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CourseNotes_FEM_SHZ

The document is a preprint of lecture notes on the Finite Element Method authored by Songhan Zhang, detailing various principles, methods, and applications related to finite element analysis. It covers topics such as bar and beam elements, dynamic analysis, buckling analysis, and includes theoretical derivations, case examples, and formulations. The notes serve as a comprehensive resource for understanding the finite element method in civil engineering.
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views

CourseNotes_FEM_SHZ

The document is a preprint of lecture notes on the Finite Element Method authored by Songhan Zhang, detailing various principles, methods, and applications related to finite element analysis. It covers topics such as bar and beam elements, dynamic analysis, buckling analysis, and includes theoretical derivations, case examples, and formulations. The notes serve as a comprehensive resource for understanding the finite element method in civil engineering.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Notes - Finite Element Method

Preprint · January 2020

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Lecture Notes
Finite Element Method

First Edition

Songhan Zhang

Department of Civil Engineering


College of Architecture and Environment
Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
Contact: [email protected]

January 6, 2020
Contents

1 Background knowledge 1
1.1 Principle of minimum potential energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Approach I - Energy conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Approach II - Potential force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Hamilton’s principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Theoretical derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Case example - MDOF system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Bar elements 7
2.1 Equilibrium equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Exact solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.1 Point loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.2 Uniformly distributed loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Galerkin’s method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.1 General theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.2 Test function 1 - Parabolic function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.3 Test function 2 - Linear function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.4 Test function 3 - Piecewise linear function . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 Finite element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4.1 Shape function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4.2 Sti↵ness matrix and force vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.3 Case example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.5 Plane truss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5.1 Coordinate transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5.2 Case example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3 Beam elements 35
3.1 Equilibrium equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2 Exact solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.1 Cantilever beam with a point loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.2 Uniformly distributed loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3 Galerkin’s method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3.1 General formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3.2 Test function 1 - High-order polynomial . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3.3 Test function 2 - Lower-order polynomial . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.3.4 Test function 3 - piecewise polynomial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

ii
CONTENTS iii

3.4 Finite element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46


3.4.1 Shape function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.4.2 Sti↵ness matrix and force vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.4.3 Case verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5 Special elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.5.1 Shape function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.5.2 Sti↵ness matrix and force vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.5.3 Case verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.6 Frame structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.6.1 Finite element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.6.2 Coordinate transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.6.3 Boundary conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.6.4 Case example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

4 Dynamic analysis 70
4.1 Modal analysis of a frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.1.1 Equation of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.1.2 General solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.1.3 Vibration modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2 Finite element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.2.1 Energy formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.2.2 Element matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.2.3 Coordinate transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.3 Modal analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.3.1 Basic theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.3.2 Case example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

5 Buckling analysis 82
5.1 Geometric strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.2 Buckling modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.2.1 Equilibrium equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.2.2 Eigenvalue problem I - initially stretched beam . . . . . . . . . 85
5.2.3 Eigenvalue problem II - initially compressed beam A . . . . . . 86
5.2.4 Eigenvalue problem III - initially compressed beam B . . . . . . 87
5.3 Finite element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.4 Case example - buckling of an arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

6 3-node plane element 96


6.1 Theory of elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.1.1 Equilibrium equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.1.2 Constitutive relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.1.3 Geometric relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.2 Plane problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.2.1 Plane stress problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.2.2 Plane strain problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.2.3 Strain energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.3 Finite element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
iv CONTENTS

6.3.1 Shape function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102


6.3.2 Strain matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.3.3 Sti↵ness matrix and nodal force vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.4 Case example 1 - a retaining wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.5 Case example 2 - a cantilever beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

7 Isoparametric element 112


7.1 CST element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.1.1 Area coordinate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.1.2 Equivalent force vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2 A simplest example - an elastic bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.2.1 Shape functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.3 Numerical integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.3.1 Gaussian points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.3.2 Case example 1 - sti↵ness matrix of a bar . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.3.3 Case example 2 - mass matrix of a bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

8 4-node plane element 126


8.1 Shape function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
8.2 Energy formulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
8.2.1 Strain energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
8.2.2 Work done of potential forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.3 Finite element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.4 Case example - A cantilever beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
8.5 Dynamics analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.6 Case example - Vibration of a cantilever beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

9 Higher-order elements 148


9.1 3-node elastic bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
9.1.1 Shape functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
9.1.2 Energy formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.1.3 Finite element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
9.1.4 Case example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
9.2 9-node plane element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
9.2.1 Shape functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
9.2.2 Energy formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
9.2.3 Finite element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

10 Three dimensional elements 158


10.1 Space frame element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
10.1.1 Shape functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
10.1.2 Energy formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
10.1.3 Finite element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
10.1.4 Coordinate transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
10.2 Tetrahedral elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
10.2.1 Shape function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
10.2.2 Energy formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
CONTENTS v

10.2.3 Finite element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171


10.3 8-node hexahedron element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
10.3.1 Shape function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
10.3.2 Energy formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
10.3.3 Finite element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

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