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PE UNIT 4 APPLICATIONS

The document discusses applications of power electronics, focusing on induction heating and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems. Induction heating utilizes electromagnetic induction to heat conductive materials rapidly without external contact, while UPS provides immediate backup power during main power failures, with various types including online, offline, and line-interactive systems. Each UPS type has distinct features and roles in protecting connected equipment from power interruptions and fluctuations.

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2 views

PE UNIT 4 APPLICATIONS

The document discusses applications of power electronics, focusing on induction heating and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems. Induction heating utilizes electromagnetic induction to heat conductive materials rapidly without external contact, while UPS provides immediate backup power during main power failures, with various types including online, offline, and line-interactive systems. Each UPS type has distinct features and roles in protecting connected equipment from power interruptions and fluctuations.

Uploaded by

chand
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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III V

EE8552

POWER ELECTRONICS

UNIT No. IV

Please type the topic: 4.5 APPLICATIONS

Version: 1 I
EE8522

Power Electronics

Induction Heating

It is an electrical process used for heating metals on-contact heating process,


It uses high frequency supply

Induction heating is the process of heating electrically conductive materials like


metals by electromagnetic induction, through heat transfer passing through an
induction coil that creates an electromagnetic field within the coil to melt down
steel, copper, brass, graphite, gold, silver, aluminum, and carbide. An induction
heater consists of an electromagnet and an electronic oscillator that passes a
high-frequency alternating current (AC) through the electromagnet. The rapidly
alternating magnetic field penetrates the object, generating electric
currents inside the conductor, called eddy currents. The eddy currents flow
through the resistance of the material, and heat it by Joule heating.
In ferromagnetc and ferrimagnetic materials, such as iron, heat also is generated
by magnetic hysteresis losses. The frequency of the electrical current used for
induction heating depends on the object size, material type, coupling (between
the work coil and the object to be heated) and the penetration depth.
An important feature of the induction heating process is that the heat is
generated inside the object itself, instead of by an external heat source via heat
conduction. Thus objects can be heated very rapidly. In addition there need not
be any external contact, which can be important where contamination is an
issue. Induction heating is used in many industrial processes, such as heat
treatment in metallurgy, Czochralski crystal growth and zone refining used in the
semiconductor industry, and to melt refractory metals that require very high
temperatures. It is also used in induction cook-tops for heating containers of
food; this is called induction cooking
The figure below shows the inverter circuit feeding the induction heater.
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Power Electronics

UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)


An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is defined as a piece of electrical
equipment which can be used as an immediate power source to the connected
load when there is a failure in the main input power source.

In a UPS, the energy is generally stored in flywheels, batteries, or super


capacitors. When compared to other immediate power supply system, UPS have
the advantage of immediate protection against the input power interruptions.
It has very short on-battery run time; however this time is enough to safely shut
down the connected apparatus (computers, telecommunication equipment etc)
or to switch on a standby power source.

UPS can be used as a protective device for some hardware which can cause
serious damage or loss with a sudden power disruption. Uninterruptible power
source, Battery backup and Flywheel back up are the other names often used for
UPS. The available size of UPS units ranges from 200 VA which is used for a
solo computer to several large units up to 46 MVA.

Major Roles of a UPS

When there is any failure in main power source, the UPS will supply the power
for a short time. This is the prime role of UPS. In addition to that, it can also able
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Power Electronics

to correct some general power problems related to utility services in varying


degrees.

The problems that can be corrected are voltage spike (sustained over voltage),
Noise, Quick reduction in input voltage, Harmonic distortion and the instability of
frequency in mains.

Types of UPS

On-line UPS, Off- line UPS and Line interactive UPS. Other designs include
Standby on-line hybrid, Standby-Ferro, Delta conversion On-Line.

On-line UPS
In this type of UPS, double conversion method is used. Here, first the AC input is
converted into DC by rectifying process for storing it in the rechargeable battery.

This DC is converted into AC by the process of inversion and given to the load or
equipment which it is connected (figure 2).

This type of UPS is used where electrical isolation is mandatory. This system is a
bit more costly due to the design of constantly running converters and cooling
systems.

Here, the rectifier which is powered with the normal AC current is directly driving
the inverter. Hence it is also known as Double conversion UPS. The block
diagram is shown below. When there is any power failure, the rectifier have no
role in the circuit and the steady power stored in the batteries which is connected
to the inverter is given to the load by means of transfer switch.
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Power Electronics

Once the power is restored, the rectifier begins to charge the batteries. To
prevent the batteries from overheating due to the high power rectifier, the
charging current is limited. During a main power breakdown, this UPS system
operates with zero transfer time.

The reason is that the backup source acts as a primary source and not the main
AC input. But the presence of inrush current and large load step current can
result in a transfer time of about 4-6 milliseconds in this system.

Off-line UPS

This UPS is also called as Standby UPS system which can give only the most
basic features. Here, the primary source is the filtered AC mains (shown in solid
path in figure 1). When the power breakage occurs, the transfer switch will select
the backup source (shown in dashed path in figure 1).

Thus we can clearly see that the stand by system will start working only when
there is any failure in mains. In this system, the AC voltage is first rectified and
stored in the storage battery connected to the rectifier.
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When power breakage occurs, this DC voltage is converted to AC voltage by


means of a power inverter, and is transferred to the load connected to it.
This is the least expensive UPS system and it provides surge protection in
addition to back up. The transfer time can be about 25 milliseconds which can be
related to the time taken by the UPS system to detect the utility voltage that is
lost. The block diagram is shown below.

Line Interactive UPS

For small business and departmental servers and webs, line interactive UPS is
used. This is more or less same as that of off-line UPS.

The difference is the addition of tap changing transformer. Voltage regulation is


done by this tap-changing transformer by changing the tap depending on input
voltage. Additional filtering is provided in this UPS result in lower transient loss.
The block diagram is shown below.
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