FeO))
1675 - Cassini (discovered Cassini Largest planet
divisions) shortest rotation (10 hours) 2nd smallest planet

Atmosphere has Hydrogen, Helium, other Two satellite - Phobos & Deimos
gases
Largest Volcano & tallest mountain -
Third brightest after Moon & Venus Olympus Mons

Largest satellites - Lo, Europa, Callisto

& Ganymede (largest among all)
(all discovered by Galileo)

Has unclear ring around it

 by Radioactive dating
invented by Ernst Rutherford (1905)
divides horizontally
Equator
Northern & Southern Hemisphere Uranium-lead dating method (oldest
Division Age rocks)
divides vertically
Prime Meridian
Eastern & Western Hemisphere Potassium-argon method

Types of Dating Rubidium-strontium method

Axial - 23.5 degree
Inclination Radiocarbon dating method
Orbital - 66.5 degree

When nearest to Sun Chlorine-36 dating method

Perihelion
January 3rd (14,75,00,000 km) Carbon-dating (C ) (latest rocks)

When farthest from Sun Geoid or Oblate Spheroid

Aphelion
Distance
(a little flat from top and bottom)
July 4 (15,25,00,000 km) from the Sun
towards the axis of rotation or centre
when moon is closest to Earth Perigee Shape Centripetal Force
of curvature (inside)

When moon is farthest from Earth Apogee directed away from the centre of the
Centrifugal Force
circle
Earth
around the Sun in Elliptical orbit
Radius
One revolution - 365days 6hr. 9min. 9sec.
Rotation - spinning on its own axis
Orbital speed: 29.8 km/sec Revolution One rotation - 23hr. 56mins. 4sec. Equatorial Radius: 6378 km

Max orbital speed: Mercury Polar Radius: 6357 km

Rotation West to East Direction
Min orbital speed: Neptune Mean Radius: 6371 km
Rotational Speed is maximum at
Equator & minimum at Poles
 Imaginary vertical lines form North to
South

Angular Distance of a plane from Prime

Meridian

Distance from each longitude varies

from poles towards equator

Least distance at poles - 0 km

Maximum distance at equator - 111.32
km
Longitude
Total longitudes: 360

All longitudes divide Earth into 2 equal

parts

Passes through 8 countries -

Prime Meridian - 0 degree
UK, France, Spain, Algeria, Mali,
(passes from Greenwich, London)
Burkina Faso, Togo & Ghana

International Date Line - 180 degree

(Zig-Zag line)

Latitude & Longitude Latitude

Imaginary horizontal lines from East to

Lunar Solar Eclipse West

Angular Distance of a place from the

Solstice & Equinox equator

Distance b/w each latitude is same

1 degree of latitude = 111 km (approx)

Total latitudes - 181

Largest - Equator
Smallest - Poles
Super Moon - during Lunar Eclipse + Perigee Moon (North & South)
(appears bigger)

Summer Solstice - continuous Sun rays on North Pole for 6 months

Winter Solstice - continuous Sun rays on South Pole for 6 months
Equinox - direct Sun rays fall on the Equator
 Temperature - indirect source made of Silica & Aluminium layer (SiAl)

Volcanoes and rock - direct source Thickness - 5-70 km

Method
Meteorites - indirect source land part of crust

Earthquakes - indirect source Crust Continental Crust 30 km (thick/lighter)

made of Granitic rock

water part of crust

Oceanic Crust 5 km (thick/denser)

made of Basaltic rock

made of Silica & Magnesium (SiMa)

Thickness - 2900 km

Mantle Top layer - Solid form

Upper Mantle
division
Lower Mantle

Asthenosphere semi-molten form

made of Nickel & Iron (NiFe)
Earthquake
Core Inner Core Solid form - 2200 km
division
Liquid form - 1300 km
Outer Core
(shows magnetic properties)

Tectonic plates Earth’s Interior Discontinuity

measure magnitude

Magnitude - 0-10 Richter Scale

It is a limitless scale
Scales to measure
measure intensity
Mercalli Scale
Magnitude - 1-11

7 Major + few minor plates

Major plates marked in red & Minor plates marked in blue

Crust + Upper solid part of Mantle

Lithosphere Thickness - 10-200 km

Asthenosphere is not part of Lithosphere

 formed when magma

Igneous Rock cools and solidifies

when water is too warm, corals will expel the
algae (Zooxanthellae) living in their tissues
Intrusive - solidifies inside
causing the corals to turn completely white Types
sea organisms, known as Rainforest of Sea Extrusive - solidifies outside

Exists in symbiotic relationship with Sediments are broken, transported & deposited
Zooxanthellae algae
Coral bleaching They exists in layers/strata
exists in colony
In sedimentary compaction takes place -
Saline water Lithifaction
(cannot survive in fresh water)
Corals Rock Sedimentary Rock Fossils are found in it
Sunlight
Favourable conditions Formed mechanically
eg: Sandstone, limestone and shale
Clear water
Formed organically
Temperature Types
eg: chalk, limestone, coal
(between 30-35 C)
by Alfred Wegener, in 1912 Formed chemically
Great Barrier Reef, Australia eg: Limestone, halite
Barrier Reef
due to Tidal force & Polar fleeing force (largest)
formed by recrystallisation & reorganisation of
due to development of convection cells Continental drift materials within the original rocks

Jig Saw fit Igneous + Sedimentray (in Pressure, Volume &

Metamorphic RocK
Temperature)
Fossils deposits Evidences
Continents Thermal formed by sudden temperature change
Placer deposits
Continents & oceans Types
Dynamic formed without any chemical change

Cinder

most viscous lava Composite

low viscosity lava Shield Volcano Rock Cycle

most explosive lava
Caldera
collapses on itself
Oceans
 Rainfall is a precipitation

Hail big size

rain bearing
small size Weather phenomenon
black/dark grey coloured Nimbus Sleet
Frozen & refozen drops Lowest layer of the atmosphere
opaque to sunlight Low level Rainfall
occurs when surface of Earth Poles - 8 km
layered clouds Stratus Convectional Height
is heated up by the Sun
Equator - 18 km
flat base, cotton wool shaped
Clouds Orographic rainfall caused due to mountain
4000-7000 m Cumulus Tropopause divide Troposphere & Stratosphere
Cyclonic due to cyclone
does not rain generally decreases with altitude
High level
High altitude Troposphere Temperature
Lapse Rate
165m - 1 degree C
Feathery appearance Cirrus 1km - 6.5 degree C

does not cause rain

(78%) Nitrogen, (21%) Oxygen, (0.9%) Argon,
water vapour present in atmosphere Composition of gases
(0.036%) Carbon dioxide, Helium

actual amount of water vapour present in Tropospheric Ozone is bad for our environment
Absolute Humidity
atmosphere
Conduction - layer that’s near to Earth will
% of moisture present in atmosphere heat through conduction (also vertical)
compared to its full capacity
Relative Humidity Humidity
Convection - Vertically transfer of heat after
temperature at which saturation occurs Dew Point Atmosphere heats up due to
conduction

moisture that forms as a result of Advection - Horizontal transfer of heat

Dew
condensation eg: loo is a result of advection
Stratosphere
Big particles Fog Condensation
no solid surface needed, water vapour
condenses around hygroscopic particles Water
Small particles Mist Ozone layer is seen here which protects from

deposition of white crystals Frost (97.2%) Saline water

Atmosphere harmful UV rays

Coldest layer atmosphere Ozone layer seen b/w 30-35 km

Ice gaps/glaciers (2%)
68.7% of total fresh water Mesosphere Meteorites end here Temperature increases with altitude/moving
upwards
Ground water (0.68%) Temperature decrease with altitude
30.1% of total fresh water Jet planes fly in this layer

Lakes (0.4%) (2.8%) Fresh wate Ozone day - 16th Sept. 1987
Hottest layer
Atmosphere Stratopause divides Stratosphere & Mesosphere
Temperature increases with altitude
Rivers
known as Ionosphere layer (presence of Ions)
Thermosphere its Reflects Radiowaves
water (liquid) - water vapour (gas) Evaporation

boundary b/w the Earth’s atmosphere and

water vapour (gas) - water (liquid) Condensation Water Cycle Karman line
Exosphere (100km)
weather condition where something falling
Precipitation lines connecting the points having same
from sky (like - rain, snow, hail ) Isotherm
temperature
 usually seen in places where rock is soft (Dolomite/Limestone)

Changes in the configuration of Earth

Land build/elevate Endogenic forces

Geomorphic process Erosion Exogenic forces

by Groundwater
if Endogenic > Exogenic Himalayas continuously increasing

if Exogenic > Endogenic Aravalis continuously decreasing

pressure within the earth, also known as

internal forces
pools, sink holes, dolines, lapies, uvalas, limestones Erosional
Radioactive decay
Stalactite, Stalagmite, Pillars Depositional Energy from
Primordial heat

kind of process that move/elevate/build up

Endogenic forces the process of Earth

Orogenic process through which mountains are built

Diastrophism Epeirogenic other changes except mountain build up

Erosional: cliff, caves,
stack , arch Earthquake shaking of Earth
Depositional: beaches, by Sea Waves Landforms Changes
Plate tectonics
dunes, bars, barrier, spits
Volcano openings/vents where lava or magma erupts

due to Exogenic forces, causes wearing and

Exogenic Processes
tearing

Gradation wearing down of relief features of Earth

Collectively Exogenic forces are called

Exogenic forces Denudation

Exogenic Agents running water, wind, waves, ground water

Ultimately sources of energy for all exogenic

forces - Sun

by Wind Action of elements of weather and climate

Erosional: Pediplain, Playas, Mushroom

Geomorphology over Earth Materials

rock, Pedestal rocks In-situ process

Depositional: Sand Dunes (Barchan/Seif) erosion or disintegration of rocks, building

Chemical
materials, etc.

Weathering Types Physical/Mechanical disintegration without chemical change

Biological caused by movement of plants and animals

by River process when large, curved plates or slabs of

Effect Exfoliation rocks are stripped away from the outer
surface of a rock mass
Youth stage - V-shaped valley, Gorges, Canyon, Waterfalls, Rapids, entrenched meander
Mature stage - Meanders weathering is not a pre-requisite for Mass
Old - Ox-bow lakes, delta, levees, flood plain Movement, it aids the Mass Movement

V-shaped valley, Gorges, Canyon, Waterfalls, Pothole, Main force involved - Gravity
Erosional features
Plunge pools, River terraces
Creep slow downslope movement of particles
flood plains, Delta, ox bow lakes, meanders, Alluvial fans Depositional features Landforms
slow progressive movement of mass down a
Mass Movement Solifluction
slope

Landslide

Avalanche
Types
Earthflow
by Glacier
Cirque, Ridges/Arête, Horn, Hanging Valley, Glacial Valley Erosional Mud flow

Moraine, Eskers, Drumlins, Outwash plains Depositional

 Pressure difference causes
wind

Warm air rises - Low pressure

Cold air sink - High pressure

High pressure - Low pressure

Large Sea Surface temperature

Coriolis force
Favourable conditions Cyclone
Small variation in vertical wind speed

Pre-existing weak LP area

During cyclone, Cumulonimbus clouds

are formed & causes heavy rain &
thunderstorms

Cyclone at High Latitudes are caused

due to Frontogenesis

Land & Sea breeze

Local wind

Wind

Geostrophic winds

winds that blow parallel to isobars Isobars

line connecting the points having same

pressure
 Weather short term

Climate long term (Roughly 30 years data is taken)

Climate by Koeppen, in 1918

Empirical Climatic Classification

Benguela, Peru, Greenland, Oyashio, Labrador,

Falkland, West Australian Drift, Canary & Cold Ocean Current
California

Heating by Sun
Ocean Currents
Wind

Density different Reasons of origination

Coriolis force

Coastline of continents

Surface - 10%
Types
Deep Sea - 90%

Creates foggy conditions: worse for Warm ocean current + cold ocean current
Harbouring = Best fishing zones

Max. desert seen on Western side of the

continent Effects

Cold ocean current - creates desert

 Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West 9 States
Bengal

Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Daman &

4 UTs
Diu, Puducherry

UTs - Andaman and Nicobar (1912 km)

Longest coastline Coastal Boundary
State - Gujarat (1214 km)

4,096.7 km (longest) Goa Shortest coastline

Border - Radcliffe Line Total: 7516.6 km

Meghalaya, Assam, Mizoram, Tripura & West Mainland: 6100 km

Bangladesh
Bengal

BSF

3,488 km

Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand,

Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh
India

Expention
China

ITBP (under Ministry of Home Affairs)

3,323 km
Facts

Gujarat, Rajasthan & Punjab Pakistan Boundries India was part of Gondwanaland
BSF
India in terms of area is in the 7th position
1,751 km
India occupies 2.4% of total world’s land area Pass through 8 states
Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal &
Uttarakhand
Nepal Facts Indian Population is 17% world’s total Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
population Tropic of Cancer Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura
& Mizoram
SSB (under Ministry of Home Affairs)
State sharing boundary with maximum no. of Uttar Pradesh =
state 8 states + 1 UT (Delhi) capital cities of these 8 States are above -
1,643 km
Jaipur, Rajasthan
Myanmar Aizawl, Mizoram
Arunachal, Nagaland, Manipur & Mizoram Sikkim (West Bengal) Agartal,aTripura
State sharing boundary with least no. of
states
699 km Meghalaya (Assam)

West Bengal, Assam, Sikkim & Arunachal Sikkim (Nepal, Bhutan, China)
Bhutan
Pradesh
States sharing boundary with 3 countries Arunachal (Bhutan, China, Myanmar)
SSB (under Ministry of Home Affairs)
West Bengal (Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh)
106 km (least)
Afghanistan 1 UT that shares boundary with 3 countries Ladakh (Pakistan, China, Afghanistan)
Ladakh

by Palk Strait Sri Lanka

 Eg -
Andes Mt. Range (South America) Young fold mountains Northern Mountains
Alps Mt. Range (Europe) Core made up of Granitic rock
(formation: million of years ago)
Rockies Mt. Range (North America)
Northern Plains 3 mountain ranges
Eg - Peninsular Plateau highest peak - K2 / Godwin Austin (8611 m)
Ural Mt. Range (separates Europe and Asia) Old fold mountains Physiographic world’s second highest peak
Appalachians (North America)
Aravalli (India)
(formed billion years ago) Divisions The Great Indian Desert
Karakoram Range Siachen

Eg -
types of Mountains Coastal Plains
Baltoro
Trans Himalayas Glaciers
Vosges Mountain (Germany) Block Mountains
Caucasus Mountains Group of Islands Hisper

Diafo
Eg -
Mount Kilimanjaro (Africa)
Mount Stromboli (light house of Ladakh Shyok river flows b/w Karakoram and Ladakh
Mediterranean) Volcanic Mountains
Mount Fujiyama(Japan) Zanskar Indus flow b/w Ladakh and Zanskar
Mount Ojas del Salado (Chile-Argentina border)
Mount Cotopaxi (Ecuador) Known as Himadri / Inner Himalayas
Tribe - Bhotia
Himachal/Uttarakhand Himalayas Western most point Nanga Parvat
Summer grasslands - Bugyal
Eastern most point Namcha Barwa
Mt. Kanchenjunga
Himalayas Great Himalayas Avg. height: 6000 m
Tribe: Lepcha/Bhutia tribe Darjeeling & Sikkim Himachal
Mt. Everest (8848 m, highest in the world)
Absence of Shiwalik - Duars
Mt. Kanchenjunga (Sikkim): Highest in India
Himalayan Range (8598 m)
jhumming cultivation practiced
Others Highest Peaks Nanda Devi: highest peak in Uttarakhand
Important peaks - Kangtu & Namcha Barwa
Arunachal Himalayas 1. Annapurna (8091 m)
Important rivers - Kameng, Subansiri & Dihang
Nepal: 2. Dhaulagiri (8167 m)
Tribes - Monpa, Abor, Mishimi, Nyishi & Naga
3. Mount Makalu
Patkai bum
known as Himachal / Lesser Himalayas
Naga Hills
Avg. Height - 4000 m
Eastern/Purvanchal Hills
Manipur Hills J & K - Pir Panjal Range

Mizo/Lushai Hills Himachal Pradesh - Dhauladhar

Middle Himalayas Names
Dal Lake Uttarakhand - Nagtibba
fresh water lakes
Wular Lake Nepal - Mahabharat Range

Kashmir Valley is b/w Great Himalayas and

Pangong Tso Lakes Lesser Himalayas
salt water lakes
Tso Morir
Churiya Hills
Meanders in its youth stage between Indus river & Sutlej river Punjab Himalayas
Avg. height - 1000 m
Jhelum River
Srinagar between Sutlej & Kali river Kumaon Himalayas
In the Eastern Himalayas gets replaced by
Shiwalik
Duars
between Kali & Teesta river Nepal Himalayas Regional divisions
B/w Lesser Himalayas and Shiwaliks -
between Dihang & Teesta river Assam Himalayas
longitudinal valleys known a Dune
Karewas formation (glacial deposits) Kashmir Himalayas
Largest dune - Dehradun
 Arunachal Pradesh

Jammu & Kashmir

Jammu to Kashmir/Srinagar -
Banihal & Pir Panjal

Kashmir to Gilgit - Burzil

Himachal Pradesh Kashmir to Leh - Zoji La

Sikkim

Passes

Uttarakhand

Rohtang pass connects -

Kullu to Lahaul and Spiti Valley

Baralacha La - Lahaul and Spiti to Leh

Atal Tunnel in Rohtang Pass

Lipu Lekh located at Trijunction

 general elevation - 600-900 m
Discontinuous, irregular, and Dissected by
rivers Due to breaking & drifting of Gondwana land

Stretched from Mahanadi Valley to the Nilgiri made up of black soil

(Connects Western Ghats to Eastern Ghats)
Continous and can be crossed through passes
only
Eastern Ghats broad and shallow valleys & rounded hills
Highest peak - Mahendragiri (1501 m) /
Jindagarah (1690 m) Block mountains
Higher than eastern - 900-1600 m
Shevaroy Hills & Javadi Hills are located to the Rajpeepla
Stretch from Tapi to South of Nilgiri Hills southeast to it
3 hills Mahadeo
Spread across - Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Goa Maikal
Formation Satpura
Highest Peak - Dhupgarh (Madhya Pradesh)
Cause Orographic rainfall
located on Mahadeo Hills
Height increase from North to South Western Ghats Hill station - Panchmadi Hills Queen of Satpura
Highest peak - Anaimudi (Anaimalai Hills)
2695 m Rivers that flow - Narmada & Son
Amarkantak Plateau
Makes radial drainage pattern
2nd highest peak - Doddabetta (2637 m)
Panna (Madhya Pradesh) - Famous for diamond
Southernmost Hills - Cardamom Hills
Vindhya
triangular landmass lying South of Narmada Highest peak - Sadbhavna Shikhar
Bhorghat - Mumbai to Pune Borders (Peak of Goodwill)

Thalghat - Mumbai to Nasik Passes Satpura - Northern borders Central Highlands

Part lying to the North of Narmada River
Divisions
Pal Ghat - Annamalai to Nilgiri Mahadev, Kaimur hills, and Maikal range - Peninsular Plateau Deccan Plateau
Covered by Vindhya at North, Satpura at
Eastern borders
South, & Aravalis on the Northw
Tilted towards East
Malwa Plateau (largest)
Deccan Plateau Central Highlands - Western side
higher in the west and slopes gently eastwards
Main plateaus
Chota Nagpur Plateau
extension of these found in North East
- Eastern side

Spread across - Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Rajmahal Hills - makes North Eastern boundary Malwa Plateau
wider in West but narrower in the East
Odisha, West Bengal
Malda fault/Malda gap -
known as Ruhr State (famous for minerals) Separates from Karbi Anglong Plateau, In Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh
Meghalaya Plateau (Garo, Khasi & Jantia Hills)
Ranchi Plateau & North Cachar Plateau (Mikir & Rangma Hills) Made of lava (Basaltic rock)
Spread across 860 km
(Black soil originates)
Hazaribagh Plateau 3 hills
Old fold mountains
Rivers that flow - Chambal, Betwa, Sindh, Ken
Koderma Plateau Chota Nagpur Plateau (Tributaries of Yamuna)
Aravalis residual mountains
Highest peak - Parsavnath (name of 23rd
Tirthankar) Spread across - Gujarat, Rajasthan, Delhi,
Haryana
River that flows in rift valley -
Damodar River (eastern side) Highest peak - Guru Shikhar (1722 m)
(situated in Mt. Abu Hills)
Jadugada Mines - famous for Uranium
 Arabian Sea

Total - 36 islands

Largest - Andrott Lakshadweep

Shompen
Tribes
Nicobarese

Bay of Bengal

Total - 572 islands

Largest - Great Nicobar

9 coastal states + 4 UTs

Andaman & Nicobar Northern Plains Narrow in middle and wider in the ends
Coasts Submerging

Rivers do not form delta

Western Coastal Plains
Islands Formation of Kayals (Backwaters)

Punnamada Kayal: Nehru Trophy (Boat race)

North Andamanese
Port development is easy
Jarawa
Negrito group Tribes Wider
Once

Senthelese Eastern Coastal Plains Emerging

Form Delta
Netaji S. C. Bose Island Ross Islands
12 Govt. Owned Ownership & management by Central Govt
Shaheed Dweep Neil Island Islands renamed 13
1 Pvt. Owned Ennore (Kamrajkar Port)
Swaraj Dweep Havelock Island
Parts of India
Major

Dessert

Seen in North Western of Aravali

Low rainfall - more than 150 mm/year

Ports
Also known as Marusthali

Burchans, Seif

Mushroom rocks Most rivers are ephemeral Features

Pedestrial Rocks
Minor 200 Owned by State Govt
green part in desert Oasis is seen here
 They are Perennial
Dendritic - resemble the branch of a tree
Water throughout the year
Brahmaputra Trellis - tributaries join the river at right angle Origin/Source - Glaciers

Radial - rivers originating from a central

Patterns dome/peak Himalayan Rivers
They have long courses from their source to
2900 km the sea

Centripetal - rivers draining their water into a

Length in India: 916 km 3 major rivers - Indus, Brahmaputra & Ganga
central lake/depression
originating from north of the mountain ranges
Tibet - Yarlung Tsangpo (origin)
Some Himalayan rivers are antecedent
Siang & Dihang - Arunachal Pradesh (following their original course)
names Indian River System eg: Satluj, Kosi, Indus
Assam - Brahmaputra
They are ephemeral
Jumuna - Bangladesh origin - Bokhar Chu Glacier near Lake
Mansarovar During dry season, large rivers have reduced
Takes U-turn in Namcha Barwa flow of water in their channels
Length - 2880 km/1114 km in India
South turn in Dhubri (Assam) Peninsular River They have shorter and shallower course
Flows in - China, India & Pakistan
World largest Riverine Island - Majuli Island Most of the rivers here originate in the
Drains - into Arabian Sea Western Ghats and flow towards Bay of Bengal
Origin - Chemayungdung Glacier/Angsi Glacier
National river of Pakistan Ex: Narmada, Tapi, Godavari
Padma + Jamuna = Meghna
Indus in Tibet is known as Singi Khamban signed in Karachi
World’s largest Delta - Sundarbans Delta (Lion’s mouth) B/w J L Nehru & Ayub Khan
(Sundari tree)
Indus + Jhelum - Sindh Sagar Doab Mediator - World Bank
Left Bank Tributaries
Lohit, Dhansiri Jhelum + Chenab - Jech Doab Indus, Jhelum & Chenab
Tributaries
Ganga then flows in Bangladesh where it is
Drainage System Indus Water Treaty, 1960 80% water used by Pakistan
20% water used by India
Right Bank Tributary Doab Chenab + Ravi - Rechna Doab
flows as Padma
Dibang, Kameng, Manas, Testa, Subansiri
Ravi + Beas - Bari Doab Ravi, Beas & Sutlej
Water from Ganga stored in bottle remains Indus 80% water used by India
fresh due to presence Bacteriophage viruses 20% water used by Pakistan
Beas + Sutlej - Bist Doab
Total length - 2525 km Ganga meanders in its youthful stage

National River of India, declared in 2008 Ancient name - Vitasta

Longest River of India Jhelum Origin - Verinag (J & K)

Passes through (5 states) - Uttarakhand, Flows in the border of India & Pakistan
Uttar Pradesh (longest), Bihar, J&K (shortest),
Wular Lake gets its water from Jhelum
West Bengal
Ancient name - Askini
1370 km
Chenab Origin - Baralacha La pass
It is the longest tributary of Ganga Yamuna
Largest tributary of Indus
Tributaries - Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken, Tons
Ancient name - Purushni
Ravi
Origin - Amarkantak Plateau Origin - Rohtang pass
(Radial Drainage Pattern) Tributaries - (Panchnad)
Ancient name - Bipasha
Tributaries - Koel, Rihand Son
Beas Origin - Rohtang pass
Punpun - joins Ganga at Fatuha near Patna
Only tributary of Indus that does not pass or
enter Pakistan
Prayagraj
Ancient name - Shutudri
Kanpur (largest)
West to East order Cities located on banks Sutlej Origin - Rakas lake (Lake Mansarovar)
Varanasi
It enters India through Shipkila pass
Patna
Right Bank Tributaries - Shyok, Gilgit, Hunza
 Chota Nagpur Plateau

Flows in rift valley Bay of Bengal (forms Delta)

East flowing rivers
Tributary of Hugli (Distributary of Ganga) Damodar flows due to the tilt of Deccan Plateau
Categories
Sorrow of Bengal West flowing rivers Arabian Sea (forms Estuary)

Tributaries - Bokaro, Barakar, Konar

gold particles are seen in river Chota Nagpur

Subarnrekha
Plateau (Randri Plateau) Origin - Nag Hills, Rajasthan

Baitarani Flows through - Rajasthan > Gujarat

Sankha + South Koel (tributaries) Brahmani Luni Only river of salt river

nesting ground for Olive Ridley Turtles Vamsdhara don’t reach up to oceans
& ends in Rann of Katchh
Length - 850 km
Origin - Aravalli mountains, Udaipur, Rajasthan
Sorrow of Odisha
Sabarmati Rajasthan > Gujarat
Origin - Sihawa Hills (Rampur, Chhattisgarh)
Gandhinagar & Ahmedabad are located on its
Flows mainly in Chhattisgarh + Odisha bank
Mahanadi
(basin spread across Jharkhand, Maharashtra, MP)
Origin - Vindhya mountains
Dam on this river - Hirakud Dam
Mahi MP > Rajasthan > Gujarat > Gulf of Khambhat
Tributaries - Tel, Jonk, Ong, Hasdeo, Mand
crosses Tropic of Cancer two times
Length - 1450 km
Length - 1310 km
Origin - Trimbakeshwar Plateau (Nasik, Maharashtra)
Peninsular Rivers Longest Western River flowing into Arabian sea
Maharashtra > Telangana > Andhra Pradesh Forms delta
Origin - Amarkantak Plateau, MP
Rivers basin spread across - Chhattisgarh,
Odisha, MP, Karnataka
Godavari East Flowing Narmada MP > Gujarat > Gulf of Khambhat

Largest river of South India, Called as Dakshin Ganga Flows in rift valley,
flows b/w Vindhya & Satpura
Tributaries - Penganga, Wainganga, Wardha,
Purna, Manjra, Indravati, Purna, Pranhati, Sabri
West Flowing
Jabalpur is located on its bank

Length - 1400 km Tributaries - Banjar, Tawa, Shakkar, Halon

Origin - Mahabaleshwar Length - 724 km

Maharashtra > Karnataka > Telangana > Andhra Pradesh Delta Krishna Origin - Betul Plateau
Tapti
near Amarkantak Plateau (MP)
2nd longest river of South India
Surat is located on its bank
Tributaries - Bhima, Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha,
Malaprabha, Musi, Konya, Dhoodhganga Tributaries - Aner, Gomai, Girna, Purna

Independent flowing rivers of Andhra Pradesh Pennar Zuari

Length - 800 km Goa Rivers

Lifeline of Goa
Mandovi
Origin - Brahamgiri Hills, Karnataka (Kodagu district) Panaji is located on its bank

Karnataka > Tamil Nadu > Delta (Kerala) Bharatphuza

Only river of south India which flows throughout the Longest river of Kerala
Kaveri Kerala Rivers Periyar
year - Perennial river
life line of Kerala

It is called Ganga of South India Pamba drains into Vembanad lake

Tributaries - Hemvati, Kabini, Bhavani, Shimsha Kalinadi

Karnataka Rivers
Delta - known as Garden of South India Sharavati Jog falls

Southern-most river of India Vaigai

 Dulhasti Hydroelectric Project

Hydroelectric Salal Hydroelectric Power Station Chenab river

Power Projects
Baglihar Hydroelectric Project
Jammu & Kashmir
Kishan Ganga
Purpose: Flood control, hydropower
Multipurpose Project
generation, irrigation, tourism
Tulbul Jhelum river
India’s first river valley project (1948)
Uri
based on the Tennessee River of USA
Varahi Pong Dam (Maharana Pratap Sagar) Beas river
Kunchikal 8 dams built on Damodar & its tributaries Himachal Pradesh
Highest waterfall in India Chamera Dam Ravi river
Damodar Valley Project Maithon - Jharkhand - Borakar River
Karnataka Sharavati Matatila Dam
Jog/Gersoppa/Mahtma Gandhi Tilaiyah - Jharkhand - Borakar River Betwa river
2nd highest waterfall in India Uttar Pradesh Lakshmibai Dam
Panchet - Jharkhand - Damodar
Kaveri Shivsamundram Rihand Dam
Rihand river
Konar - Jharkhand - Konar (Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar Reservoir)
Rajasthan Chambal Chulia
Constructed during 1st Five Year Plan Ukai Dam
Dhuandhar Waterfalls Tapi river
Madhya Pradesh Narmada Built on Sutlej river Gujarat Kakrapar Dam
Kapildhara
Bhakra - Himachal Pradesh Sardar Sarovar Dam Narmada river
Jharkhand Swarnrekha Hundru (Govind Sagar Lake from
Bhakra Nangal Dam) Tawa river
Bhakra Nangal Project Made of two dams Tawa Dam
Goa Mandvi Dudh Sagar (tributary of Narmada)
Nangal - Punjab
Venezuela Angel waterfall Highest waterfall in the world Ban Sagar Dam Son river
Highest Gravity Dam - bears forces on its own
USA-Canada border Niagara Falls 2nd highest in the world Madhya Pradesh Omkareshwar Dam
Largest Dam of India in terms of area
Narmada river
Chhattisgarh Chitrakote waterfall Niagara of India Indira Sagar Dam
Nathpa Jhakri Dam is also built on Sutlej in
Himachal Pradesh
Gandhi Sagar Dam Chambal river

Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam Mahi river

State-wise
Bilaspur Dam Banas river
Rajasthan
Maharashtra
Tarapur Atomic Power Station
Dam & waterfall Rana Pratap Sagar Dam
Chambal river
Built on Rihand river (Tributary of Son)
1st Nuclear Power Station Jawahar Sagar Dam
Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar Lake created from
Rajasthan (Rwatbhata) Rajasthan Atomic Power Station Rihand Dam
this dam Jayakwadi Dam Godavari river

Tamil Nadu Largest Artificial Lake of India Maharashtra Chhom Dam Krishna river
(Kalpakkam) Madras Atomic Power Station
1st indigenously built Koyna Dam
Nuclear Power Plants In Odisha, Sambalpur district
(largest dam of Maharashtra)
Koyna river
Uttar Pradesh Narora Atomic Power Station Hirakud Dam Built on Mahanadi river
Chhattisgarh Indravati Dam Godavari river
Gujarat Kakrapar Atomic Power Station Longest dam of world/India (4.8 km/25 km)
Jog/Mahatma Gandhi Dam
Karnataka Kaiga Nuclear Power Station In Uttarakhand Sharavati river
Linganamakki Dam
Tamil Nadu Kudhankulam Nuclear Power Station
Dams Tehri Dam Built on Bhagirathi river Karnataka
Shivsamudram Dam
Highest Dam of India (261 m) Kaveri river
Almatti Dam
n West Bengal, built on Ganga river
Farakka Dam Kerala Periyar/Mullaperiyar/Idukki Dam Periyar river
This dam was built to provide water to the
Hooghly river
Pochampad/Sriram Sagar/Kaleshwaram
Telangana Godavari river
Lift Irrigation Project
Harike Dam was built through this project in
Punjab (Kapurthala)
Paykara Dam Paykara river
Tamil Nadu
Vyas River Project Sutlej and Vyas meets here
Mettur Dam Kaveri river

An Indira Gandhi Canal was constructed from it

Srisailam Dam
Andhra Pradesh Krishna river
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
 Latitude
Diurnal Range of Temperature

Altitude
Annual Range of Temperature

Pressure & wind system

Annual Range of Rainfall Factors affecting
Variation in climate of India Relief feature
Temperature/Rainfall
Ocean Current

Chilling winds from Artic/Central Asia effect Distance form sea

winter season

known as Upper atmospheric Circulation

Seasons & Months

Winter Season

Also known as North-East Monsoon Winter Rainfall

& it causes rainfall over Coromandel
coast (Tamil Nadu/Andhra)

Clear skies
In North India
Retreating Inward of Western Disturbances through jet
streams is marked by increase in prevailing
October heat - oppressing heat monsoon night temperature

Monsoon

Calamity in the month of Baisakh

Kal Baisakhi in West Bengal

Nor-Westers helpful for growth of jute, tea

Bardoli Chheerha In Assam

Pre-Monsoon Showers
Seen in Kerala/ Karnataka

Blossom Showers Helps in growth/cultivation of coffee

Rain Bearing System On Set of Monsoon
Summer Season Mango Showers
Seen in Kerala

Helps in early ripening of mangoes

 These are layered forests (shed there leaves
not all together)
known as Slash & Burn Agriculture
They are seen in places of high temperature
No good for environment, causes (>30⁰C) & high rainfall (>200cm)
deforestation & soil looses its productivity
In India, seen in Western side of Western
Indonesia - Ladang
Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, North-East
Mexico - Milpa
Shifting Evergreen Highest biodiversity seen here
Sri Lanka - Chena Cultivation Forests
Across the world Eg: Amazon Rainforests (known as Lungs of
Vietnam - Ray the World)
Brazil - Roca
Vegetation seen - Rosewood, Ebony, 70-150 cm - Dry Deciduous
Venezuela - Konuko Mahogany, Cinchona, Aini, Epihytes Rainfall - 70 cm-200 cm
150-200 cm - Moist Deciduos
Jhum - North East different names Also known as Desert covered by forest
Also known as Monsoon Forests
Kumari - Western Ghats

Pama Dabi/Bringa - Odisha

Tropical Deciduous These are the most predominant forests in
India
Forest
Penda/Podu - Andhra Pradesh
Across the India They are seen in Peninsular Plateaus, North
Dipa - Chhattisgarh (Bastar district) Indian Plains

Waltre - Rajasthan Rainfall - < 50 cm Dry Deciduous - Tendu, Khair, Palas

Kuruwa - Jharkhand Trees

Grasslands Thorns are modified form of leaves (to avoid Moist Deciduous - Shisham, Sagon,
Sandalwood, Teak, Sal
Bewar/Dahiya - Madhya Pradesh water loss)

tells about the total Forest cover in India Tropical Thorn Trees - Babul, Khejri, Cactus Shape: Cone
Elephant grass but not nutritious
Forests
Biennial Report Special type of grass seen here - Tussocky Seen in areas of high snowfall
Savannah - in Africa
grass
Tropical grasslands Forest Cover - 21.71% In India seen in Upper Himalayas
Campos grassland - Brazil
In India seen in Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujarat
Llanos grassland - Venezuela
Tree Cover - 2.9%
Forest Trees
Softwood trees - Chir, Pine, Cedar, Deodar,
Spruce
Forest and Trees - 24.62%
Small grass but nutritious
Coniferous Forest National Forest Policy - 1952-1988
Highest Forest cover(area) - Madhya Pradesh India State In mountain region
Prairies - North America (1st), Arunachal Pradesh (2nd)
Forest Report Chipko Movement - 1978
led by Sundarlal Bahuguna
seen in Himalayas - Bugyal Grassland seen
Steppes - Asia/Europe Highest Forest cover(%) - Mizoram (1st),
Arunachal (2nd) Montane North India
Upper part - Alpine/Coniferous Forest Day - 21st March
Velds - South Africa eg: Rhododendron
Temperate grasslands Lowest Forest cover - Haryana
Forests Indian Forest Research Institute located in
Downs - Australia Lower part - Deciduous forests Dehradun, Uttarakhand
Highest increase - Andhra Pradesh
Pustaz - Hungary Known as Littoral/Swamp forests Evergreen forests seen here due to rainfall
Highest decrease - Arunachal > Manipur South India
Canterbury - New Zealand Seen in coastal areas Sholas seen here Grassland/Forests of
Western Ghats
Pampas - Argentina More in Sundarban Deltas - Sundari Trees
Mangrove Forests
Region - West Bengal

They are called living roots

Trees are viviparous

 Seen in coastal areas
Parent Rock
Has organic matter/humus Marshy/Peaty soil Factors for Climate
It is seen in regions of formation of soil
high humidity & high rainfall Time
High humus is seen Montane soil
Seen in extremely low rainfall areas (<50 cm) -
Western Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana Desert soil Covers 40% area of India
(In India, most fertile type of soil)

Covers 4.3% area of India Found in Northern Plains + Deltas of

Peninsular rivers
It is formed by leaching process
(where important minerals such as Silica
washes away with the soil) Alluvial soil eg - Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam
Covers 15% area of India
Rich in Potash & poor in Phosphorus
Found in regions of high temperature & high
It is formed due to eruption of lava rainfall Laterite soil
Formed due to sediments deposited by rivers
Found in North Western part of Peninsular It is known as Brick Soil
Khadar - New Alluvium, more fertile
Plateau - Maharashtra, Gujarat
Type
Good for Cashew growth & cultivation
Bhangar - Old Alluvium, less fertile
Also known as Regur
Found in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala
Clayey in nature Covers 18% area of India

It is impermeable soil Formed by the weathering of the metamorphic

(high water holding capacity) Black soil rock

Self-ploughing characteristics (develops It is red due to presence of Iron Oxide

cracks when dry & sticky when moist)
Red soil Changes colour to yellow on hydration
Most suitable soil for cotton cultivation
(requires 210 frost free days)
Soil It is found in water deficit region - Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Piedmont Zone of
Western Ghats
rich in Iron, lime, Alumina

Loamy Soil - sand content is more In low rainfall areas

Extended to 3 states
Nilgiri
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka

Great Rann of Kutch

Sundarban Nilgiri Biosphere Reserves - 1st Biosphere

Reserve in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
Nanda Devi

Nokrek

Panchmarhi
12 UNESCO Biosphere Reserves: Man and
Simplipal Largest - Great Rann of Kutch
Biosphere programme (MAB), 1971
Chattisgarh-Madhya
Achanakmar-Amarkantak
Pradesh border

Great Nicobar

Agasthyamalai

Highest mixed & first

Kangchenjunga
World Heritage Site Biosphere Reserves (Total: 18)
latest added 1Panna
 World’s only floating NP on Loktak Lake Manas NP
Keibul Lamjao NP Manipur
famous for Sanghai Deer Nameri NP
Indravati NP
Palamu NP Kaziranga NP Famous for One-horned Rhino
Kanger Valley NP Chhattisgarh Jharkhand
Betla NP Dihang NP
Guru Ghasidas NP Assam
Orang NP
Bhitarkanika NP
Odisha Dibru Saikhowa NP
Simplipal NP

Raimona National Park

Jaldapara NP
Valmiki Tiger Reserve Bihar notified in 2021
Dihing Patkai National Park
Neora Valley NP
Sanjay Gandhi NP
Rajiv Gandhi NP (Nagarhole NP) Kanchenjunga NP Sikkim Singalila NP

Kudremukh NP West Bengal Madhav NP

Sunderban NP
Karnataka Bandhavgarh NP
Anshi NP
Gorumara NP
Eravikulam NP Kanha NP
Bannerghatta NP
Buxa NP
Annaimudi NP Periyar NP Kerala Madhya Pradesh Pench NP

Mudumalai NP Silent Valley NP Panna NP

state animal -
Great Indian Bustard
Guindy NP Mandla Plant Fossil NP
Tamil Nadu Mukundra Hills NP
Indira Gandhi NP Satpura NP

Gulf of Mannar NP
Rajasthan Ranthambore NP
Van Vihar NP

State animal: Snow Leopard Sariska NP

Palani NP

largest National Park Hemis NP Desert NP

Pilibhit Tiger Reserve

Salim Ali NP
Jammu & Kashmir Keoladeo NP
Ladakh Nawab gang Bird Sanctuary

Dachigam NP
Uttar Pradesh Chandra Prabha WS

Kishtwar NP Pin Valley NP National Park Rajaji NP

Chambal WS
Nanda Devi NP
Simbalbara NP
Dhudhwa NP
Valley of Flower NP
Great Himalayan NP Himachal Pradesh
Khirganga NP Uttarakhand Gangotri NP
Marine NP
India’s first NP, estd. in 1936
Inderkila NP
Blackbuck NP
Gujarat Jim Corbett NP Project Tiger, 1973
Vansda NP
Old names - Hailey’s National Park,
Famous for Asiatic Lions Gir NP Ramganga NP
 Soan/Sohan - Panjab

Cave / Rock Shelter Belan Valley - Uttar Pradesh

Become food Producer
Didwana - Rajasthan

Nevasa - Maharashtra Lower / Early Paleolithic People owned Property

Hunasagi/Hungsi - Karnataka Art Bhimbetka - MP (45km of Bhopal )

Pahalagam - Kashmir Pottery Black & Red in colour

1st time Ostrich evidence Patne - Maharashtra Mehrgarh (Baluchistan) evidences of houses & crops

FLAKE technology Weapons of bones

Middle Paleolithic Paleolithic
Hunting & Gathering food means burial
Burzahom
Kashmir Valley 16km West from Srinagar
Last Phase of Pleistocene Neolithic Domestic dog were buried with his masters
Human lived in lake side in Pit
Appearance of Homosapiens
Gufkral -
means Cave of potter
Use Flint stone Upper Paleolithic 41km South-west of Srinagar

Inamgaon - Maharashtra Bihar - Chirand Weapon of bones

Nevada - Maharashtra Sangankallu

site
Didwana - Rajasthan Brahmagiri
Karnataka
Cave/Rock shelter Bhimbetka - Madhya Pradesh Maski
Millet cultivation
Piklihal
Late stone age / Microlithic Period Sites
Stone Age Hallur
Warm climate ; increased flora &
Uttar Pradesh - Allahabad
fauna
Budihal
Use Fire & Small stone tools
Utnur
Langhnaj - Mehsana, Gujarat Mesolithic Andhra Pradesh
Nagarjunakonda
Bhimbetka - Bhopal, Madhya pradesh
Around Bhima, Krishna & Tungbadra rivers
Chopani Mando - Allahabad, Uttar
Pradesh Tamil Nadu - Paiyampalli & Kaveri
Birbhanpur - Burdwan, West Bengal Site Belan valley - Koldihwa & Mahagara
Earlist evidence domestiction of Animals Bagor - Rajasthan Meghalaya - Garo hills

Sandanakallu - Karnataka Doajali Heading, Assam Jedeite Stone

Tuticorin - Southern Tamil Nadu Catal Huyuk - in Turkiye 1st human Proto city

Adamgadh - Madhya Pradesh

 1st metal discovered by human - Copper

Rular Comminitty
Facts Jorwe
Practice URN Burial
Nevasa
didn’t know Horse & Burned bricks
Daimabad
Western Maharashtra
Chandoli
Jorwe civilization
Inamgaon

Nasik

Navdatoli

Ahar Earliest
sites South-East Rajasthan Banas Valley
Gilund

Malwa
Copper Age
West Madhya Pradesh kayatha
Chalcolithic age
eran

Chirand Bihar

Black & Red colored Eastern India Burdwan

Pottery West Bengal
Ohre Colored Midnapore
 6 granaries in each row 1921 Panjab

Harappa

Coffin Burial Dayaram Sahani Ravi

Near Indus / Sindhu river
Gopal Mahamdar Sindh
Named by - John Marshall Director of ASI

Chanhudaro India - Panjab, Haryana, Rajasthan & Western

UP
City without Citadel Indus Urban Civilization Spread across
Pakistan - Panjab, Sindh & Baluchistan
Bronze dancing girl
- Clay figure of Mother goddess Tribhanga Mudra (dance form) R.D. Banerjee Sindh North - Manda (J&K)
Citadel / Acropolis
Mohenjodaro East - Alamgirpur (UP) Town in 2 part
expansion Lower town
- Great bath & granary - Steatite bearded man Largest city Indus West - Sutkagendor (Baluchistan)
Grid System
- Joint / Double burial - Terracotta ships Ancient port Gujarat South - Daimabad (Maharashtra)
Drainage system
Lothal
Gabarband / Nala - to store water in
Town planning Baluchistan
- Fire altar - Dockyard Bhogava

- 7 fire alters - Ploughed field Black bangles Rajasthan 1st to produce Cotton / Sindon

Bronze tool found Animals in it

Kalibanga
Pashupati Seal Buffalo, Elephant, Tiger, Deer & Rino/Unicorn
Unaware of Iron (One horned animal)
- Each house has own well Ploughshare Ghaggar
Occupation - Textile, Brick layering, Boat
Costal areas Technology & Craft making, Bead / Jewellary making

Surkagendor Jadeite stone - Daojali Hading (Assam)

/ Sirkotada

one single bone of horse Gold Ornaments - brought form Karnataka

Sites
- Giant water reservoirs Gujarat Pottrery & Potter wheel found
Indus Valley
Through evidences of Seals
Made of - Steatite & Terracotta
Dholavira
Civilization Trade with Mesopotamia (Iraq)
Divided in 3 Parts
evidence - Harrapan seals found there
Largest site in India Haryana
Trade they called Harrapan Cvilization - Meluha
Rakhigarhi
Weight measuring - found in 16 multiple
- terracotta wheels & toys Ghaggar
Barter system used
Haryana
also trade Lapis Lazuli (blue stone)
Script
Bhirrana

Script was Pictographic Phallus - Male genital organ

Oldest IVC sites
(in drawing form) Yoni - Female genital organ
R.S. Bisht Haryana Religious Pashupati, Trees, Animals & Mother Earth
Baustrophedon script Polity practices
Banawali Believe in ghosts

Lack of grid Pattern Ghaggar No temple

Buffalos, Goats, Sheep, Oxen, Pigs
Burial with dog Treading community dominate
may have been ruled by Marchant class
Asses & Camels - for carriers
Ropar
Domestication
of animals Unaware of Cow & Horse
- Oval burial pit
Aware of Elephants
Uttar Pradesh

Sanauli

Extended burial
 Aryan expended from Panjab to Western UP & Oldest text
Bihar
It is Apaurasheya gifted by God
expansion possible - due to Iron weapon &
Horses Samhita -
collection of Hymns ; para Versus
chief means of livelihood
Himvanta - Himalaya Brahmans -
Virhi - rice Agriculture end of Vedas; sacrifices & rituals
Amunjavat - Hindu kush Subdivisions
wooden Ploughshare (rular) Aranyakas -
Indus - Sindhu Hermits (live in jungle)
start Centralizing
Jhelum - Vitasta Upanishads / Vedanta -
Sabha - Women no longer allowed Knowledge gain, (total-108; main-10)
Chenab - Askini Old name
Samiti Polity Oldest & Largest
Ravi - Parushini
Vidatha - Ended 10 Mandals `2nd-7th made originally`
Later Vadic
Beas - Bipasha
Bali - Voluntary offering to King 1028 Hymns (recited by Hotri)
10600 Verses
Satlej - Shutudri
Brahman - `dominated`
Saraswati - Saraswati Deities - Indra, Vishnu, Varuna
Kshatriya - `To rule & protect`
Varna system
4 Varnas - Vaishya - `trade`
Vedas Rig veda Gayatri Mantra - in 3rd mandal
Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya & Shudra
Shudra - `as servert` Lord Soma - in 9th mandal `(ord of Planet)
Somras - energy drink
based on Profession
Women deteriorated Society
Brahmans - from Mouth
NO child marriage
Gotra (caln) system emerged Kshatriya - from Arms
Widow remarriage - Niyogi Society Purush Sukta - in 10th mandal
Ashram, Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vaishya - from Thighs
Patriarchal society Vanaprasthan, Sannyasa
Vadic Age Shudra - from Feet
Cow (Aghanya) Gray colored Pottery Pottery
Wealth decider contain Chanting Melodies
Sama veda
Chandogya
battle for cow - Gavishthi
Upanishad
Early Vadic / Kena
Elective Monarchy - Hereditary
Rig vadic Age Shukla - contains Satapatha
Sabha - community of few Privileged in 2 section
Krishna - Brahmana (largest)
Samiti - community of Common people Polity Yajur veda
Brihadaranyaka - oldest upanishad
Upanishad
Vidatha - Community of Religious People Katha - story of Nachiketa
Purohita Samakhya - Kalpna Veda of magic formulaes
Senani - Army chief Ranking of Officers Nyaya - Gautam (Scientific approach) Atharva veda 20 Khandas
Gramani - Village head
Vaisheshika - Kannada (Atom)
School of Manduka - Satyameva jayate is taken
Worship - Nature Siksha - study of Phonetics Upanishad
Indra, Pritvi, Agni, Soma, vayu Yoga - Patanjali Philosophy Maha Upanishad - Vasudeva Kutumbkam
Kalpa - study of Practices (rita) (whole world is a family)
Rudra - God of Animals Uttar Mimansa - Badrayana
Vyankaran - study of Grammar
Purva Mimansa - Jamini
Aditi - Mothers of Gods Religion Vedangas
Nirukta - study of Etymology
Savatri -
Gayatri Mantra dedicated to it Jyoti - study of Light

no animal worship Chhanda - study of Poetic matters

Ochre coloured pottery Pottery

 Chandragupta Maurya

Total - 24 Bindusara
Patrons litrature - in Prakrit language
Founder of Jainism Bimbisara
Right Knowledge - Samyaka Jnana
Birth - Ayodhya Ajadsatru
Moksh
1st - Rishabhdeva Right Faith - Samyaka Darsana
3 principle
Symbol - Bull
Jain Philosophy Right Conduct - Samyaka Charitra
mentioned in Vedas
Ahinsa - No violence
Mention in Vedas 22nd - Arishtanevi
Satya - Only speak the truth
Birth - Varanasi
5 Vows /
23rd - Parshavnath Asteya - Do not steal
Principle of living
Symbol - Serpent
Brahma - Sexually monogamous
Main founder
Aparigraha - Detach from material things,
Symbol - Lion Wear no cloth people & place

Birth - 540 BC Cahndragupta Maurya & Bhadrabahu went to

Kundgram, Vashali, Bihar Digambar
Shravanbelgola, karnataka

Death / Moksh - 468 BC Sallekhana - death by fasting

Pawapuri, Biharsharif, Bihar Tirthankara Division
Wear white cloth
Father- Siddhartha
Janatakria clan (Kshatirya)
Shwetambar Sthulbhadra

Mother - Trishla Reason - Femine in magadha (303BC)

Wife - Yoshoda 24th - Vardhaman Mahavir

12 Anga compiled
1st - 298 BC,
Daughter - Anonja Priadarshni patranised by Bindusar
Presided by Sthulbhadra
1st Decipal - Jamali
Council
Son-in-law 2nd - Vallabhi, Gujarat

Left home - at 30 years old

Enlightenment / Kaivalya - at 42 years old

Jainism Statue of Gomteshwar / Bahubali -
Shravanbelgola, krnataka
Under a Sal tree, Jambikagram, Rijjupalika river
Hanthigumpha cave -
1st Sermon - Pava Jaina Kharavela, Odisha
Architecture
Also called - Jitendriya & Kevalin (perfectly Udaygiri & Khandgiri -
learned) Odisha
Rock cut Cave Tample
Basadis - Jain Monastery Dilwara Jain Temple -
Rajasthan (Mt. Abu)

Build by - Vastupala brother

 Birth - 623 BC
Lumbini, Nepal
Nalanda- Kumar Gupta I (Bihar)

Death - 483BC
Kesariya - Bihar `largest` University Vikramsila - Dharamapala (Bihar)
Kushinagar

Dhamek - Sarnath, UP Odantpuri - Gopala

Father - Suddhodhana
(Sakya caln)
Ramabhar - Kushinagara, UP Stupa
Mother - Mahamaya
Sanchi - Madhya Pradesh Mahaprajapati gatmi
Chaitya - Prayer place (step mother) (1st bhikkuni)
Borobudur - Indonesia
Vihara - Reside place Wife - Yasodhara
Terms
Dhamma Son - Rahul

Stupa Gautama Budha Left house - at 29 years old

Budhacharitrea - by Asuaghosha
Text in Sanskrit 1st - Alara kalama
Sutta pitaka- Teaching Jataka tales - previous birth of Budha Teacher
2nd - Udraka ramputre
Vinaya pitaka - Monistic rules & codes
Tripitaka Enlightenment - Uruvella, Bodh Gaya
Abhidarma pitaka - Interpretation of Sutta under Bodhi tree, Niranajna river
pitaka Text in Pali
1st Sermon - Sarnath
Millindpanho- Milinda & Nagasena
no idol worship Lotus - Birth / Janma
Hinayana
Use Pali language Horse - House abandon / Mahabhinishkramana
480BC

Idol worship Symbols Bodhi tree - Enlightenment / Nirvana

Ajatshatru 1st - Rajgriha The Truth of Suffering -
World is full of suffring
Wheel - 1st Sermon / Dharmachakrapravartana
Mahakashyapa
Use sanskrit language Mahayana Sects
The Truth of the Cause of Suffering - Stupa - Death
Bodhisattvas Desire
383BC

Tantric buddhism Vajrayana Right View

Kalasoka 2nd - Vaishali

Sabakami Buddhism Right Intention

250BC Council Right Speech

Ashoka 3rd - Patliputra

Philosphy Right Action
The Truth of the End of suffering -
8 fold Path / Ashtangika Marga
Moggliputta Tissa Right Livelihood

72AD Right Effort

Kanishka Right Concentration

Vasumitra 4th - Kashmir Right Mindfulness

Buddhism divided into The Truth of the Path leading to the End of
Mahayana & Hinayana Suffering - Follow
 Munger & Bhagalpur Champa Anga
Either Monarchial or
Rajagir / Patliputra Gaya & Patna Magadha
Republic (Multipal decision maker)
Banaras Varanasi Kasi Total - 16
Republic Janpadh -
Kuru, Kambija, Vajji, Malla, Assaka
Allahabad Kausambi Vatsa

Eastern Uttar Pradesh Sravasti/ Auodhya Kosala

Mahtura Mathura Surasena Sanskrit

Western Uttar Pradesh Ahichchatra & Kampilya Panchala

Mahajanpadas Ashtdhayayi - by Panini
mention of 40 Janpadh

Merrut & S.E. Harayana Indraprastha Kuru Angutaranikaye (16 Mahajnpadas)

Janpadh Mention Buddhist literature
Jaipur Viratnagar Matsya Dighanikaya (12 Mahajnpadas)

Bundelkhand Sothivati / Banda Chedi / Chetiya Jain literature Bhagawati Sutra

Madhya Pradesh & Malwa Ujjain / Mahismati Aavanti

Anga - Karna (Angaraja)
Rawalpindi Taxila Gandhar
Varanasi - Varuna + Assi (rivers)
Rajori & Hajra (Kashmir) Pooncha Kamboj
Facts Ujjain - Kshipra river
Bank of Godawari Pratistha / Paithan / Potana Asmaka
Vajji - combination of 8 Calns
Vaishali Vaishali Vajji (e.g. - jnatrika, Videha, Lichchavi)

Deoria & Uttar Pradesh Kusinara Malla

 defeated Anga

Sister of Prasenjit
Advantageous Position (son of Kaushal king)
Bimbisara Diplomatically -
Rajgriha (surrounded by 5 hills) Chellana (Lichchavi)
(544-492 BC) 3 wives
Capital
Patliputra (situated at the confluence of Reason for Madra Caln (Panjab)
ganga & son)
expention sent his physician Jivaka to Ujjain (suffering
from Jaundice)
Availability of large no. of Elephant
defeated Lichchavi
Great Leaders
Harayanka dinasty
defeated Koshala (married to king’s daughter)

Northern Black Polished Ware Pottery Ajatashatru

killed his father
(son of Chellana)
Panchmarked silver coin - Nishka / satamana
Magadha Empire Patronized 1st Buddhist council

Artisans & merchants - Guilds / Shrenis defeted Vaishali using war engine

Udayin Shifted capital to Patliputra

craft was hereditary
Dynasties Shishunaga defeated Avanti & merged with Magadha
Iron Ploughshare - Agriculture surplus Society Shishunaga dinasty
Kalashoka Patronized 2nd Buddhist council
Bali - compultary Offering to god
Mahapadmananda Ekrath titel (means - empire builder)
Rich Peasants - Gahapatis
Nanda dinasty
Dhanananda Alexandar invaded India (326BC)
Peasants - Pay tax 1/6th of their Poduce
Mouryan dinasty Chandragupta Maurya
Village headman - Bhojaka / Gramini Post

Customs tax collector - Shaulkika /

Shulkadhyaksha
 - defeated Dhanananda with the help of
Chandragupta Maurya belongs to - Kautilya `322BC`
Mudra rakshasa - Vrishal / kulhina (lower clan)
Chandragupta maurya (founder)
king - Raja Puranas - Shudras
Junagarh Rock inscription - Vaishyas - defetated Selecus Nicator `Helena -
daughter`
Secretaries - Amatya
Amitrochates by the Greeks
Territory - Janpada Bindusara
Patronized Ajivikas
Fort - Durga
Saptanga Theory - Origin
7 elements to rule (by Kautilya)
Arthashastra - kautaliya/ Chanakya/ ruled fo 12 years
Treasure - Kosha Vishnugupta Rulers
conqured Kalinga (261BC)
Army - Sena Mudra rakshasa - Vishakhadatta (Gupta
Period) Sources
Ashoka Adopted Buddhism
Friends - Mitra
Indica - Megasthanese (Greek Travelar) replaced Berighosha (Physical Conquest) with
Civil - Dhammagosha (Cultural Conquest)
Dharmasthiya nyayalya - (Vyavaharika) Buddhist litrature - Jataka, Dipavamsa /
2 types of Court Mahavamsa, Divyadama last ruler - Brihadratha (defeted by James Princep - 1st to desipher
Criminal - Pushyamitra sunga)
Kantakashodhan Nayayalaya - (Pradestha)
Prakrit language -
Brahimi & Kharoshthi script
4 varnas administration
3 Languages
Major - 14 Greek language - Greek script
& 4 Scripts
Indica - 7 classes, no slavery Society
Aramaic language - Aramaic script
Women occupied high Position in Army
Devanami Piyadashi -
Rocks Ashoka (devon ka priya)
Tax - 1/4th - 1/6th
Maski - Karnataka
Bali - `no to Lumbani People` Economics
Gujjara - Madhya Pradesh Ashoka mentioned
Bhoga - tax of Agriculture Sannidhata - chief Treasury officer Minor - 15
in these
Brahmagiri
Western - Bharuch, Supara Samharata - Collector general of Revenue
Ports Nittur
East - Tamralipti Gopa - responsible for Account
total - 7
Akshpatala - Accountant General
Mauryan Empire Prakrita language - Brahmi script
Nagarka - responsible for city administration
Pillars Delhi-Topra Pillar edict - only with 7 edict
Sitadhakhsha - responsible for Agriculture
Ashokan Edicts Lauriya Aaraj (Bihar)
Samshthadhyaksha - responsible for Market Officers Lauriya Nandagarh (Bihar)
Navadhyksha - responsible for Ships
Bull - Parliament
Shulkadhayaksha - responsible for Toll tax
Capital Elephant
Dhamma Mahametra - to check Dhamma is
being followed or not (by Ashoka) Lion - Vaishali

Municipal administration - (6 committee - Barabar hill caves - Bihar

5member each) (by Ashoka for Buddhist)
according to Megasthenese
Army - (6 committee - 5member each) Lomas Rishi cave - Bihar

Nagarjuni cave - Bihar

(by Dasrtha Marya)
 Pushyamitra Sunga (founder)
also called - Yuezhis / Tocharians
capital - Vidisha (Madhya Pradesh)
capital - Peshavar then Mathura
follow Hinduism
sons of gods, king of kings
patronized Buddhism - Barhut stupa (Madhya
Pradesh)
Kadphises - 1st dinasty
Sunga Dynasty son - Agnimitra
most powerful ruler - kanishka
(2nd Ashoka) 185BC - 73BC
Malvikagnimitra - story of love of Agnimitra &
Malvika (by Kalidas)
Patronised 4th Buddhism council (Mahayana)

Purest form of gold coins Mahabhasya - (by Patanjali)

controlled Silk Roote Devbhuti (last ruler) killed by - Vasudev

Pottery - Red Ware

Kanva dynasty
Impact in India society
Kushans 73BC - 28BC Presant day - Maharashtra

introduce - Horceman technique, 1st - 3rd century AD Capital - Paithan / Pratisthan

Turban, Sherwani
Vasudeva (founber) Simuka Satvahana (founder)
Kshatrapa system - Military Governership
(stratequs by greeks) capital - Patliputra
Polity started - Lead coins

Worship Shiva & Buddha

GautmiPutra Satkarni defeted Ksatrap Nahapina
(greatest ruler) (rular of Saka)
Buddhacharitra - Ashvaghosha
embraced Brahmanism
Mahavetre & Divyadana Literature
Satvahana dynasty Patriarchial and Matrilineal
Kamasutra - Vatsayana 60BC - 225AD
started the Practice to donating the land (to
Medicine - Chanaksamhita bhramans & Buddhist monks)
(by Charak)
Science
Post Mauryan
Parthiyan Many Chityas, Viharas were cut out from rock
Sushruta - father of Surgery Empirer
Ajanta & Ellora caves built
after Saka
Stupa - Amravati & Nagarjunakonda (Andhra
Junagarh Rock Inscription known as Girnar Pradesh)
(Gujrat)
Rudradaman I Kshatrapa Prakrit language
Repaired Sudarshan lake - constructed by
Pushayagupta Vaisya (in Mauryan dynasty)
1st to cross Hindu kush - Greeks

Invasions from Most famous ruler - Milindapanho -

one of the branches settled over western part Meader / Milinda question by Nagasena to buddhist monk
of India that ruled 5 Branches Central India
(until 4th century AD)
gold coin
Sakas dynasty
started Vikram Samvat (Seythians) 1st to introduced coins attributed to king
(followed by Hindus) (In 57 BC)
Vikramiditya Parmar defeated Saka Hellinstic art - gandhara art
Capital - Ujjain (Norhten west)
 total - 3 sangam

ruling in - Tamil Nadu Patronised by Pandyas

capital - Madurai held at - Muchangam

(bank of Vaigai) (Tamil region)

Emblem - Fish
Sangam 1st - Madurai - (Agastasya)

1st mention - Megasthenese 2nd - Kapadapuram Grammatical Tamil text -

(Tolkappiyar) Tolkappiyam
famous for Pearls Pandaya
3rd - Madurai - (Nakkirar)
treaded with Romans collectively called Melkannakku
Narrative
(story)
Ports - Korkai 8 major work
forms of
litrature collectively called Kilkanakku
Ruling class - Arasar Didactic
known as Cholmandalam (poetic) 18 minor work -
Rich Peasant - Vellalar Society about Akam (love) & Puram (war)
Between Pennar & Velar river
Lowest class - Kadaisiyar Story of Kovalam, Kannagi (wife) & Madhavi
NE to Pandayas
Litrature (dasi & lover)
Silapathikam
(by Ilango Adigal)
Capital - Uraiyur & Puhar Kannagi - goddess of Purity &
(known as Kaveripattanam) Chastity in kerala
(Port city)
Chola Manimegalai about the daughter of
Traded in Cotton colth (by Sattonar) Kavalam & Madhavi

Earliest ruler - Elara ruling in - Kerala, Tamil nadu each has chief - Muvendar

Greatest ruler - Karikala capital - vanjji / Vanchi Kurinci - hunting & gattering
(Battle of Vanni)
Port - Muzris & Tondi Sangama Age Palai - Cattal lifting & Plundering
Emblem - Tiger Thinais - Geographical Area
Augustus temple - Muzris (Total - 5)
Mullai - Animal Husbandary

connection with Romans Chera Marutam - agriculture

Emblem - Bow & Arrow Naytal - Fishing & Salt manufecture

Geography
Greatest chera - Senguttuvan Bindusara - conqueror of land
(Red chera) between 2 seas

Worship - Kannagi Ashoka inscription -

(goddess of Chastity) KaralaPutras (Chera), Satyaputras, Chola,
Pandya, Tamraparni (People of Sri lanka)
 Title - Maharajadhiraja

Wife - Kumaradevi
(Lichhvi princess)
Gupta / Chandragupta 1 story of Ramgupta (brother) 1st to copper coin

Sri Gupta 319AD - 334AD Started Gupta era Dhruvadevi (brother’s wife)
successfully resisted Hunas (320AD)
killed Saka Invader
Title - Vikramaditya founder Gold coins - Dinars
(most no. of coins) highest Watermark (ruled largest terrietory)
Bhuktis - under the charge of Uparika Greatest king of dynasty
Ghatotkach (son)
(divided into districts)
formed matrimonial alliance - married
Empire never defeated Prabhavati Gupta (daughter) with Rudrasena 2
Vishayas - under the charge of Vishayapati
(Decentralized administration) (Vakataka Prince)
Prayaga Prasasti -
Vithis - under the charge of Nagarpati Record of
Allahabad Pillar inscription
his reign in 1st to start silver coin (after defeating Sakas)
(by Harisena)
Villages - under the charge of Gramika
Mehrauli (Iron pillar inscription)
Kumarmatya - provincial officer Samundragupta Napolean of India
(by V A Smith)
Mahadanda Nayaka - officer responsible for
335AD - 380AD Amarsimha
Officer
punishment Title - Kaviraja, Param Bhagvat,
Dhanvantri
Sarva-raj-ochchetta (uprooter of all kings)
Sandhivigrahika - officer of War & Justice
Harisena
Playing Veena of coin
Senabhakti - villagers have to fed Army
passing through that village Kalidas (Shakespeare of India)
performed ashwamadha Yajna
Bhaga - 1/6th of the production
Administration
Skandagupta Navratnas Kahapanaka

Bhoga - periodic supplies of fruits, flowers 455AD - 461AD Chandragupta 2

Sanku
etc. to king 380AD - 414AD
Bali Taxes Varahamihira

Uparikara - extra tax Vararuchi

Vishti - forced labour Vetalbhatta

Varah - Avatar of Lord Vishnu

Title - Vikramaditya
(a great boar)
ldol of Varah protecting Fa-Hein (1st chinese traveller)
Built by - Chandragupta 2
Goddess Earth
in Udaygiri, MP. Abhjyan Shakuntalam
Kumargupta 1
Dasavatara Temple 415AD - 455AD Malvukagnimitra
(Jhansi, UP)
Culture
Gupta Era
Raghuvamsa
dedicated to Lord Krishna Bhitargaon Temple
(Kanpur, UP)
310AD - 540AD attacks by Hunas books of kalidas
Meghaduta
known as - Oldest Brisk Temple `from central Asia`

Source - Bhitari Pillar inscription bult Nalanda University Kumar Sambhavam

Ritusamjara

love story of
Chardatta & Vasantasena
Mrichichkatika (by Sudraka)
known as - The little clay art
 Simha Vishnu (founder)
Dantidurga (founder)

capital - Kanchipuram
capital - Manyakheta

Greatest ruler - Mahendravarman I

Krishna 1 built - Kailasha temple at Ellora (monolithic
Rashtrakutas (son of Dantidurga) stone temple)
son of Mahendravarman I Pallavas
Jayasimha (founder)
Naramsimhavarman I Amoghavarsha
defeated Pulkeshin II convert to Jainism
(630AD - 668AD) (814AD - 878AD)
capital - Vatapi
title - Vatapokonda
Most powerful ruler
Shore temple, Mahabalipuram Architecture
Elder son - Kirtivarman (died) Pushyabhuti (founder) in Thaneswar, Haryana
Pulkeshin I
Mangalesh (brother) become king
(543AD - 566AD) Rajyashri (daughter),
Prabhakar Vardhan
Rajyavardhana (eldest son) & Harshvardhana
Younger son - Pulkeshin II Badami Chalukya (son of Pushyabhuti)
(youngest son)
(killed Mangalesh)

Greatest of his dynasty Harshavardhana

(606AD - 647AD)
defeated Harshavardhana
capital - Kannauj
defeated Mahendravarman I
(Pallava ruller)
defeated Dhruvasena II
(ruler of Vallabhi, Gujarat)
was defeated by Narasimhavarman I Pulkeshin II
(son of Mahendravarman) (610AD - 642AD)
Post Gupta Era defeated Pulkasin 2 (Chalukyan king) on bank
of Narmada river
title - vatapikonda
(conqueror of Vatapi)
was a Shaivite
Aihore Pillar inscription - Pushyabhuti /
about Pulakeshin II (by Ravikriti) Chalukyas Vardhana Dynasty Title - Sakalottarapathanatha
(land of North India)
Western Chalukya (by Chalukyan incription)

Eastern Chalukya Traveller - Hiuen-Tsang / Xuang-Zang (1400yrs

ago)
Vesara style Nagara + Dravida
patronized Buddhist religion
Ravana phadi caves, Aihole
Kannauj - to honour Hiuen-Tsang
Ladh khan temple, Aihole
Assemblies organised
Prayag - organised every 3yrs
Durga temple (confluence of Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati)
made on Apsidal Plane
Ratnavali
Huchimaligudi temple, Ailhole Chalukyan Architecture
Nagananda
Pattadakal temple
total 10 temple books Priyadardhika

Virupaksha temple Harshacharitra (biography)

dravida style by Banabhatta

Banameshwar temple Kadambari

dravida styel by Banabhatta
 1498

Vasco da Gama came at Calicut

acquired in 1843 Sindh
1st War - 1839-1842 discover sea route to India
John Lawerence governor general
1505
2nd War - 1879-1880
Treaty of Gandamak signed Afghans 1st Potuguese Viceroy
Portuguese Francisco de Almeida
3rd War - 1919 Governor of Vasco da Gama

Treaty of Amritsar in 1809 Bring Blue Water Policy

in Punjab Dutch
between Britishers & Maharaja Ranjeet Singh 1509
1st War - 1775-1782
People of Netherlands Alfonso de Albuquerque Captured Goa 1510
2nd War - 1803-1806 in Marathas French
1st Factory - Masulipatnam in 1605 abolished Sati
3rd War - 1817-1818
Dynasty - Wodeyar dynasty
1st factory - Surat in 1668 East India company
1599
Ruler - Hyder Ali eastablished

Mysore won recevied Royal Charter

1600
from Queen Elizabeth I
1st war - 1767-1769
end with
Treaty of Madras William Hawkins appeased
1608
in Jahangir's court
Tipu Sultan - king Britisher
1st temporary factory
2nd war - 1780-1784 1611
end with Masulipatnam
Treaty of Manglore
Advent of Europeans 1613
1st factory
defeated of Tipu Sultan in Mysore 1612
Surat

by Wellesley in 1798 Thomas Roe visited

1615
3rd war - 1790-1792
Battle of Swalley defeated Poruguesue Jahangir’s court
Hyderabad - 1798
1st to adopt known as - Battle of Suvali

Mysore - 1799 Subsidiary Alliance 1759

Tanjore - 1799 Murshid Quli Khan - 1st Nawab Battle of Chinsurah defeated Dutch

Awadh - 1801 known as - Battle of Biderra & Battle of Hoogly

Golden Farman - by Farukhsiyar
Britishers v/s French
Peshawar - 1802
Black Hole Tragedy
Death of Tipu Sultan 4th war - 1798-1799 1st - 1744-1748 end with Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle
1757
Battle of Plassey In Bengal end with Treaty of Pondicherry
Shuja-ud-Aullah V/S Britishers Carnatic Wars 2nd - 1749-1754
known as - Battle of Ambur
1764
known as
Mir Quasim, Shah Alam II & Shuja-ud-Aullah Battle of Wandiwash - 1760
V/S Britishers
Battle of Buxar 3rd - 1756-1763 defeated franch & Captured Ponduchery
Britishers won
end with Treaty of Paris
Shah Alam II & Shuja-ud-Daulah signed
Allahabad Treaty - 1765
 Known as Mamluk Dynasty

Rulers belonged to Ilbari tribe

Capital - Lahore

Title - Lakh Baksh (giver of Lakhs)

Died - 1210 , (while playing Polo/Chaugan)

Quwat-Ul-Isiam (Delhi)
Qutubuddin Aibak
Mosques
(1206-1210AD)
Adhai din ka Jhopra (Ajmer)
Arab Invader
begun the construction of Qutub Minar,
(honour of Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutubuddin 1st Muslim Invasion - Umayyad Kingdom
Bhaktiyar Kaki) Mohammad Bin Qasim
(712AD) in Sindh part of India
Hasan-Un-Nazami - (by Taj-Ul-Massir)
killed Raha Dahir (Brahmin)
Fakhruddin - (by Tarikh-I-Mubarak Shahi)
Country - Turkmenistan
Son-in-law of Qutubuddin Aibak
attack 17 times
Capital - Delhi (from Lahore) Delhi sultanate 1st Turk invasion -
Reason - Loot & Revenge
saved Delhi Sultanate from the wrath of 1206-1526AD Mohmud Ghanznavi
(998-1030AD)
(for Subuktigin’s (his father) death)
Chengiz Khan (died in - 1227AD)
1st attack - 1001AD
Shamsuddin Iltutmish
Wazir (PM) - Nizam-Ul-Mulk
(1211-1236AD)
Shahnama - (by Firdausi)
Tanka - Silver coin
Slave Dynasty Foreign
Coin 1206-1290AD Invasions Tahquiq-E-Hind - (by Al Baruni)
Jital - Coppe coin
1st attack - in Multan (1175AD)
Iqta system - Piece of Land
2nd attack - in Gujarat,
Chahalgani Chalisa - group of 40 slaves defeated by Bhima II (1178AD)

Daughter of Iltutmish in 1191

1st battle of Tarain
First and only muslim lady between Ghori & Prithviraj Chauhan
who ever ruled India
Razia Sultana in 1192
(1236-1240AD) 2nd battle of Tarain
(1240 AD), Razia was killed by Khokhar Tribe,
between Ghori & Prithviraj Chauhan
(near Kaithal (Haryana)).
2nd Turk invasion -
Mohammad Ghori Prithviraj Raso - (by Chandra Bardai)
Tabakat-E-Nasiri - (by Minhaj al Siraj) (1175-1206AD)
Prithviraj Queen (Someshwara)-
He broke the power of Chalisa and restored (by Karpura Devi)
the prestige of the Crown.
Battle of Chandawer (1194AD) -
Established - Diwan-i-Arz between Ghori & Jai Chand
(military department)
Qutubuddin Aibak - (commander of Ghori)
Title - Zil-i-Ilahi (shadow of allah / Ghiyassuddin Balban helped in Battle of Tarain
Descendants of Afrasiyab) (1266-1287AD)
Yalduz
Slaves of
Sijda - (prostration before the monarch) Ghori
Qubacha
Paibos - (kissing the feet of monarch)
Bhaktiyar Khilji -
(Destroyed Nalanda University)
Khaiqubad - (last ruler)
 Jalaluddin Khilji
founder of Khilji dynasty
(1290-1296AD)
founder
Nephew of Jalauddin
Bahlol Lodi
he was Afghan Sardars
(1451-1488AD) Gujarat - 1298AD
-established himself in Panjab Ranthambore - 1301AD

Capital - Delhi to Agra Mewar - 1303AD

Annexed
capital - Chittor
Gaz-i-Sikandari (Sikandar’s yard) - of 32
digits for measuring cultivated fields Malwa - 1305AD

He was a poet
Sikandar Lodi Lodi Dynasty Jalor - 1311AD
(1489-1517AD)
1451-1526AD Ram Chandra -
Khusrau Khan was killed composed poems in Persian with Yadav ruler of Devagiri
by Ghazi Malik the pen name Gulrukhi
Pratap Rudradeva -
Ghazi Malik took the title of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq built Moth ki Masjid Kakatiya ruler of Warangal
Ghiyasudding Tughlaq (1320-1325AD)
fought Battle of Panipat Ibrahim Lodi Malik Kafur (Enunch) - led Alauddin’s Vir Ballal III -
died in an accident `with Babur` (in 1526) (1517-1526AD) army in Deccan & defeated Hayasala ruler of Dwarsamudra

Vir Pandya -
his son Jauna (Ulugh Khan) succeeded him Pandiya ruler of Madurai
under the title of Mohammad bin Tughlaq
called Hajardinari seized the throne, after
langest kingdom of all death of Alauddin (In 1316AD)

Traveller - Ibn Battuta (from Morocco) Sikandar-E-Saini - (after Deccan expedition)

Alauddin Khilji
Sayyid Dynasty (1296-1316AD)
Title
Sultan-E-Jahan - (by Aamir Khusrau)
Rihal - (by Ibn Battuta)
1414-1450AD
Dagh - (branding of horse)
Tarikh-I-Feroz shahi & Tarikh-I-Jahandari - (by
Zaiuddin Barani) Chehra - (descriptive roll of soldiers)
Khizr Khan (1414-1421AD) Delhi sultanate
known as - Wisest fool Mustakharaj - (Collects the revenue)

Taxation in the Doab - (1326AD)

Mohammad Bin Tughlaq
Mubarak Shah (1421-1434AD) 1206-1526AD Kharaj - Tax on Land
(1325-1351AD)
Muhammad Shah (1434-1443AD)
Gharai - House tax
Capital - Delhi to Daulatabad (Devgiri)
(in 1327AD) Alam Shah (1443-1451AD) Khilji Dynasty Tax imposed
Charai - Pestoral tax
3 types
1290-1320AD
Khurasan Expedition - (1329AD) Zakat - on Rich Muslims
(differemt from those 3)
Qarachil Expedition - (1330AD)
Jaziya - to Non-Muslims
Token Currency - Bronze currency with high (1st by Md. Bin Quasim)
value (1329AD)
Tughlaq Dynasty first for food grains
set up 3
Vajeha - soldiers were not paid in cash but by 1320-1414AD markets at Delhi
second for costly cloth
assignments on land revenue of villages
third for horses, slaves and cattle
Jizya became a separate tax
Shahna - control each market
Administrative
Kharaj - 1/10 of the produce of the land (maintain register of merchants and strictly
Diwan-i-Wizarat - Department of Finance reforms
controlled shopkeepers and prices)
Zakat - 2% tax on property
Diwan-i-Ariz - Military Department Diwan-i-Riyasat & Shahna-i-Mandi
imposed 4 kinds of
Jizya - levied on non-Muslims - check market
taxes by Quran
Diwan-i-Insha - Department of Correspondence
Khams - 1/5 of the booty Sara-i-Adal - All goods for sale were brought
captured during war Diwan-i-Risalat - Department of Appeals to this open market

Imposed Haque-i-Sharb or Firoz Shah Tughlaq Alai fort

Diwan-i-Mustakharaj - Department of Arrears
Hasil-i-Sharb - water tax (1351-1388AD)
(Aauddin Khilji)
Alai Darwaja - entrence gate of Qutub Minar
Built - Fatehabad, Hisar,
Diwan-i-Riyasat - Department of Commerce
Central built
Hazar Sutun - Palace of thousand Pillars
Jaunpur & Firozabad
Administration by him
Diwan-i-Kohi - Department of Agriculture Hauz Khas - tank
Dar-ul-Shifa - a hospital in Delhi (Md. Bin Tuglaq)
Tomb of Alauddin - Delhi
new department of Diwan-i-Khairat -
Diwan-i-Bandgan - Department of Slaves
(for the marriage of poor girls) Established the 2nd city of Delhi - Siri
Diwan-i-Khairat - Department of Charity Patron of - Art and Learning
his PM - Khan-I-Jahan Maqbul (Firoz Shah Tuglaq)
Title - Tuti-E-Hind (Parrot of India)
Ekta system made hereditory Court poet -
Diwan-i-Isthiaq - Department of Pensions Amir Khusrau
Started Quawwali in India
Taimur was Mangoloid
Taimur Invasion Mubarak Khan - (1316-1320AD)
during this time last ruler was - Muhammad (1398AD)
Shah Tuglaq Khusrau Khan - 1320AD
(last ruler)
 Harihara & Bukka (1336-1356AD) traveler - Ibn Battuta (Moracco)
Sangama Dynasty
meaning - City of victory
1336–1485AD Deva Raya II (1423-1446AD) Traveler - Abdur Razaqq (Parsia)
Ruins at Humpi -
by Colin Mackenzie (in 1800)

Capital - Humpi

known as - Karnataka Samrajyamu

(by Contemporaries)
Saluva Dynasty Saluva Narsimha (1486-1491AD) Founder
1486–1505AD
Kudirai Chettis -
Local communities of Merchants Vijaynagara
Contemporary rulers –
Ashvapati rulers (Sultans of the Deccan) & Vira Narsimha (1505-1509AD) Founder
Gajapati rulers (Orissa)
SaluvaTimma (the chief minister of Vira
founder - Sangama Harihar & Bukka (founder) Narsimha) placed Krishna Deva Raya (the
brother of Vira Narsimha) on the throne
feudatories of Kakatiyas Vijaynagara
Vijaya Mahal (House of Victory)
Vijaynagar kingdom lay in Deccan to south of
the Bahmani kingdom Built Hazara Rama temple
Tuluva Dynasty Vithal Swami temple
Mahanavami Dibba 1505–1570AD
Yavanaraja Sthapnachrya
(restorer of the Yavana kingdom i.e. Bidar
Kamalapuram Tank (Stepped tank)
Architecture Traveler kingdom)
by Krishna Dev Ray
Title Abhinava Bhoja
Lotus Temple
Nicolo de conti - Deva Raya II
Andhra Bhoj
Elephant Stable (11 elephants)
Fernao Nuniz - Achutya Raya Krishna Deva Raya Andhra Pitamaha
1509–1529AD
before establishment of Araividdu founded Nagalapuram after
Battle of Talikota / Battle of Rakshasi Tangdi - (his mother’s name)
Aliya Rama Raya - interfering in internal (1565AD)
matters of Deccan Scholar in both Telugu and Sanskrit

Sri Ranga III (1678AD) Araividdu Dynasty Telugu work on polity

last ruler - Amuktamalyada
1570–1650AD
Amara Nayakas - Nayaka (Military chief) under Sanskrit drama
Raya (Ruler) - Jambavati Kalyanam
Administration
Ayangar system - 12 membered village Traveler - Duarte Barbosa and Dominigo Paes
committee (Portuguese)

Ashtadiggajas
Tenalirama
(in his court)
 built Golconda Fort
known as HasanGangu
built Charminar
Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah founded Bahmani kingdom
Greatest ruler of Qutub Shahi dynasty
1347-1358AD capital - Galbarga (First capital)
founded - Hyderabad
Defeated Kakatiyas (of Warangal)

Dakhini as court language

Gol Gumbaj -
Ibrahim Adil Shah
famous for Whispering Gallery
defeated Deva Raya I
Tajuddin Firoz Shah
Berar - 1484AD 1397-1422AD got defeated in Subsequent Battle
Fataullah Imad Shahi (Imad Shahi)

Bijapur - 1489AD
Yusuf Adil Shah (Adil Shah)

Ahmadnagar - 1490AD Break up of Bahmanis Ahmad Shah Wali Capital from Gulbarga to Bidar
Malik Ahmad (Niazam Shahi)
Bahmani Empire Kingdom 1422-1435AD
Golconda - 1518AD
Quli Qutub Shah (Qutub Shahi)

Bidar - 1526-27AD
Amir Ali Barid (Barid Shahi)
 Discarded Rituals & Sacrifices Ramanuja
founder of Vishistadvaita
(1017-1137)
Monotheistic
Belonged to Nirguna sect (from North India)
Shiva - Nayanars Main Features Ramananda
(14-15 centuary)
Form - Saguna Disciple - Kabir das
Vishnu - Alvars
1st female - Andal God has either Form
(Profounder of bhakti movement)` Kabir’s Doha - Critisises Hindu / Islamic dharma
or Formless Kabir
Vishishtadvaita - RamanujAcharya
(1400-1510)
Formless - Nirguna (Atma is a part of Brahman) Belong to Nirguna sect

Dvaitadvaita / Bhedabhed - NimbarkAcharya Guru Nanak

from 1469 to 1539 belong to Nirguna sect
(1469-1538)
Dvait - MadhvaAcharya
Born - Talwandi Bengal Vaishnavism - Propounded bhakti
Guru Nanak Dev Shuddhadvaita - Vallabhachairya movement in bengal
Death - Kartarpur Chaitanya (1486-1533)
Philosophy Advaita - Shankracharya King of Gaudiya
started Langar System
Dvait - Dulaism Vidyapati Composed Padavali - love ballads of Radha &
from 1539 to 1552 (14-15 Centuary) Krishna
Guru Angad Dev The world is realistic
introduced Gurumukhi Script Shuddhadvaita belived - Father of Carnatic Music (south India music)
Purandar Das
Idolistic worship
(1480-1564)
from 1552 to 1574 belong from Karnataka
Guru Amardas Sahib The life & world is a Myth
Contemporary of Akbar Sri Shankaracharya belived - Gave Shuddhadvaita Philosophy
Vallabhacharya
didn’t believe in idol worship
(1479-1531)
from 1574 to 1581 Gave philosophy of Pushti Marg
Guru Ram Das
founder of Amritsar Disciple of Vallabhacharya
Bhakti Saints
from 1581 to 1606
Bhakti Movements
Daughter of Rana Sanga (of Mewar)
Mirabai
(1498-1546)
Copiled Adi Granth Rathore Princess
Guru Arjan Dev
Complete the construction of Golden Temple Bhakt of Krishna
Sikh Guru Founder of Bhakti movement
Executed by Jahangir in Maharashtra blind
Jnanesvara / Jnanadeva
(1271-1296) Surdas
from 1606 to 1644 wrote - Bhavarthadipika Belong to Agra
(1483-1563)
Guru Har Gobind Sahib (commentary of Bhagvad Gita)
created Akal Takht (1609) Bhakt of Krishna
Namadeva (1270-1350) founder of Varkari sect
from 1644 to 1661 bhakt of Rama
Guru Har Rai Sahib Bhakti Saints of Eknath
wrote - Bhavartha Ramayana
Tulsidas
contemporary to Aurangzed (1533-1599) (1532-1623)
Maharastra Dharma famous writing - Ramcharithramanas,
Kavaitawali, Gitawali
from 1661 to 1664 Tukaram
Wrote - Abhang (Devotional Poetry)
Guru Har Krishan Sahib (1598-1650) belonged to Nirguna sect
Dadu Dayal
contemporary to Aurangzed
(1544-1603)
Ramdas Wrote - Dasabodha (Compilation of his founder of Dadu Panth
from 1665 to 1675 (1608-1681) Sermons)
###Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib spread bhakti movement across Assam
prosecuted by Aurangzeb
Shankara Deva
Profounder of Sattriya dance
(1449-1568)
from 1675 to 1708
gave Borgect
last Guru Guru Gobind Singh Sahib
from Tamil Nadu
Thyagaraja
started Khalsa Panth
(1767-1847)
Bhakt of Rama
 land of Khafir (where only Hindu stayed)
coverted to Land of Islam (Dar-ul-Herb)

Through Jihad (religious war) Origin Khwaja Ali Hujjwiri

known as Data Ganj Baksh
(11th Centuary)
Mujahid (attains jannat on jihad)
Founded the leading Khanqah in Indian (at
Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya Multan)
Tasawwuf - Sufism (1182-1262)
Founder of Suhara-Wardi Order
Shaikh / Pir / Murshid - Spiritual teacher
Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti
Founder of the Chisti Order
Murid - Disciple (1141-1236)

Khalifah - Successor Sheikh Hamiduddin Nagauri

(1192-1274)
Khanqah - The hospice
SUFI Words &
their Meanings SUFI Saints Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki
Qutubuddin Aibak (Disciple) started Qutub
Minar on his name (1206)
Samma - Musical recital
Other Saints of Baba Jariduddin Ganj-i-Shakar
Raksa - Dance Popularly Known as BABA FARID
Chisti Order (1175-1265)

Fana - Self annihilation Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya

Popularly Known as Mehboob-i-illahi
(1236-1325)
Ziyarat - Pilgrimage to the tombs of Sufi
Saints
Shaikh Nasiruddin Mahmud Later he was known as Chirag-i-Delhi

Syed Muhammad Gesu Daraz Popularly known as Bandanawaz

Shaikh Badruddin Samarkandi

Founded Firdausi Orde
(13th Centuary)

Sufi Movements
 eldest son of Humayun Zahir ud-Din Muhammad (original name)

ascended the throne at the age of 13 defeated Ibrahim Lodi (April 21, 1526)
(at Kalanaur, Punjab)
Daulat Khan Lodi invited him to India
Title - Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar Badshah
Ghazi
call themselves - Uzbek

Bairam Khan (his tutor) was appointed as the (1526) - defeated Ibrahim Lodi in battle of
regent Panipath

2nd Battle of Panipat - (5 Nov, 1556) between Babur (1527) - defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar at
Hemu (defeated) & Bairam Khan
1526-1530 Wars
Khanwa

Akbar tried to win over the Rajputas wherever (1528) - defeated Medini Rai of Chanderi at
possible and inducted Rajputa kings into Chanderi
Mughal service and treated them at par with
Mughal nobility.
(1529) - defeated Afghans in Battle of Ghagra

Married - Harakha Bai (in 1562) (daughter of

(1530) - died in Agra, buried in Kabul
Bharmal/Biharimal)
Akbar
translated (in Persian) by Abdur Rahim
Most of the Rajputa Kings recognised the 1556 -1605 KhaneKhana, Name - Baburnama
supremacy of Akbar except Rana Pratap Singh Atobiography - Tuzuk-i-Baburi
and (his son) Amar Singh (in Turkish)
Birbal (administrator) translated (in English) by Madam Bevridge

Abul Fazl (scholar and statesman) between Rana Pratap (of Mewar) and Mughal
army led by Man Singh (of Amer)
Faizi (scholar and statesman) brother of Abul
Rana Pratap (defeated) Battle of Haldighati - (in 1576)
Humayun
Fazl
1530-40 & 1555-56
Todarmal (Finance Minister, Dahsala But he did not submit and continued the
Bandobast/ Jabti) struggle
Eldest Son of Babur
Bhagwandas (Mansabdar) son of Bharmal Din-i-Ilahi - (in 1581) - new religion
Ascended thrown in 1530
Navaratna - Agra Fort son of Hasan Khan (Jagirdar of Sasaram)
Man Singh (Mansabdar) Grandson of Bharmal
(nine jewels of Akbar)
brothers - Kamran, Hindal, Askari
Gharana - Rewa / Gwalior Lahore Fort Title - Sher Shah (In 1539) after defeating
Humayun Battles against Shershah
Original name - Ramtanu Pande Tansen (Musician) Allahabad Fort (Afgani ruler)
annexed Kannauj (In 1540) after defeating
Title - Miya (by Akbar) Humayun's Tomb (at Delhi) Built Humayun
Abdur Rahim Khanekhana (Statesman, Hindi Chausa (1539)
Fatehpur Sikri - (honour of Salim Chisti) Malwa (1542)
poet)
Kannauj / Bilgram (1540)
Mulla Do Pyaja
Buland Darwaza Mughal Empire Ranthambhor (1542)
Shershah won both battle
shifted his court from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri Conquested Raisin (1543)
1st - about ancestors of Akbar
Humayunama - his biography by Gulbadan
Akbarnama - Chittor (1544) Begum (his sister)
2nd - about reign of Akbar
(by Abul Fazl) in 3 part
Kalinjar (1545) Built - Din Panah (at Delhi) as his second
3rd - Ain-e-Akbari
(administration of Akbar) Akbar Sher Shah capital
Died - (in 1545) while conquesting Kalinjar
1556 -1605 1540-1545 after Shershah’s death, invaded Eastern India
Polaj
Coin - Rupiyah (in 1555) & defeated Afghans
Parauti
Land revenue - Dahsala Fixed standard weights and measures all over death - in 1556 (falling from library’s stairs) &
(10 years estimates) the empire buried in Delhi
Chachar
Built - Grand Trunk Road (G.T. Road) (from
Banjar Sarai - Shelter for travelers for resting
Calcutta to Peshawar)
abolished Zajiya
Land was measured and 1/3rd of the average
was fixed as land tax.
Died - (in 1605) & buried at Sikandara, Agra
The peasant was given a patta (title deed) and
started Mansabdari - Mansab (rank) decided
a qabuliyat (deed of agreement) which fixed
on basis of Zat (sipahi)
the peasant's rights and taxes.

highest rank reached - 7000, by Marza Aziz

Administration Zamindar were removed & the taxes were
Koka & Raja Man Singh
directly collected

Payment on basis of Cash (Nagdi) & Jagir

(Revenue rights for land)
 Nur-ud-Din Muhammad Salim (original name)
Bahadur Shah II
1837-1857 Akbar II
son of Akber

1806-1837 Zanjir-i-Adal - Chain of Justice (at Agra Fort)

Shah Alam II
1759-1806 Married - Mihar-un-nisa (In 1611)
Alamgir II
Invasion of Nadir Shah (1739)
Muhammad Shah 1754-1759 title - Nurjahan, Padshah Begum
Ahmed Shah
Known as - Rangeela 1719-1748
1748-1754 widow of Sher Afghan, a (Persian) nobleman of
Bengal
become king - help of Sayyid Brother
Farrukh Siyar exercised tremendous influence over the state
affairs
Sayyid Brother killed him with the help of 1713-1719
Marathas
Caption William Hawkins (representative of
East India Company) - mansab of 400 (In 1608)
become king - help of Zulfikar Khan Jahangir
Jahandar Shah Britishers came to his court
1605-1627 Sir Thomas Roe (ambassador of king James I of
abolished Jaziya 1712-1713 England) (In 1615)

granted permission to the English to establish

a trading port at Surat
Original name - Shah Alam I
Bahadur Shah I
1707-1712 captured - Ahmadnagar, Malik Amber Mother - Jagat Gosai
(abyssinian) ceded him the territory of
Balaghat known for his Deccan & Foreign Policies

defeated Dara at Dharmat, Samugarh & Deorai

killed - (5th Sikh guru) Arjun Dev built - Diwan-i-Aam & Diwan-i-Khas (Peacock
(in 1658)
thrown)
Prince Khurram (Shahjahan) & Mahavat Khan
Title - Alamgir
revolted against him defeated Portuguese (in 1632)

captured Guru Teg Bahadur, (9th Guru of Mughal Empire wrote - Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri (in Persian) annexed Ahmadnagar (in 1637)
Sikhs) (in 1675) and executed him when he
refused to embrace Islam.
buried in Lahore Bijapur & Golconda accepted his Suzereinity
During the first 23 years of the rule 1658-81
concentrated on North India traveler - Bernier & Tavernier (French) Nicoli
Manucci (Italian)
Aurangzeb Shahjahan
annexed Bijapur (in 1686)
1658-1707 1628-1658 Peter Mundi - (described the famine) that
annexed Golconda (in 1686) occured during his time

appointed Muhtasibs (Religious officers) known for Promotion of art, culture &
Suba (Province) - Suvedar / Nizam architecture

Fatwa-i-Alamgiri - digest of Muslim laws

Sarkar (District) - Fauzdar, Amalguzar Built - Red Fort, Jama Masjid & Taj Mahal
(Revenue collector)
re-introduced Jaziya
Administration his failing health set off the war of succession
Pargana (Taluka) - Siqdar, Quanago (Revenue among his four sons (in 1657)
died in 1707 , buried at Khuldabed Daulatabad collector)
Aurangzeb (victor) - crowned himself in July
called Zinda Pir (living saint) - Gram (Village) - Muquaddam (headman) 1658

died in 1666, buried at Taj, Agra

 1498

Vasco da Gama came at Calicut

acquired in 1843 Sindh
1st War - 1839-1842 discover sea route to India
John Lawerence governor general
1505
2nd War - 1879-1880
Treaty of Gandamak signed Afghans 1st Potuguese Viceroy
Portuguese Francisco de Almeida
3rd War - 1919 Governor of Vasco da Gama

Treaty of Amritsar in 1809 Bring Blue Water Policy

in Punjab Dutch
between Britishers & Maharaja Ranjeet Singh 1509
1st War - 1775-1782
People of Netherlands Alfonso de Albuquerque Captured Goa 1510
2nd War - 1803-1806 in Marathas French
1st Factory - Masulipatnam in 1605 abolished Sati
3rd War - 1817-1818
Dynasty - Wodeyar dynasty
1st factory - Surat in 1668 East India company
1599
Ruler - Hyder Ali eastablished

Mysore won recevied Royal Charter

1600
from Queen Elizabeth I
1st war - 1767-1769
end with
Treaty of Madras William Hawkins appeased
1608
in Jahangir's court
Tipu Sultan - king Britisher
1st temporary factory
2nd war - 1780-1784 1611
end with Masulipatnam
Treaty of Manglore
Advent of Europeans 1613
1st factory
defeated of Tipu Sultan in Mysore 1612
Surat

by Wellesley in 1798 Thomas Roe visited

1615
3rd war - 1790-1792
Battle of Swalley defeated Poruguesue Jahangir’s court
Hyderabad - 1798
1st to adopt known as - Battle of Suvali

Mysore - 1799 Subsidiary Alliance 1759

Tanjore - 1799 Murshid Quli Khan - 1st Nawab Battle of Chinsurah defeated Dutch

Awadh - 1801 known as - Battle of Biderra & Battle of Hoogly

Golden Farman - by Farukhsiyar
Britishers v/s French
Peshawar - 1802
Black Hole Tragedy
Death of Tipu Sultan 4th war - 1798-1799 1st - 1744-1748 end with Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle
1757
Battle of Plassey In Bengal end with Treaty of Pondicherry
Shuja-ud-Aullah V/S Britishers Carnatic Wars 2nd - 1749-1754
known as - Battle of Ambur
1764
known as
Mir Quasim, Shah Alam II & Shuja-ud-Aullah Battle of Wandiwash - 1760
V/S Britishers
Battle of Buxar 3rd - 1756-1763 defeated franch & Captured Ponduchery
Britishers won
end with Treaty of Paris
Shah Alam II & Shuja-ud-Daulah signed
Allahabad Treaty - 1765
 1859 1793

by Cornwallis
in Nadia, WB Indigo Revolt Permanent Settlement
known as Zamindari System
leader - Digambar Biswas
in Bengal, UP & MP
1855
1820

in Rajmahal Hills Santhal Rebellion by Munro & Reed

Land Reform Ryotwari system
leader - Sidhu & Kanhu in South India / Ryotwari

for Peasants
1899
1822
in Ranchi, Singhbum Ho & Munda Uprising
by Holt Macknzie - in Bengal
leader - Birsha Munda Mahalwari System
by William Bantick - in Punjab
1831
for Village Headman
Kol Mutiny
leader - Budho Bhagat 1764

Sanyasi Revolt in Bihar & Bengal

Pre-1857 revolt
1836 leader - Manju Shah, Bhawani Pathak
Moplah uprising & Devi Chaudharani
in Malabar
1817

1825 Paika Rebellion in Odisha

in Bengal Pagal Panthis leader - Bakshi Jagbandhu Bidyadhar

1828
leader - Karam Shah & Tipu
Ahom revolt in Assam

leader - Gomdhar Kunwar

 V D Savarkar - General Service established Act
British
1st War of Independence Comments Policies
by Canning

East India Company abolished 1848

Crown rule by Dalhausie

Doctrine
minimum Indians in Army GoI Act 1858 of Lape 1st - 1848
Satara
Governor General become Viceroy
Cause 2nd - 1849
Acquired place
Secretary of General 15 membered council Sambalpur & Jaitpur

3rd - 1854
John Nicholson Delhi Jhansi

Henry Lawrence Lucknow Greesed Cartridge Using Pork & Beef

Suppressors
Colin campbell Kanpur Mangal Pandey
Immediate
34th Native Infantary solder
Hugh Rose Jhansi Cause
8th April - Hanged

Bahadur Shah Zafar / Bhakth Khan Delhi 24th April - 3rd Native Cavalry refused to use

Bagum Hazrat Mahal Lucknow 10th May 1857 - revolt Started

1857 Revolt
Nana Saheb / Tanti Tope Kanpur

Kunwar Singh Bihar Limited Territorial & Social Base

Leaders Reason of Lack of Coordination & Leadership
Rani Lakshmi Bai Janshi
Failure
Khan Bahadur Khan Bareily Lack of Political Perspective

Maulvi Ahmadullah Faizabad

Shah Mal Uttar Pradesh

 Born - at Shivneri Fort (in 1630)

Father - Shahji Bhonsle

Due to internal conflict
Mother - Jija Bai
Nana Fadnavis (won) against Britishers
1st Anglo Maratha War Teacher - Samarth Ramdas
(1775-1782)
Treaty of Wadgaon signed
Shaista Khan (governor of Deccan) - was
Deputed by Aurangeb (in 1660)
Treaty of Salbai in 1782

Treaty of Bassein (in 1802)

Shivaji Raja Jai Singh of Amber - appointed by
Aurangzeb to put down Shivaji 1665.
1674-1680
Subsidiary Alliance (in 1803)
2nd Anglo Maratha War In 1674 Shivaji was coronated at capital
Baji Rao II (lost) Anglo Maratha War Raigarh and assumed the title of Chhatrapati /
Treaty of Rajghat - With Holkars
Haindava Dharmodharak Protector of Hinduism
Treaty of Deogaon - with Bhonsle
Ashtapradhan (eight minister) in his Court
Balaji Baji Rao
regarded as Pindari War
3rd Anglo Maratha War
(1817-1818)
1740-1761 Chauth - 1/4th (25%) of the land revenue
was paid to the Marathas so for not being
Baji Rao II captured & sent to Bithoor Sambhaji subjected to Maratha raids

known as Nana Saheb 1680-1689

Sardeshmukhi - additional levy of 10% on
those lands of Maharashtra over which the
3rd Battle of Panipat - (in 1761) Maratha claimed hereditary right
Eldest son of Balaji Viswanath between Marathas (lost) & Afghans elder son of Shivaji

defeated Nizam-ul-mulk & signed treaty of defeated Rajaram, (younger son of Shivaji)
Doraha Sarai

Raided Delhi (on 1737)

Baji Rao I Marathas provided protection and support to Akbar II,
(rebellious son of Aurangzeb)
1720-1740 succeeded the throne with the help of the
Peshwas of Pune ministers at Rajgarh

Gaikwads of Baroda
the First Peshwa (PM of Marathas) Rajaram died at Satara
Various Maratha Confederacies Title - Sena Karte (marker of the army),
1689-1700
Wife of Rajaram
Bhonsle of Nagpur
came into Promiinence by Shahu `in 1708` Tarabai new post - Pratinidhi, total number of
minister to nine
Holkars of Indore 1700-1707 son - Shivaji II
Peshwa (in 1713) and made the post powerful Balaji Viswanath
as well as hereditary
Scindias of Gwalior 1713-1720
Syed Brothers (King Maker) - (1719) released by (Mughal Emperor) Bahadur Shah
- Farrukh Siyar ascended the throne
Shahuji
1707-1749 Defeated Tarabai in Battle of Khed
Muhammad Shah (Rangila) killed Syed Brothers
with the help of Balaji Viswanath
 by Syed Ahmed Khan

established Mohammaden Anglo Oriental

College (in 1875) Aligarh movement Atmiya Sabha - 1814

later known as - Aligarh Mushlim University

(in 1920)
Brahmo Samaj 1828

by Raja Rammohan Roy

1875
1839
by H P Blavatsky & M S olcott Tattvabodhini Sabha
by Debendranath Tagore
New York, USA Theosophical Society
in 1866
later in Adyas, Madras
(shifted in 1882) Brahmo samaj Brahmo Samaj of India
division
1887 Adi Brahmi Samah

by M G Ranade & Roghunath Rao

Indian National Social 1830
in Madras Conference Dhrama Sabha
Radhakant Deb
Pledge movement
1849
by S N Agnihotri
by Dadaba Pandurang
Dev Samaj Paramhansa Mandali & Mehtaji Durgaram
in Lahore
in Maharashtra
1908
Seva Sadan SOCIO-RELIGIOUS 1867
by B M Malabari

1920
MOVEMENTS Prarthana Samaj by Atmaram Pndurnag

in Maharashtra
by N M Joshi Social Service League
1873
in Bombay

Satyosadhak Samaj by Jyotirao Phule

1905
Servant of India Society in Maharashtra
by G K Gokhale
1875
1897
Ramkrishna Mission by Swamy Dayanand Saraswati
by Swami Vivekananda Arya Samaj
1st unit - Bombay

later in Lahore
 1836
Bangabhasha Prakashka Sabha
by Raja Rammohan Roy

1884 Madras Mahajan Sabha

1866
East India Association
by Dadabhai Naoroji
1885
Bombay Presidency
by Phirozshah Mehta, Association
K T Telang &
1870
Badruddin Tyabji
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
Association formed by M G Ranade

1876
before Congress
Indian National Association 1875
by Surendranath Banerjee &
Anand Mohan Bose Indian league
by Sisir Kumar Ghosh
 W C Banerjee 1885 - Bombay
1885
Dadabhi Naoroji 1886 - Calcutta
Allen Octovian Hume
Badrudin Tyabji 1887 - Madaras
Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit college,
Formation Bombay
George Yule 1888 - Allahabad

72 Delegates
1896 - Calcutta

1901 - Calcutta

Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1905 - Benaras

Indian National William Bantick 1828-1835
Dadabhi Naoroji 1906 - Calcutta
Congress Metcalfe 1835-1836
R B Ghosh 1907 - Surat
Dalhousie 1848-1856
1911 - Calcutta Governor Generals
Mayo 1869-1872
Important Session
Ambika Charan Mazumdar 1916 - Lucknow
Lytton 1876-1880
Annie Besant 1917 - Calcutta
Ripon 1880-1884
Mahatma Gandhi 1924 - Belgaum

Sarojni Naidu 1925 - Kanpur

Jawharlal Nehru 1929 - Lahore Safety Valve Theory Lala Lajpat Rai

Sardar Patel 1931 - Karachi Conspiracy Theory R P Dutt

Different Theories
Jawharlal Nehru 1937 - Faizpur Lightning Conductor Theory G K Gokhale

Subash Chandra Bose 1938 - Haripura Factory of Sedition Dufferin

Rajendra Prasad 1939 - Tripuri

J B Kriplani 1946 - Meerut

 Calcutta Corp. Act - 1899
Capital shifted Calcutta to Delhi
in 1912
Annulment Reactionary Policies
Official Secrets Act - 1904

Delhi Durbar by Hardinge II of Partition of Curzon Indian University Act - 1904

in 1911

Bengal Partition - 1905

GoI Act 1909

Morley-Minto given reason
Separate Electorate for Muslims Reform Administrative Convenience

originally
Partition of Bengal to weaken the Bengal

announced - July, 1905

Poona / Bombay Bal Gangadhar Tilak

enforced - Oct, 1905

Delhi Syed Hyeder Raza
Leaders
Madras Chidambaram Pillai Bengal Partition
Panjab Lala Lajpat Roy
1905 - Banaras session by G K Gokhale

by Rash Behari Ghosh

by Dadabhai Naoroji
1907 - Surat Session
divided into
Extremist & Moderates 1906 - Calcutta Session 4 resolution -
Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott
& National Education
 Ramosi Peasant Force
1879 in Maharashtra

Home Rule League

1st - Bal Gangadhar Tilak
2nd - Annie Besant
1916 1890 Shivaji & Ganpati festival
Lucknow Session
by Ambika Charan Mazumdar

Chapekar Brother
1897 killed Rand Plague Commissioner
Berlin Committee
by Virendranath Cattopadhyay
1915
Defence of India Act Mitra Mela
1899 in Poona
by Savarkar Brothers

Komagata Maru Event

Sailed from Japan/ Hong Kong/ Singapore to
Canada Anushilan Samiti
1914 1902 in Bengal
by Satish chandra Bashu
1st world war
started

Revolutionary 1904
Mitra Mela was merged
with Abhinav Bahrat Society
Ghadra Party
Lala Hardayal, Sokan Singh Bhakna , Activities
Barkatullah & Parmanand 1913
in San Francisco, USA
Indian Home Rule Society
1905 by Shyamji Krishna Verma

Madan Lal Dhingra

killed Curzon Wyllie 1909
Muslim League
1906 in Dhaka, Bangladesh
by Khwaja Salimullah
Alipur Bomb Conspiracy
Prafulla Chake, Khudiram Bose, 1908
Kanailal Dutta, Aurobido ghosh
Madam Bhikaji Cama hoisted
1907 Indian flag in Stuttgart, Germany
 Chauri Chaura Birth
incident 2 Oct. 1869 Porbandar, Gujarat
1922
Non-Cooperation Movement
suspended
9 January -
1915 Back to INDIA

started Non-Cooperation Movement

against Jallinwala Bagh Massacre
(held in 13 April 1919) Champaran Satyagrah
1920 1917 Rajkumar Shukla invited him
Against Tinkhathiya system
Khilafat Andolan

Ahamdabad Mill Strike

Rowlatt Satyagrah
against Rowlatt Act 1919 Emergence of Gandhi Anusuiya Sarabhai invited him
1918
Kheda Satyagrah
met Sardar Patel
Montagu-Chelmsford
Reforms GoI Act 1919
 Chittagong Armory Raid
1930 in Bengal
by Surya Sen

Hindustan Republican Association Reason Russian Revolution

1924 in Kanpur
by Ramprashad Bismil, J C Chatterjee, Sachin
Sanyal Communist Party of India
by M N Roy , 1920
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association in Tashkant, uzbekistan
1928 in Ferozshah Kotla
by Chandra Shekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case
Sukhdev Formation 1924
in Punjab-UP-Bihar SA Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed,
of Parties Shaukat, Usmani
Bhagat singh, Sukhdev & Rajguru
1928 - killed Saunders
23 March 1931 - were hanged All India Trade Union Congress
1920
Bombed in Council of Legislative Assembly
1929
Socialism NM Joshi, Lala Lajpat Rai,
Dewan Chaman Lal, Joseph Baptisto
by Bhagat Singh & Batukeshwar Dutt
Self Respect Movements
Bandi Jiwan by E V Ramaswamy Naicker
by Sachin Sanyal Caste Movement Mahad Satyagrah
Pather Dabi 1927
by Sharat Chandra Chatterjee Novels & Books by Dr. B R Ambedkar

Philosophy of Bomb
by B C Vohro
 1927 - by John Simon

1928 - arrived India

in London 7 membered Commission
all white, no Indians
1st - 1930 Simon Commission
Nehru Report , 1928
B R Ambedkar 2nd - 1931 Round Table under Motilal Nehru
participated in all Gandhiji Participated
Conference
Delhi proposals
Response
3rd - 1932 by Mushlim League

14 points by Jinnah
by Sardar Patel
Delhi Manifesto
Participate 2nd RTC
by congress

Suspended CDM
1931 by Jwaharlal Nehru
Karachi Session
Purna Swaraj meaning explained Boycott 1st RTC

Goal Purna Swaraj

Fundamental Rights 1929
2 Resolution
National Economic Policy Lahore Session 26 Jan 1930 - 1st Independence day

31 Dec. 1930 - hosted flag on bank of Ravi

14 Feb. 1931

Gandhi Irwin Pact Launched CDM

Suspend CDM
Irwin’s demand
Civil Disobedience
join 2nd RTC
Movement start - 12 March 1930
end - 4 April 1930

C Rajagopalachari Tamil Nadu from Sabarmati to Dandi (240 miles)

K Kelappan Malabar to break Salt law 78 delegate

Gopalbandhu Choudhary Orissa Dandi March 4 May - Gandhiji in Jail

Ambuka Kant Sinha Bihar Leaders in Ryotwari

no payment of revenue
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Peshawar
in Zamindari
Spread
Sarojani Naidu Dharsana no chaowkidar tax

Rani Gaidinliu Manipur & Nagaland in Central Province

defiance of forest laws
 by Clement Attlee
PM of Britain 1932

3 membered Communal Award by Ramsay Mocdonald

Stafford Cripps, AV Alexander
& Pathic Lawrence Seperate Electrolate
Cabinet for Depressed Clsses
Direct Action Day
16 Aug. 1946
mission Plan 1932
by Jinnah
between Ambedkar & Gandhiji
Poona Pact / Madan Mohan Malwiye
by Mountbatten
Indian Independence Act 1947 in Yerwada Jail, Poona
by Mohan Singh known as
at Singapore in 1942 Mountbatten plan abolished
/ Partition plan Dyarchy at Provinces
next leader
S C Bose in 1943 introduced
Indian National Army GoI Act 1935 Dyarchy at Centre
Women Regiment
named after Rani Lakshmibai Bicameral Legislature
1942 6 out of 11 provinces
15 Aug - Japan Surrendered
all leader arrested
on 1st day
All India kishan Sabha - 1936
leaderless movement by Sahjanand Saraswati

Aruna Asaf Ali Quit India 1936 - Lucknow

Congress Socialist Party - 1934
president of CWC
Movement by J P Narayan, Rammanohar Lohiya,
A N Dev & Minu Mahani
Ballia
Chittu Pandy
Quit India Movement 1937 - Faizpur held in Village
Tamluk
Parallel Government By S C Bose
Jatiya Sarkar
Congress Session 1938 - Haripura, Gujarat
National Planning Committee
Satara 1938
Prati Sarkar by Stafford Cripps

Dominion Status
Cripps Mission Pattabhi Sittaramaiyya vs S C Bose
S C Bose won
rejected Allied
Britain, USA, USSR
1940 1939 - Tripuri, Jabalpur, MP S C Bose resigned
Axis
Dominion Status rejected August offer World War II Germany, Italy, Japan All India Forward Block - 1939
by S C Bose
by Gandhiji Constituent Assembly

1st - Vinoba Bhave Individual Satyagrah Congress offered to

reponsible Government
Linlithgow Viceroy
2nd - J L Nehru Oct. 1939
Congress Ministry regined
 Also known as service sector
Focused on the action of govt./countries take
to influence broader economies
It is that part of economy where business
produce services
Macroeconomics GDP, NI, Inflation

Activities - teaching, transport, advertising,

retail Tertiary Sector Sectors Father - J. M. Keynes (England)

It is always intangible in nature

Focused with the action of
White collar jobs individuals/businesses
Also called manufacturing sector

These add value to natural resources by Microeconomics Individuals, firm

transforming raw materials into valuable
products Father - Adam Smith (The wealth of nation)

Blue collar jobs Secondary Sector

Activities - Manufacturing, Processing,
Building/Construction work
Directly dependent on environment Indian Economy
Secondary sector is called backbone of a
country, helps in industrialisation of a country also called agriculture sector
eg: China
types of
In India primary sector seen mostly in
agriculture Primary Sector economic systems

red collar jobs

Activities - Agriculture, Fishing, Hunting &

gathering, Forestry & Mining
 the total of money earned within a country

growth within various countries such as India,

Intercountry
US, China, etc

within the country what is growth in

National Income Intracountry
comparison to previous year

Gross Domestic Product

Total value of all final goods and services

produced within the territory of a country

developed by American Economist “Simon

Kuznetsk” in 1934

GDP second hand goods are never counted

total income of an individual earned from all

the sources before taxes

Personal Income
eg: subsidy by govt.

A common basket of goods

National Income
Purchasing Power Parity

Gross National Product

GDP Calculation by National Statistical Office
under MOSPLI (Ministry of Statistics & Total value of all final goods and services
Program Implementation) Measures & Aggregates GNP
produced by the nationals of the country

Also known as Production Method

Value Added Method

Compensation to employees

Operating surplus Income Method

Methods to Net Domestic Product
calculate GDP
Mixed income

NDP

Expenditure Method
Financial year 1 April to 31st March

Net National Products

NNP
 Tax pe Tax (on rich people) Surcharge Tax an approximation of revenue and expenses
over a specified period of time
for a definite purpose (charged on everyone) Cess Tax
Annual Fiscal Statement (Art. 112)
to lower the negative externalities Pigouvian Tax 101 CA
Department of Economic Affairs
Prepared by
(Ministry of Finance)
Operational by: 1st July 2017

Presented by Finance Minister

Assam was the first state to ratify it
Directly payable to govt.
1st budget presented by R. K. Shanmukham
GST council is a constitutional body: Art 279A GST
It cannot be passed to someone else
33 members (2 from Centre+31 from Budget 2nd budget by John Mathai
Progressive tax Direct Tax States/UTs)
Morarji Desai (10 times)
eg: Income tax, Wealth tax, Gift tax, Chairman: Finance Minister
capital gain tax Most no. of budget P Chidambaram (9 times)

Pranab Mukherjee (8 times)

Corporate tax Taxation System
Indirectly payable to govt. Receipt > Expenditure Surplus budget

It can be passed to someone else Expenditure > Receipt Deficit Budget

Indirect Tax
Regressive tax Expenditure = Receipt Balanced Budget
A propert owned by a person
(Something that economical value)
eg: GST, Excise duty, Custom duty Asset
Eg: Gold, Property
Budgetary Deficit
Budget & Taxation Something that someone is responsible for
Revenue Expenditure - Revenue Receipt Revenue Deficit (Debt/obligation)
Liability
accurate measure of govt. deficit/govt. Eg: payment of Loan
borrowing
Fiscal Deficit Deficits
Total Expenditure - Total Receipts - Borrowings

Fiscal Deficit - Interest Payment Primary Deficit

Revenue Deficit - Grant given for Salary/Pension

Effective Revenue Deficit
developmental purpose
Subsidy/Grant
Revenue Expenditure
Interest Payment

Maintenance of Infrastructure
components
Construction of any infrastructure
of budget
Purchase of land/machinery

Investment Capital Expenditure

Loan

Repayment of Loan
 only 1 seller Satisfaction - Utility

pure monopoly is rare Demand Affordibility

Monopoly
Entry barrier Eagerness to buy something

eg: Indian railways

the addition satisfaction or benefit that a
Few dominant sellers Marginal Utility consumer derived from buying an additional
unit of a commodity/service Consumer’s side - Affordability
Many buyers
Oligopoly
No easy entry

eg: Telecom sector, laptop market

Demand Curve
Types of Market
Many sellers
from producer’s side/profitability
Many buyers
Monopolistic Competition
Similar but slightly different products

eg: Toothpaste

Many sellers
selling homogenous products Supply Curve
Many buyers Transaction motive
Perfect Competition
future
Free entry and exit
Precautionary motive
People hold money
eg: Agricultural products Receipt expenditure for three purposes
by J M Keynes (Father of Economics)
Speculative motive
Father of Modern Economics -
Adam Smith

Things exists in equilibrium non-luxurious goods

Giffen goods
Perfectly Inelastic Demand
eg: increase in price of wheat

Exceptions luxurious goods

Veblen goods Demand is perfectly inelastic

Changes in price (usually -ve) affect the
Demand & Supply changes of demand
eg: iPhone, Mercedes

Relatively Inelastic Demand

Price Elasticity

Price Elasticity Perfectly Elastic Demand

Relationship between change in income and
demand for certain goods
Income Elasticity

Relatively Elastic Demand

Cross Price Elasticity
 Increase in general level of prices of
goods & services
a mismatch between worker’s skill &
availability of job Purchasing power decreases in case of inflation
Structural unemployment
eg: technology advancement, like machinery Money illusion concept
replacing farmer labour Inflation Irwin Fisher
MV = PT
degree - unemployment, seen in Urban part of
Educated unemployment
India During inflation the debtor/borrower benefits
more than the lender Demand side inflation
type of unemployment while searching for a Demand Pull
new job “Too many dollars chasing too few goods”
Frictional unemployment Cause of Inflation
eg: an employee leaving current job to move to Supply side inflation
a better one (seen in Urban) Types of Cost Pull
Wholesale Price Index Increase in cost of any factors of production &
when some people seem to be employed but
Unemployment input cost
are not, marginal productivity is zero More weightage to manufactured goods
Disguised/Hidden unemployment
eg: Agriculture sector does not capture the changes in the prices of
WPI
services
Recession in economy (upturn & downturn)
Base Year - 2011-12
When economy revives, there is opportunity to
employment, seen in Urban Published by: Office of Economic Advisor (OEA)
Ministry of Commerce & Industry
eg: Great Recession Cyclical unemployment
Measurement Consumer Price Index
Employment based on the seasonal basis
of Inflation More weightage to food items
Seen more rural part of India Seasonal Unemployment Inflation (inc.) & Unemployment (inc.)
Checked from consumers perspective
eg: Light or fireworks sellers during Diwali
No economic activity
Stagflation Base Year - 2011-12
Great Depression - 1929-1939
Inflation (inc.) & Unemployment (dec.) have Published by: National Statistic Office (NSO)
inverse relationship Great Recession - 2007-2009 CPI Ministry of Statistics & Program
Implementation (MoSPI)

RBI uses CPI (combined) to target inflation

Philips Curve

Inflation &
Index of Industrial Production
Unemployment
Base Year: 2011-12

Published by - NSO (MoSP)

Refinery products
IIP Creeping 3-4%
Electricity
Walking 4-10%
Steel
Types of Inflation Running 10-20%
Crude oil
8 core industries have Galloping 20-100%
40% contributions
Natural gas Disinflation Rate of inflation is decreasing
Hyper 100%
Cement
opposite of disflation
Fertilizer
Deflation Fall in the general level of prices
Crude Oil
Purchasing power increases
 Provides micro loans/micro financial services Reserve Bank of India was established
as Independent body
Minimum requirement of Micro Finance Loans:
75% of total assets on recommendation of
Hilton Young Commission, 1926
Estd. through recommendation of a NBFC-MFI
Eg: Bajaj Finance, Muthoot Finance, Mahindra committee: Malegam Committee, 2010 (also 1st setup of RBI Headquarter
and Mahindra 1st April 1935
sees issues of MFIs) - Calcutta, At present
RBI Act of 1934
They are registered under Companies Act of To qualify for NBFC MFI license they should Headquarter - Mumbai in 1937
1956 have at least 75% of assets in Microfinance
Banking Regulation Act, 1949 1st RBI Governor - Osborne Smith
Gives loans and advances on gold

They cannot accept Demand Deposits

Non-Banking Financial License 1st Indian RBI Governor - CD Deshmukh
its regulates Banks
Companies (NBFC) CRR/SLR RBI was nationalised on 1st Jan 1949
Deposits not guaranteed
Regulate ban
They are regulated by RBI
except Rs.1 note (under Ministry of Finance)
They need not maintain CRR and SLR Micro Finance, collateral free loans
legal tender - FIAT Money
They offer financial services to low income Micro Units Development and Refinance
population Agency, launched in 2015 MUDRA scheme Plastic Money - Credit card, debit card, etc.

eg: Loan, Savings, Insurance loans upto 50,000 Sishu Hot Money - Assets such as stocks, deposits,
Functions of RBI Currency printing
bonds, etc
Microfinance loans is given to households loans upto 50,000-5 lakhs Kishore 3 types loan
having income less than Rs.1.25 lakhs/annum
loans upto 5 lakhs-10 lakhs Tarun
gave concept of Grameen Model Banks, 1970 Father of Micro Finance system
and was given Nobel Prize - Muhammed Yunus (Bangladesh)

1st Micro Finance institution in India Micro Finance

- SEWA Bank (1974)
Institution Monetary Policy
group of 10-20 people come together
to find ways to improve their living Lender of last resort and Bank of Banks
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
conditions Development

Group of below poverty line (BPL)

Self Help Groups
(SHG) Set up - 12 July 1982, on recommendation of B.
Classification of
Informal
banking system
groups Usually in rural areas
Business Model
Sivaramman Committee (1979)
Money & Banking
group of 4-10 people Through NABARD Act 1981 NABARD
Joint Liability Group
Could be a small business Headquarter - Mumbai
venture for profit
Provide finance for agriculture and rural development

Regulate - RBI 1st bank - 1770 (Bank of Hindustan)

Supervises cooperative banks and RRBs Functions
Supervise - NABARD 1806 - Imperial Bank of Calcutta
Does not deal directly with people Merged
1840 - Imperial Bank of Bombay 1921 - Imperial Bank of India
Provides financing through PMAY, KCC, Ru Pay Kisan Cards 1955 - State Bank of India
1843 - Imperial Bank of Madras
1988, through Act of 1987 National Housing Bank
Other Financial 1st Indian owned bank - Allahabad Bank, in 1865
Securities and Exchange Board of India
Institutions RRB Act 1976
through SEBI Act of 1992, established on 12 April 1988
to enhance financial activities in rural areas
Statutory body
History of Banking
SEBI Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) eg: Grameen Banks
Headquarter - Mumbai
1st - Pratham Grameen Bank (2nd Oct 1975,
To protect the interests of investors Function Moradabad, UP)

Chairman - Madhabi Puri Buch (1st women, 1st non IAS chairman)

Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India

Estd. through IRDAI Act of 1999 IRDAI

2nd April 1990
as a statutory body April 2000 SIDBI
Headquarter: Lucknow
 RBI provides loan to Commercial Banks
(without keeping any securities)
Net Demand and Time Liability
6.75% Bank Rate
(RBI keeps a part of your NDTL as a reserve)

NDTL Cash Reserve Ratio

Reserve in the form of - Cash

Banks do not earn any interest rate on CRR

Outright purchase Reserve
Reserve in the form of - Cash, Gold, G-Sec
Selling and buying of G-sec for shot term Statutory Liquid Ratio
Banks earn interest rate on SLR, profit is
obtained
Open Market Operations

Fiscal Policy
Repurchase agreement

Quantitative tools

Repo means Repurchase Obligation

2% NDTL is a limit

overnight loan

CRR and SLR is not maintained Balance Sheet

Penalty + loan

Can use SLE Quota G-Sec as collatera

Monetary Policy
Marginal Standing Facility

Monetary
Policy Tools

RBI Regulates money supply in the economy

with the help of Monetary Policy Tools

in case of
Inflation/Deflation On recommendation of Urjit Patel Committee

Monetary Policy RBI Governor

Committee
3 RBI Deputy Governor

6 members Executive

3 Govt.
a maximum amount of new money created by
Qualitative tools banks for every dollar of reserves
Money Multiplier
 Currency with public
Currency in circulation
Securitisation And Reconstruction of Financial Currency with bank
Assets &Enforcement of Security Interest Act
Saving Account
Provides power to the bank/any financial Demand Deposit
institution to seize the property of a Current Account
defaulting borrower Deposits with Bank
SARFAESI Act 2002 Fixed Deposit
Term Deposit
who would not pay to banks even it he has the
Wilful Defaulter
Types of Money Recurring Deposit
ablity to do so
Bank Deposits with RBI
Consolidates the existing laws on bankruptcy Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code, 2016 Deposits with RBI
Other deposits with RBI

Demand Deposit
Financial entity setup to buy NPAs
Postal Deposit same as bank
Term Deposit
Recovery of NPAs

2 bad banks to be established

Bad Banks the ease with which an asset or security can
be converted into ready cash without
National Asset Reconstruction Company Ltd. affecting its market price Monetary Base/High Powered Money/Reserve
2021 budget Money
(NARCL)
Non Performing Assets Demand Deposit is more liquid than Term
India Debt Resolution Company Ltd. (IDRCL) (NPA) Liquidity Deposit Currency in circulation

Cash > Cheque > Bonds M0 Bankers deposit with RBI

A situation in economy where people love to
components
hold their money despite of any changes in Delay is more than 90 days
interest rates which renders any Monetary Mutual agreement Other deposits with RBI
Policy ineffective Fiduciary money eg: deposits of Governmental/Quasi-Judicial
Eg: checks, bitcoins authority

No spending Liquidity Trap

Currency with public
happens when rates will increase
M1 Demand Deposits
Narrow Money
Speculative Demand: perfectly elastic Monetary Other deposits with RBI
Short-term loans Aggregates
M2 M1 + Saving deposits with Post Offic
to be paid within a day Call Money Money Market
M1 + Time deposits with Bank
Liquidity Adjustment Facility
to be paid within 2-14 days Notice Money
LAF Banking M3
Actual Money Supply
Broad Money
(M3 - priority)
Long-term loans Capital Market
M4 M3 + All deposits with Post Office
issued by RBI Treasury Bills
Liquidity Order -
less than 1 year Basel is a place in Switzerland by Irving Fisher M1 > M2 > M3 > M4

91 days Headquarter of Bank of International

Settlements (BIS) - Basel, Switzerland
182 days types Maturity Bills

364 days Basel Committee, 1974 by G10

They are always listed on discount rate Focused on Credit Risk

Min. capital requirement at 8% of Risk

Basel Norms
No rate of interest Weighted Assets (RWA) BASEL I - 1988
Capital Adequacy Ratio

Capital Adequacy Ratio: 15% of RWA

Non-banking Financial Companies-MFI
NBFC cannot accept Demand Deposits
(NBFC-MFI)
CRR/SLR maintenance: No 3 norms

BASEL II - 2004
Quantity theory of money

BASEL III - 2008

 12 indicators -
National Multidimensional Poverty Index

Multidimensional Poverty in India

since 2005-06 NITI AAYOG Poverty
24.82 Cr people have escaped poverty
Absolute Poverty severe deprivation of Basic Human needs
In Uttar Pradesh max people
wealth distribution, talks
have escaped poverty
about income inequality Household income lower than the median
Relative Poverty
income
Gini Coefficient: - 0 to 1
0 - perfect equality Subjective Poverty
1 - perfect inequality
Headquarter - Washington D.C
Lorenz Curve
1st done by - Dadabhai Naroji,
MPI gave unofficial poverty line through his
book - Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India

He made the earliest estimation of poverty

Pre Independence
Own account/money in your bank National Planning Committee, 1938
by Subash Chandra Bose
NOSTRO 1st Chairman: J L Nehru
Eg: Bank X has an account with Bank Y in Bank
Y’s home currency
Bombay Plan, 1944
Your account/money in our bank
VOSTRO
IMF (International Made the 1st systematic assessment of
Poverty
Eg: City Banks partners with HDFC Bank based
in India and opens an account with the
Monetary Fund)
Dandekar & Rath Committee Used the data of NSSO (National Sample
denoted currency INR
1971 Survey Office) Under MoSPI

Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 FERA POVERTY Expenditure based poverty line
replaced by
Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 FEMA Nutrition based poverty line
Alagh Committee
Poverty 1979
Rural - 2400 Calories
Urban - 2100 Calories
Decreases of value of domestic currency Estimation
Depreciation
Due to market forces Poverty line based on
Exporters will benefit in case of depreciation
Floating Exchange Rates Lakdawala Committee CPI-IW (Rular), CPI-AW (Urban)
1993
Increase of value of domestic currency Appreciation 1991 - Balance of payment crisis in India State-wise poverty line

it is Official Depreciation Devaluation Foreign currency assets Health and Education should also be taken
Government interference
under Basic Needs
Fixed Exchange Rates
it is Official Appreciation Revaluation Gold reserves
Poverty line based on Purchasing Power Parity:
Currencies - if someone is spending more than 33/day (not
USA, Euro, Yen (Japan), Special Drawing Rights (SDR) Empty of FOREX Reserves poor), not more than 33/day (poor)
Yuan (China) & Pound (Britain)
Uniform Reference Period replaced by
Mixed Reference Period (Health/education)
Reserve Tranche Position: required quota to be Balance of Post Independence
maintained within the IMF
Payment Crisis Tendulkar Committee
Poverty Line (2011-12)
Rural - 816/month

then PM - P V Narasimha Rao 2009

Urban - 1000/month
then Finance Minister - Manmohan Singh
% of people below poverty line Rural - 25.7%
- 21.9% (2011-12)
Urban - 13.7%

Rural - 30.9%
Poverty Ratio - 29.5%
1st - Argentina Urban - 26.4%
Debaters in IMF
4th - Pakistan Proportion of Population BPL
Head count Ratio

Balance of Payment
Calories
3.3% of GDP (currently) Created categories within
Current Account Deficit (CAD) Protein
nutritional requirements
Value of imports > Value of Exports Rangarajan Committee Fat
2014
Twin Deficit = CAD + Fiscal Deficit Also, talked about Modified Mixed Reference
Period
 in place of Planning Commission
Chairman - PM
Setup on: 1st Jan 2015
Post Independence, 1947 launched on - 1st April 1951
It is a Think Tank of govt. NITI AAYOG
Planning Taken from - USSR Based on Harrod-Domar Model
Publishes reports
Commission
During Manmohan Singh During Jawaharlal Nehru
Introduced in 1928
Vision Document
by Joseph Stalin
2012-2017 Duration 12th FYP Duration 1951-56
During Manmohan Singh
Towards faster, inclusive,
& sustainable growth
Key Focus 1st FYP Key Focus Primary Sector
2007-2012 Duration
Target - 2.1%
Towards faster & more Fully successful
Achieved - 3.6%
inclusive growth
Key Focus 11th FYP Based on P.C. Mahalanobis Model

During Jawaharlal Nehru Bhakra Nangal Dam

Target - 9%
Achieved - 8% During Atal Bihari Vajpayee & Manmohan Singh Setting up Dams to promote
Duration 1956-61 Hirakud Dam
growth of Agriculture
2002-2007 Duration Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
2nd FYP Key Focus Rapid Industrialisation

Target - 8%
Achieved - 7.6% 10th FYP Target - 4.5%
Moderately successful
Achieved - 4.27%

During Atal Bihari Vajpayee National Horticulture Mission (NHM) was

Industrial Policy Resolution, 1956 (2nd IPR)
promoted by govt
1997-2002 Duration Rourkela Steel Plant - Odisha (Germany)
Rapid
Industrialisation
Growth with social Durgapur Steel Plant - West Bengal (UK)
justice and equality
Key Focus 9th FYP
Bhilai Steel Plant - Chattisgarh (USSR)
Target - 6.5% Based on Gadgil Formula
Achieved - 5.4% During P V Narasimha Rao
During Jawaharlal Nehru & Lal Bahadur Shashtri
1992-97 Duration
Duration 1961-66
New Indicative Policy
Five Year Plans Key Focus
Self reliant &
Economic and Fiscal Reforms Key Focus 8th FYP Self generating economy Plan Holiday

Share of public sector declined Target - 5.6%

(Licence Raj ended) 3rd FYP Achieved - 2.8%
failure
Annual Plan for 3 years 1966-69
Target - 5.6% China War - 1962
highly successful Annual Plan New agricultural strategy
Achieved - 6.8% War
1990-92 Indo-Pak - 1965

PL-480 - importing wheat from USA

FCI - 14 Jan 1965 Based on Gadgil Formula/Rudra Allen Mode

During Rajiv Gandhi CACP - 1 Jan 1965
IDBI - 1 July 1965 During Indira Gandhi
1985-90 Duration UTI - 1963
Duration 1969-1974
Food grain production
Growth with stability
Employment opportunities to be generated Key Focus 7th FYP
4th FYP Key Focus Family Planning
Productivity Progressive achievement
14 banks nationalisation
of self reliance
Target - 5%
very successful Underground nuclear test
Achieved - 6% During Indira Gandhi Based on D.P. Dhar Model - Smiling Buddha

Concept by - Prof. Raj Krishna 1980-85 Duration During Indira Gandhi Target - 5.6%
Hindu Rate of Growth a big failure
Achieved - 3.3%
India from 1960-80 has seen 1978 National Income Duration 1974-78
slow economic growth
Modernisation of technology Removal of poverty (Garibi Hatao)

Unemployment Key Focus 6th FYP 5th FYP Attainment of self reliance
Rolling Plan
introduced Established NABARD Basic needs to be provided to all
Key Focus Minimum Needs Programme (1974)
Landless Labour Employment Guarantee 20 points programme (1975)
Programme (RLEGP) on 15 August 1983
During Janta Govt./Moraji Desai RRBs were setup (1975)
Target - 5.2%
successful
Duration: 1978-80 Achieved - 5.7% Target - 4.4%
a bit successful
Achieved - 4.8%
Emphasis was on employment Key focus
 Highest Uttar Pradesh
State
Lowest Sikkim

Highest Delhi
UT
Bihar (1106) Highest
Lowest Lakshadweep
State Population
Arunachal Pradesh (17) Lowest
Highest Thane (Maharashtra)
District
Delhi (11.297) Highest
UT
Population Lowest Dibang Valley (Arunachal Pradesh)

Andaman and Nicobar (46) Lowest Density

City Highest Mumbai

NE Delhi Highest
District
Dibang Valley Lowest Highest Meghalaya (27.8%)
State
Lowest Nagaland (-0.47%)

Kerala (94%) Highest

State
Growth Rate UT Highest Dadra & Nagar Haveli (55.5%)

Bihar (61.8%) Lowest

Highest Kurung Kumey (Arunachal) (111%)
District
Lakshadweep (91.85%) Highest
Lowest Longleng (Nagaland)
UT Literacy Rate
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Lowest

Serchhip (Mizoram) Highest Highest Bihar

District State
Alirajpur (Madhya Pradesh) Lowest Census Population
Lowest Sikkim

(0-6 years) Highest Kupwara (J&K)

District
Mizoram Highest
Lowest Kolkata
State
Haryana Lowest Child
Sex Ratio
Lahaul and Spiti (Himachal Pradesh) Highest Highest Kerala (1084)
(0-6 years)
District State
Jhajjar (Haryana) Lowest Lowest Haryana (879)

Highest Puducherry (1037)

Sex Ratio UT
Lowest Daman and Diu (618)

Highest Mahe (Puducherry)

District
Lowest Daman
 Ugadi

Durgamma New year

Losar Hemis
Andhra Pradesh
Ladakh
Yellama Jatara Visakha Utsav
Saka Dawa
Losar
Vallam Kalli
Makar Vilaku Boat Race Allukal pongal Theyyam Thrissur Pooram
Sangken Dree New year Pangsau
Kerala
Arunachal Pradesh
Nishangandhi Onam Painkuni Arattu New year
Solung Chalo Loku Mopin

Vishu
Bihu

Dombe Habba &

Karga Gowri Habba Mahamatsyaabhishake Hampi Bohag bihu /
Rongali bihu
Karnataka
Magh bihu /
Bhogali bihu
Ugadi Pattadakkal & kailpodh Kambala
Kati Bihu /
Rohini Bhagta Parab Jawa Sarhul Kongali bihu Dehing Patkai Ambubachi Baishagu Me-Dam-Me-Phi

Jharkhand Assam
Tusu Purab Sohrai Karam Baiko Ali-Ai-Ligang Majuli Rongker

Tulip Sama Chakeva Bihula Rajgir

Festival
Jammu & Kashmir Bihar
Shikara Chhath Sonepur Cattle fair

Chaitraul Sair Minjar Halda Pola Hareli Karma Bastar Dussehra

Himachal Pradesh Chhatisgarh

phulaich Pori Sazo Madai Goncha Madai

Gugga Naumi Surajkund Fest Feast of Saint

Shigmo Sunburn Francis Xavier Bonderam
Haryana
Goa
Gangaur Pinjore
Sao jao Carnival Grape Escapade Three Kings
Vautha Mela Rann Utsav Modhera

Gujarat
Shamlaji Mela Madhavpur
 Lokrang Bhagori Haat Rasnawa Pir Budhan Tansen Music

Madhya Pradesh
Poila Baisakh
Khajuraho Gangaur Ghadiya Panchmarhi Utsav Chethiyagiri vihara

Baul Jamai Sashti New year Vithoba Gudhi Padwa Vat Purnima Kala Ghoda Mahotsav Elephenta

West Bengal Maharashtra

Gangasagar Durga Puja Poush Mela Narali Purnima Banganga Kojagiri Ganesh Chaturthi pola

Bhitauli Harela Dol Jatra Kang Jatra Kut Gang Ngai

Uttarakhand Manipur
Kandali Phool Dei Lai Haroba Lu Ngai Ni Heirku Hindongba

Garia Puja Kharchi Puja Shad Sukra Wangala Strawberry

Tipura Meghalaya
Bijhu Hojagiri Nongkrem Behdienkhlam

Medharam Jatra Bonalu Chapchar Kut Phawang Kut

Telangana Mizoram
Sammaka Jatra Bathukamma Min Kut

Pongal Hornbill Moatsu-Ao

Festival
Nagaland
Bhogi pongal
Sekrenyi Aoleang
Surya pongal

Math pongal Kalinga Mahotsav Raja Parba Chhau Bali Jatra

Karthigai Deepam Mahamaham Natyanjali Thaipusam Kaanu pongal Orissa

Tamil Nadu Konark Rath Yatra Nuakhai

Thiruvaiyaru Float New year Jallikattu

Hola Mohalla Guru Parba Baisakhi

Puthandu Punjab
Lohari Bhagta Parba
Sakewa Sonam Lochar Losung

Sikkim Pushkar Fair Gangaur Chandrabhaga Fair Baneshwar

Saga Dawa Losar Rajasthan

Desert Fest Nagaur Fair Bundi Utsav kolayat Fair
 Tantu Vadya
Chordophones
Stringed instruments

Sushir Vadya
Sivamani Aerophones
Wind instruments
Ananda Gopal Bandopadhyay Drums Bharat Ratna awardee - 1999
Avanaddha Vadya
Shubhankar Banerjee total 4 Pt. Ravi Shankar
1st Indian to receive Grammy
Membranophone Percussion instruments For ‘West meets East’ - In 1968
Annapurna Devi
Have stretched membrane of animal skin to
Anushka Shankar
Imrat Khan vibrate to produce sound when struck
Surbahar Vilayat Khan
Wahid Khan Ghana Vadya
Idiophone
TN Krishna Imrat Khan
Imdad Khan It vibrates when struck
Sitar
Nagai Muralidharan Nikhil Banerjee

Lalgudi Gopala Iyer Violin Shahid Parvez

Ustad Alla Rakha
An awardee of Madras Music Budhaditya Mukherjee
Mohanan Chandrashekhar
Academy’s Kalanidhi Padma Bhushan - 2002
V.K. Sivaraman Pt. Harashankar Bhattacharya
Dwaraka Venkataswamy Naidu Padma Vibhushan - 2023
Rajna Swaminathan Mridangam Arvind Parikh
3 Grammy Awards - 2024
Padma Vibhushan awardee Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman Zakir Hussain
for ‘Pashto’/‘As we speak’

Shankar Mahadevan for ‘This Moment’

Kunal Patil

Tota Ram Sharma Tabla Bickram Ghosh, Nikhil Ghosh Padma Bhushan awardee

Benaras Gharana
Pt. Bhavani Shankar Pakhawaj
Drum
Ustad Rahman Khan
Percussion instrument Ananda Gopal Bandopadhyay
Receipt of Global Indian Music Award
Kelucharan Mohapatra
TH Vinaykram
Music composer and an Indian Classical player
Padma Bhushan awardee
in 2014
Vikku Vinaykram Ghatam Musical Anokhelal Mishra

E M Subramaniyam
T N Rajrathinam Pillai
Instruments Pt. Swapan Choudhary
Hariprasad Chaurasiya

other name -
Flute Pannalal Ghosh
Amal Jyoti Ghosh
Neeru Swami Pillai Nadaswaram
Also Mangala Vadya - Sushir
Sheikh Chinna Maulana Rajendra Prasanna
Sadik Ali Khan Played Shehnai in Red Fort
- 1st Independence Rajendra Kulkarni
Asad Ali Khan Rudra Veena
Bismillah Khan Has received all the 4 highest Civilian Awards
Zia Mohiuddin Dagar
Samdragupta (Gupta Dynasty) played Veena Padma Vibhushan 1980
depicted in coins
Bharat Ratna 2001
Aurangzeb also played Veena Veena Shehnai
Raghunath Prasanna also plays flute
Pt. Ram Narayan S. Balachander
S. Ballesh
Ustad Sabri Khan
Ali Ahmed
Bundu Khan
Bageswari Quamar Alauddin Khan
Sarangi
Shakoor Khan
Krishna Chaudhary Amjad Ali Khan
Shivkumar Sharma Maihar Gharana
Abdul Latif Khan
Ali Akbar Khan
Ustad Sultan Khan
Rahul Sharma Sarod
Santoor Hafiz Ali Khan
Ulhas Bapat
Rajeev Taranath Disciple of Ali Akbar Khan
Bhajan Sapori
Buddhadev Dasgupta
 Alarmel Velli Padma Subramanyam Mallika Sarabhai Bala Saraswati Leela Samson VP Dhananjayan Rama vidyanathan Urmila Satyanarayan

Bharatnatyam Tamil Nadu

Rukmini Devi Arundale Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai Mrinalini Sarabhai Yamini Krishnamurty Shanta Dhananjayan Sonal Mansingh Narthaki Nataraj

Names end with REDDY Aparna Satisham Vedanta Satyanarayan Shobha Naidu Yamini Krishnamurty

Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh

Vempata Chinna Satyam Lakshmi Narayan Shastri Swapna Sundri Haleem Khan Mallika Sarabhai

Gopika Varma Sunanda Nair Radha Datta Kalyanikutty Amma

Mohiniyattam Kerala

Kanak Rele Jayprabha Menon Pallavi Krishnan

Mrinalni Sarabhai Kottakal Nandakumaran Nair Kunchu Kurup

Kathakali Kerala

PV Balkrishnan Milena Slavini Gopi Nath

Birju Maharaj Achhan Maharaj Sitara Devi Nalini Asthana Kalika Prasad Vidya Gauri Adkar Aditi Mangal Das

Classical Dances Kathak Uttar Pradesh

Exponent Lachhu Maharaj Shovna Narayan Kamini Asthana Narayan Prasad Ishwari Prasad Kumudini Lakhia

Facts Guru Bipin Singh Bimbavati Devi Nimala Mehta Devyani Chalia

Manipuri Manipur
total - 8
by Sangeet Natak Akademi
Jhaveri Sisters Aluna Kabuini Charu Mathur

Natya Shastra - by Bharat Muni

Literary source
Abhinaya Darpan - by Nandikesvarama Jatin Goswami Monogram Dutta Guru Ghanakanta Bora

Lasya - Faminine (Parvati) Sattriya Assam

nature
Tandava - Masculine (Shiva) Bhupen Hazarika Indra Bora

Names end with MOHAPATARA Shagun Bhutani Mohini Mudgal Sunjukta Panigarhi Sonal Mansingh

Odissi Odisha

Names end with MOHANTY Gangadhar Pradhan Bijayni Shatpathy Sudhakar Sahoo Sutapa Talukdar
 Banjaratribe
Kaksar Khada Naach Saila Phulpati Jawara Bhamakalapam Burrakatha Bhimsa Lambadi Dapph

Madhya Pradesh Andhra Pradesh

Maach Bhagoria Ada Tertali Matki Veeranatyam Bonalu Kolattam Butta Bommalu

Theyyam Thiravarkali Thappukali Kaniyattam Ottam Thullal Aji Lamu Buiya Chalo Lion & Peacock Bardo Chham Yak Chham

Kerala Arunachal Pradesh

Chakyar Koothu Kooravarkali Kolakali Kaliyattam Wancho Pasi Kongki Mask Popir Rikhampada

Bodo tribe
>
& Huttari
-
Bolak Bhootha Aradhne Veergase Yakshgana +Suggi Bhortal Bagurumba Ali Al Ligang

Karnataka Assam
&
Nagmandala Kamsale Dollu Kunitha Karga Jhumur -
Bihu Deodhani
E Ind
Thumair
- - .

Haryan
Jhumal
>
-

Hunta Jhumair Santhali Phagua Karam Jaat Jatin Dhibia Jharni Kajri

Jharkhand Bihar

Chhau Domkach Mundari Paika Bidesia Jhijhia Paika

eundatribe Bai
-O
2009

-Trejan ⑫
Hikat Kud Rouf
Folk Dance Kaksar Karma Gaur Maria
>
Pandavani Saila

Jammu & Kashmir Chhatisgarh

Dhumal Damali Bhand Pather Suwa / Parrot Gendi Panthi Jhumar

Chapeli Shand / Shabu Cholamba Dhaman Nati Mando Talgadi Jagor Tarangmel gonf Sao Jao

Himachal Pradesh Goa

Chham Dangi Kayang Mala Rakshasa Jhora / Jhali Ghode Modni Fugdi Dekhni Dhalo Roamt Kunbi

Gugga Charkula Loor Manjira Dhamal Garba Bhavai Hudo Siddi Dhamal Matukadi Gop Raas

Haryana Gujarat

Khoria Daph Phag Jhumar Dandiya Raas Tippani Padhar Lasya Vinchhudo
&
Daga
⑨ ahisasued
M Rathwa
 Gambhir Bhadu Gajan Purulia Chhau Koli Lavani Tamasha Mouni Natak

West Bengal Maharashtra

Ranpa Tusu Baul Povdas Lezim Gafa Dhangari
girlutihawate
e

Tandi Jhora Chhapeli Thang-ta Dol Cholom Rasleela Khamba Thoidi

Uttarakhand Manipur
Thandiya Cholia Chamchari Lai Haroba Pung Cholom Jagoi Nuao

Dadra Kajri Khyal Charkula

& Nongkrem Behdeinkhlam

-
- - -
-
C
Uttar Pradesh Meghalaya
gara O
O han Fayantiy
Ramlila Nautanki Raslila Wangala
&Shad Sukra -

Garia Hai Hak Hojagiri Cheraw Chailam Zangtalam

Tipura Mizoram
Lebang Mimata Bijhu Khullam Manch Chhelam

Mathuri Gusadi Lambadi Rengma Bamboo Changai

Folk Dance
Telangana Nagaland
Bonalu Ghimsa Alooyattu Chong Zeilang

Kavadi Kudirai Attam Oyilattam Kolattam Gotipua Dandari Bhaga Nacha Karma
⑮ari Dance

Tamil Nadu Orissa

Kummi Devarattam Silambattam Dalkhai Ghumra Mayurbhaj Chhau Ranappa
-
M
haying
Singi Chham Marooni Sikmari Chu-Faat
pu Gangaur Ghoomar Suisini
Bhil
-

Sikkim Rajasthan -

Kagyed Ghantu Yakcham Zenzong Zomal lok Ladafte : Balti Dance, Shondd Khatokchenmo Kalbeliya Terah Taali Chari

9
,

elabo L

⑭
pea
Hi-Dance
-- · on dance
9 S- tribe
Uday
- shart
car