NURSING RESEARCH 1

LECTURE
MODULE 9: DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE
DATA GATHERING

INTRODUCTION
The phenomena in which the researchers are interested must ultimately be captured and translated into
data that can be analyzed. Without high quality data collection methods, the accuracy and robustness of
the conclusions are subject to challenge. This week’s topic is concerned about data gathering protocol.

LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this session, YOU will be able to

1. Identify sources of data.

2. Identify different types of data collection methods for qualitative and quantitative.
3. Enumerate dimensions of data collection approaches.
4. State major steps in developing data collection plan.
5. Evaluate appropriate statistical tests for your study.

OUTLINE
1. Data Collection Method
1.1. Sources of Data
1.2. Types of data collection method
1.2.1. quantitative
1.2.2. qualitative
1.3. Dimensions of data collection approaches
1.4. Steps in developing data collection plan

2. Statistics

CONTENT

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Data Collection.pdf

2. Statistics

Statistics
- a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and
presentation of masses of numerical data.

Descriptive Statistics
- statistics used to describe and summarize data

Inferential Statistics
- statistics that permit inferences on whether observed sample are likely to occur in the larger
population.

Level of Measurement

The first level of measurement is nominal level of measurement. In this level of measurement,
the numbers in the variable are used only to classify the data. In this level of measurement, words,
letters, and alpha-numeric symbols can be used. Suppose there are data about people belonging to
three different gender categories. In this case, the person belonging to the female gender could be
classified as F, the person belonging to the male gender could be classified as M, and transgendered
classified as T. This type of assigning classification is nominal level of measurement.

The second level of measurement is the ordinal level of measurement. This level of
measurement depicts some ordered relationship among the variable’s observations. Suppose a
student scores the highest grade of 100 in the class. In this case, he would be assigned the first
rank. Then, another classmate scores the second highest grade of an 92; she would be assigned
the second rank. A third student scores a 81 and he would be assigned the third rank, and so
on. The ordinal level of measurement indicates an ordering of the measurements.

The third level of measurement is the interval level of measurement. The interval level of
measurement not only classifies and orders the measurements, but it also specifies that the
distances between each interval on the scale are equivalent along the scale from low interval to
high interval. For example, an interval level of measurement could be the measurement of anxiety
in a student between the score of 10 and 11, this interval is the same as that of a student who scores
between 40 and 41. A popular example of this level of measurement is temperature in centigrade,
where, for example, the distance between 940C and 960C is the same as the distance between
1000C and 1020C.

The fourth level of measurement is the ratio level of measurement. In this level of measurement,
the observations, in addition to having equal intervals, can have a value of zero as well. The zero
in the scale makes this type of measurement unlike the other types of measurement, although the
properties are similar to that of the interval level of measurement. In the ratio level of

Far Eastern University

Manila, Philippines
 NURSING RESEARCH 1
measurement, the divisions between the points on the scale have an equivalent distance between
them.

a. Descriptive Data Analysis

Frequency Distribution
- is a systematic arrangement of values from lowest to highest, together with a count of the
number of times each value was obtained.

Measure of Central Tendency

Mode
- is the most frequently occurring score value in a distribution. The mode is determined by
inspecting a frequency distribution.

Median
- is the point in a distribution above which and below which 50% of cases fall.

Mean
- is the sum of all scores, divided by the number of scores – what people usually refer to as the
average.

Variability
- the degree to which values on a set of scores are dispersed.

Range
- is simply the highest score minus the lowest score in a distribution.

Standard Deviation
- indicates the average amount of deviation of values from the mean.

b. Inferential Data Analysis

Testing Difference between Two Group Means

t-test
- can be used when there are two independent groups and when the sample is paired or
dependent.

Paired t-test
- when two measures are obtained from the same subjects, or measures from paired sets of score
are not independent.

Unpaired t-test
- when two measures are obtained from different subjects, or measures from unpaired sets of
score are independent.

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Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

- is the parametric procedure for testing differences between means when there are three or
more groups.

Kruskal-Wallis Test
- a non-parametric test used to test the difference between three or more independent groups
based on ranked scores.

Testing Differences in Proportions

Chi Square Test

- is used to test hypotheses about the proportion of cases that fall into different categories, as
when a contingency table has been created.

Fisher’s Exact Test

- used to test the significance of differences in proportions. .

McNemar’s Test
- When the proportions being compared are from two paired groups

Testing Correlation

Pearson r
- calculated when two variables are measured on at least the interval scale, is both descriptive
and inferential.

Spearman’s Rho
- A correlation coefficient indicating the magnitude of a relationship between variables measured
on the ordinal scale.

Kendall’s tau
- A correlation coefficient used to indicate the magnitude of a relationship between ordinal-level
variables.

REFERENCES

BOOKS AND JOURNALS

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C.T. (2018). Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice.
(9th Ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams, & Wilkins.

Retrieved July 13, 2020

https://lib.dmu.edu/db/cinahl/instruments#:~:text=Research%20Instruments%20are%20measurement
%20tools,of%20interest%20from%20research%20subjects.&text=CINAHL%20includes%20just%20resear
ch%20instrument%20records.

Far Eastern University

Manila, Philippines
 NURSING RESEARCH 1
Retrieved July 31, 2020 from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/statistics

Retrieved July 31, 2020 from https://www.statisticssolutions.com/data-levels-of-measurement/

Far Eastern University

Manila, Philippines