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Lesson 5- Mitosis and Cell Division

This document outlines the phases of the cell cycle, focusing on interphase and mitosis, which includes detailed descriptions of each phase (G1, S, G2, and M). It explains the processes of DNA replication, chromosome formation, and the differences in cytokinesis between plant and animal cells. The document also includes a mini quiz and homework assignments related to the content covered.

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keith.noah.m
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7 views

Lesson 5- Mitosis and Cell Division

This document outlines the phases of the cell cycle, focusing on interphase and mitosis, which includes detailed descriptions of each phase (G1, S, G2, and M). It explains the processes of DNA replication, chromosome formation, and the differences in cytokinesis between plant and animal cells. The document also includes a mini quiz and homework assignments related to the content covered.

Uploaded by

keith.noah.m
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mitosis and

Cell Division
February 10, 2025
Learning Goals
After this lesson, I will be able to:
● Discuss the phases of the cell cycle
● Describe the phases of mitosis and what each phase consists of
● Understand the structure and importance of DNA
01
The Cell
Cycle and
Interphase
The Cell Cycle- An Overview
● As eukaryotic cells grow and
divide, they go through a cell
cycle that consists of two key
stages:
○ Interphase

○ Cell Division
The Cell Cycle- A Deeper Dive
● Interphase consists of 3
main phases
○ G1 phase, S phase, and

G2 phase
● Cell division consists of
one main phase
○ M phase
Interphase

● The longest stage of the cell


cycle
● Consists of G1, S, and G2
phases
Interphase

● G1: cell grows and


performs normal
functions
● S: DNA is replicated
● G2: cell division
machinery is prepared
and the cell prepares to
divide
Cell Division- Mitosis
● After G2, the cell enters MITOSIS (M phase)
● Mitosis is characterized by 4 main phases (PMAT)
○ Prophase
○ Metaphase
○ Anaphase
○ Telophase
02
Mitosis and
Cytokinesis
NOT SO FAST
Important Terminology

● Before we continue, you will have to know


more about chromosomes and chromatin
Important Terminology

● During interphase (G1, S,


and G2), the nucleus is
easy to identify and DNA
is long and stringy
● Long and stringy DNA

is known as chromatin
Important Terminology

● During mitosis, DNA


condenses to form
chromosomes
● On the left is an image of a
chromosome that is ready to
undergo mitosis
Mitosis Phases

Prophase Metaphase

Anaphase Telophase
Mitosis Phases- Prophase

Prophase ● DNA condenses into visible


form as chromosomes
● Each chromosome contains
two strands called sister
chromatids
○ Sister chromatids are held

together by a centromere
Mitosis Phases- Prophase

Prophase ● The nuclear membrane breaks


down and sister chromatids are
released into the cytoplasm
● In animal cells, centrosomes move
to opposite ends of the cell
○ In animal cells, spindle fibres extend
from the centrosomes and attach to
each sister chromatid pair at the
centromere
Mitosis Phases- Metaphase

Metaphase

● Sister chromatids line up


in the middle of the cell
Mitosis Phases- Anaphase

● The centromere splits and sister


chromatids separate
● They are now called daughter
Anaphase chromosomes
● They begin moving to opposite
ends of the cell, pulled by spindle
fibres that are attached to the
centromeres of each chromosome
Mitosis Phases- Telophase

● Chromosomes reach the


Telophase poles of the dividing cell,
stretch out, and are no
longer visible
● A new nuclear
membrane forms around
each group of daughter
chromosomes
Cytokinesis
● The cytoplasm divides and two genetically
identical cells are formed
● The new cells enter interphase and the cell
cycle repeats
Cell Division- Cytokinesis
● In plant cells, a plate develops into a new cell wall
to split the parent cell into two daughter cells
Cell Division- Cytokinesis
● In animal cells, the cell membrane forms a
cleavage furrow that constricts and pinches off
in the centre to form two daughter cells
03
Comparing
Mitosis in
Plant and
Animal Cells
Comparing Plant and Animal Cell Division

● In mitosis, animal cells have


centrosomes to which the
spindle fibres attach
● In cytokinesis, a cell plate forms
to divide the plant cell, while in
animal cells a cleavage furrow
forms and pinches the cell
04
The End
Result
The End Result

● Cell division results in the same


thing for plant and animal cells
● Two new “daughter cells”

that are identical to the


original parent cell
● The daughter cells have
genetic material that is
identical to each other, and
to that of the parent cell
05
Mini Quiz
Quiz
1. What is the term used to describe long and stringy DNA during interphase?

a. Centromere
b. Chromatin
c. Chromosome
d. Chromatid
Quiz
1. What is the term used to describe long and stringy DNA during interphase?

a. Centromere
b. Chromatin
c. Chromosome
d. Chromatid
Quiz
Quiz
Telophase
Quiz
Quiz
Metaphase
Quiz
Quiz
Prophase
Quiz
Quiz
Anaphase
Quiz
Quiz
Cytokinesis
Quiz
Quiz
Interphase
Homework
● Complete the “Identifying Phases of Mitosis” activity
as described on the next slide
● Answer the 7 practice questions on the last two
slides of this presentation
● READ THROUGH THE PROCEDURE FOR OUR
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL LAB
● Study for tomorrow’s Plant and Animal Cell quiz
Identifying Phases of Mitosis Activity
Instructions:
1. Go to this link:
https://biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/activity_description.html
2. Read through the descriptions of each phase, and then click “Next.” Click “next” again.
Classify the cells that you see.
3. When you have classified all cells, complete the table below on lined paper. To calculate
the percentage of cells, divide the number of cells in that phase by the total number of cells
(36), then multiply by 100.

Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Total

Number of
36
cells

Percentage
100%
of cells

4. Based on the percentage of cells found in each stage, which stage do you think…
a. is the longest?
b. is the shortest?
Practice Questions
1. During which stage of the cell cycle does replication of the
DNA occur?
2. Describe the events in the cell cycle.
3. State one similarity and one difference between plant and
animal mitosis.
4. What happens to the chromosomes as a cell prepares to
divide?
5. A certain antibiotic affects cells by preventing the formation
of spindle fibres. Explain how this drug would affect mitosis in
cells.
6. Define and distinguish between the following terms:
chromatin, chromosome, chromatids, centromere
Practice Questions
7. Which stage or phase of the cell cycle corresponds to each of
the descriptions below?
(a) A new cell wall begins to form.
(b) The membrane of the nucleus dissolves.
(c) Daughter chromosomes begin to separate.
(d) The cell begins to pinch together along its centre.
(e) Thick chromosome threads are visible in two distinct
regions of the cell.
(f) The cell grows and copies its DNA.
Clarification Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kpR5RSJ7SA&ab_channel=
MsStokesBio

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-
ldPgEfAHI&ab_channel=AmoebaSisters

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