Experiment-1

Objective:
To measure the value of resistance and capacitors by

Color coding and practical values by Instruments

Equipment
Needed : Multimeter,components

Theory

The electronic color code is used to indicate the values or ratings of

Electroni components, very commonly for resistors, but also for capacitors,

inductors, and others .

Resistor color coding

A 2.26 kilo-ohm, 1% precision resistor with 5 color bands (E96 series),

from top 2-2-6-1-1; the last two brown bands indicate the multiplier (x10),
and the 1% tolerance.

To distinguish left from right there is a gap between the C and D bands.

 band A is first significant figure of component value (left side)

 band B is the second significant figure (Some precision resistors have a third significant
figure, and thus five bands.)
 band C is the decimal multiplier
 band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no band means 20%)
For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red, and gold will have first digit 4 (yellow
in table below), second digit 7 (violet), followed by 2 (red) zeros: 4,700 ohms. Gold signifies that
the tolerance is ±5%, so the real resistance could lie anywhere between 4,465 and 4,935 ohms.

Resistors manufactured for military use may also include a fifth band which indicates component
failure rate (reliability); refer to MIL-HDBK-199 for further details.

Tight tolerance resistors may have three bands for significant figures rather than two, or an
additional band indicating temperature coefficient, in units of ppm/K.

All coded components will have at least two value bands and a multiplier; other bands are
optional.

The standard color code per EN 60062:2005 is as follows:

Temp.
Significant
Color Multiplier Tolerance Coefficient
figures
(ppm/K)
Black 0 ×100 – 250 U

Brown 1 ×101 ±1% F 100 S

Red 2 ×102 ±2% G 50 R

Orange 3 ×103 – 15 P

Yellow 4 ×104 (±5%) – 25 Q

Green 5 ×105 ±0.5% D 20 Z

Blue 6 ×106 ±0.25% C 10 Z

Violet 7 ×107 ±0.1% B 5 M

±0.05%
Gray 8 ×108 A 1 K
(±10%)
White 9 ×109 – –

Gold – ×10-1 ±5% J –

Silver – ×10-2 ±10% K –

None – – ±20% M –
1. Any temperature coefficient not assigned its own letter shall be marked "Z", and the
coefficient found in other documentation.
2. For more information, see EN 60062.
 3. Yellow and Gray are used in high-voltage resistors to avoid metal particles in the
lacquer.[3]

Resistors use preferred numbers for their specific values, which are determined by their
tolerance. These values repeat for every decade of magnitude: 6.8, 68, 680, and so forth. In the
E24 series the values are related by the 24th root of 10, while E12 series are related by the 12th
root of 10, and E6 series by the 6th root of 10. The tolerance of device values is arranged so that
every value corresponds to a preferred number, within the required tolerance.

Zero ohm resistors are made as lengths of wire wrapped in a resistor-shaped body which can be
substituted for another resistor value in automatic insertion equipment. They are marked with a
single black band.[4]

The 'body-end-dot' or 'body-tip-spot' system was used for radial-lead (and other cylindrical)
composition resistors sometimes still found in very old equipment; the first band was given by
the body color, the second band by the color of the end of the resistor, and the multiplier by a dot
or band around the middle of the resistor. The other end of the resistor was colored gold or silver
to give the tolerance, otherwise it was 20%.[5]

Extra bands on ceramic capacitors will identify the voltage rating class and temperature
coefficient characteristics.[5] A broad black band was applied to some tubular paper capacitors to
indicate the end that had the outer electrode; this allowed this end to be connected to chassis
ground to provide some shielding against hum and noise pickup.

Polyester film and "gum drop" tantalum electrolytic capacitors are also color coded to give the
value, working voltage and tolerance.

Capacitor color coding

Capacitors may be marked with 3 or more colored bands or dots. The colors encode the first and
second most significant digits of the value, and the third color the decimal multiplier in
picofarads. Additional bands have meanings which may vary from one type to another. Low-
tolerance capacitors may begin with the first 3 (rather than 2) digits of the value. It is usually, but
not always, possible to work out what scheme is used by the particular colors used. Cylindrical
capacitors marked with bands may look like resistors.

DC
Operating
Significan Multiplie Capacitanc Characteristi workin EIA/
Color temperatur
t digits r e tolerance c g vibration
e
voltage
−55 °C to
Black 0 1 ±20% — — 10 to 55 Hz
+70 °C
Brown 1 10 ±1% B 100 — —
−55 °C to
Red 2 100 ±2% C — —
+85 °C
 Orang
3 1000 — D 300 — —
e
−55 °C to
Yellow 4 10000 — E — 10 to 2000 Hz
+125 °C
Green 5 — ±0.5% F 500 — —
−55 °C to
Blue 6 — — — — —
+150 °C
Violet 7 — — — — — —
Grey 8 — — — — — —
White 9 — — — — — EIA
Gold — — ±5%* — 1000 — —
Silver — — ±10% — — — —

*or ±0.5 pF, whichever is greater.

Result:

The resistance and capacitor values are measured and verified by multimeter.

Conclusion:

Values obtained by calculation and multimeter are compared