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10&11 Surveying Lecture 8 - Levelling Dr. E. S. E. Ammar 2019

The document provides an overview of differential leveling techniques used in surveying, including the Method of Instrument Height and the Method of Rise and Fall for calculating elevation differences between points. It explains the basic operations, definitions of key terms, and includes examples of calculations for elevation using backsight, foresight, and intermediate sights. The document also emphasizes the importance of checks to ensure accuracy in the leveling process.

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Roaa Ibrahim
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80 views40 pages

10&11 Surveying Lecture 8 - Levelling Dr. E. S. E. Ammar 2019

The document provides an overview of differential leveling techniques used in surveying, including the Method of Instrument Height and the Method of Rise and Fall for calculating elevation differences between points. It explains the basic operations, definitions of key terms, and includes examples of calculations for elevation using backsight, foresight, and intermediate sights. The document also emphasizes the importance of checks to ensure accuracy in the leveling process.

Uploaded by

Roaa Ibrahim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Surveying

Leveling
Differential Leveling

Lecture 8- Week 10
Content

• Computation of elevations using Method of Instrument


Height
• Calculations Check
• Computation of elevations using Method of Rise and Fall
• Calculations Check
Measuring Elevation Difference Using a level

• The basic operation in differential leveling is the determination of


elevation differences between two points
• Consider two points A and B as shown
• Set up the level so that readings may be made on a staff held
vertically at A and then at B
B

A
Rise

2.56 0.93

C B

A AC = 2.56 – 0.93 = 1.63 m


Second reading smaller than first reading represents a rise
Fall

0.64 2.97

K
M

NK = 0.64 – 2.97 = -2.33 m N

Second reading greater than first reading represents a fall


Calculation of Elevation
The height of instrument method
Elevation of Point A = 520.43 m AMSL
a. Height of Instrument HI = Elevation Of A + Staff Reading
= 520.43 + 2.56

= 522.99 m AMSL

b. Elevation of B = HI – Staff Reading at B


= 522.99 – 0.93 = 522.06 m AMSL

2.56 0.93
C B

A
Calculation of Elevation
The height of instrument method
Elevation of Point M = 520.43 m AMSL

a. Height of Instrument HI = Elevation Of M + Staff Reading


= 520.43 + 0.64

= 521.07 m AMSL

b. Elevation of N = HI – Staff Reading at N


= 521.07 – 2.97 = 518.10 m AMSL

0.64 2.97

M K

N
Calculation of Elevation
The rise and fall method
Elevation of Point A = 520.43 m AMSL

a. Elevation Difference = Elevation Of A - Elevation Of B


= 2.56 – 0.93 = 1.63 m (rise)

b. Elevation of B = Elevation at A + rise


= 520.43 + 1.63 = 522.06 m AMSL

2.56 0.93
C B

A
Calculation of Elevation
The rise and fall method
Elevation of Point M = 520.43 m AMSL

a. Elevation Difference = Elevation Of M - Elevation Of N


= 0.64 – 2.97 = - 2.33 m (fall)

b. Elevation of N = Elevation at M + fall


= 520.43 - 2.33 = 518.10 m AMSL

0.64 2.97
K
M

N
Definitions
Backsight (BS)
This is the first reading taken by the observer at every
instrument station after setting up the level

Foresight (FS)
This is the last reading taken at every instrument station before
moving the level

Intermediate Sight (IS)


This is any reading taken at an instrument station between the
backsight and the foresight

Turning point (TP)


This point at which both a foresight and a backsight are taken
before moving the staff
Calculation of Elevation
A B
1 C
D G
E F
BM
RL = 98.76 m AMSL
Plan

G
F
1 B C E
BM A D

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance (m)
Longitudinal Section
Calculation of Elevation

1
Instrument Station
P

BM
RL = 98.76 m AMSL
Plan
Backsight (BS)

0.663

1
BM

0 Distance (m)
Longitudinal Section
Calculation of Elevation
A B
1 C
P G
D
E F
BM
Q
RL = 98.76 m AMSL
Plan

2.787 2.270 1.218 0.646


1.946 1.008 1.153 1.585
0.663
G
Q F
1 B P C E
BM A D

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Longitudinal Section Distance (m)
Calculation of Elevation

Point BS IS FS HI RL Distance Notes

1 0.663 99.423 98.760 - BM

HI = RL + BS
Calculation of Elevation
A B
1 C
P

BM
RL = 98.76 m AMSL
Plan
Intermediate Sights (IS)

1.946 1.008 1.153


0.663

1 B P C
BM A

0 20 40 Distance (m)
Longitudinal Section
Calculation of Elevation

Point BS IS FS HI RL Distance Notes

1 0.663 99.423 98.760 - BM


A 1.946 97.477 20
B 1.008 98.415 40
C 1.153 98.270 60

RL = HI - IS
Calculation of Elevation
A B
1 C
P D

BM
RL = 98.76 m AMSL
Plan
Foresight (FS)

1.946 1.008 1.153 1.585


0.663

1 B P C
BM A D

0 20 40 60
Longitudinal Section Distance (m)
Calculation of Elevation

Point BS IS FS HI RL Distance Notes

1 0.663 99.423 98.760 - BM


A 1.946 97.477 0
B 1.008 98.415 20
C 1.153 98.270 40
D 1.585 97.838 60
Calculation of Elevation
A B
1 C
P D

BM
Q
RL = 98.76 m AMSL
Plan
Turning Point (TP)
Backsight (BS)
2.787
1.946 1.008 1.153 1.585
0.663

1 B P Q
C D
BM A

0 20 40 60
Longitudinal Section Distance (m)
Calculation of Elevation

Point BS IS FS HI RL Distanc Notes


e
1 0.663 99.423 98.760 - BM
A 1.946 97.477 0
B 1.008 98.415 20
C 1.153 98.270 40
D 2.787 1.585 100.625 97.838 60 TP

HI = RL + BS
Calculation of Elevation
A B
1 C
P G
D
E F
BM
Q
RL = 98.76 m AMSL
Plan

2.787 2.270 1.218 0.646


1.946 1.008 1.153 1.585
0.663
G
Q F
1 B P C E
BM A D

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Longitudinal Section Distance (m)
Calculation of Elevation
Point BS IS FS HI RL Distance Notes

1 0.663 99.423 98.760 - BM


A 1.946 97.477 0
B 1.008 98.415 20
C 1.153 98.270 40
D 2.787 1.585 100.625 97.838 60 TP
E 2.270 98.355 80
F 1.218 99.407 100
G 0.646 99.979 120
Calculation of Elevation
Point BS IS FS HI RL Distance Notes
1 0.663 99.423 98.760 - BM
A 1.946 97.477 0
B 1.008 98.415 20
C 1.153 98.270 40
D 2.787 1.585 100.625 97.838 60 TP
E 2.270 98.355 80
F 1.218 99.407 100
G 0.646 99.979 120
SUM 3.450 7.595 2.231
Check 1
No. of BS = No. of FS
No. of BS =2 No. of FS =2
Calculation of Elevation
Point BS IS FS HI RL Distance Notes

1 0.663 99.423 98.760 - BM


A 1.946 97.477 0
B 1.008 98.415 20
C 1.153 98.270 40
D 2.787 1.585 100.625 97.838 60 TP
E 2.270 98.355 80
F 1.218 99.407 100
G 0.646 99.979 120
SUM 3.450 7.595 2.231
Check 2
ΣBS - ΣFS = RL of last point - RL of first point
ΣBS - ΣFS = 3.450 – 2.231 = 1.219
RLlast - RLfirst = 99.979 – 98.760 = 1.219
Calculation of Elevation
Point BS IS FS HI RL Distance Notes
1 0.663 99.423 98.760 - BM
A 1.946 97.477 0
B 1.008 98.415 20
C 1.153 98.270 40
D 2.787 1.585 100.625 97.838 60 TP

E 2.270 98.355 80
F 1.218 99.407 100
G 0.646 99.979 120
SUM 3.450 7.595 2.231

ΣRL – RLfirst point = [Σ (No. of IS and FS × HI)] - Σ IS - Σ FS


ΣRL – RLfirst point = 689.741
[Σ (No. of (IS and FS) × HI)] - Σ IS - Σ FS Check 3
= [ 99.423×4 + 100.625×3] – 7.595 – 2.231 = 689.741
Calculation of Elevation
A B
1 C
P G
D
E F
BM
Q
RL = 98.76 m AMSL
Plan

2.787 2.270 1.218 0.646


1.946 1.008 1.153 1.585
0.663
G
Q F
1 B P C E
BM A D

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Longitudinal Section Distance (m)
Calculation of Elevation
The rise and fall method
Elevation of Point A = 520.43 m AMSL

a. Elevation Difference = Elevation Of A - Elevation Of B


= 2.56 – 0.93 = 1.63 m (rise)
b. Elevation of B = Elevation at A + rise
= 520.43 + 1.63 = 522.06 m AMSL

2.56 0.93
C B

A
Calculation of Elevation
The rise and fall method
Elevation of Point A = 520.43 m AMSL

a. Elevation Difference = Elevation Of A - Elevation Of B


= 0.64 – 2.97 = - 2.33 m (fall)
b. Elevation of B = Elevation at A + rise
= 520.43 - 2.33 = 518.10 m AMSL

0.64 2.97
C
A

B
Calculation of Elevation
A B
1 C
D G
E F
BM
RL = 98.76 m AMSL
Plan

G
F
1 B C E
BM A D

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance (m)
Longitudinal Section
Calculation of Elevation

1
Instrument Station
P

BM
RL = 98.76 m AMSL
Plan
Backsight (BS)

0.663

1
BM

0
Longitudinal Section Distance (m)
Calculation of Elevation

Point BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Distance Notes

1 0.663 98.760 - BM
A 1.946 1.283 97.477 0

ΔH1A = BS – IS
= 0.663 – 1.946 = -1.283 (fall)
Calculation of Elevation
A B
1 C
P
D
BM
RL = 98.76 m AMSL
Plan
Intermediate Sights (IS)
Foresight (FS)

1.946 1.008 1.153 1.585


0.663

1 B P C
BM A D

0 20 40 Distance (m)
Longitudinal Section
Calculation of Elevation

Point BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Distance Notes

1 0.663 98.760 - BM
A 1.946 1.283 97.477 0
B 1.008 0.938 98.415 20
C 1.153 0.145 98.270 40
D 1.585 0.432 97.838 60
Calculation of Elevation
A B
1 C
P
D
BM
Q
RL = 98.76 m AMSL
Plan
Turning Point (TP)
Backsight (BS)
2.787
1.946 1.008 1.153 1.585
0.663

1 B P Q
C D
BM A

0 20 40 60
Longitudinal Section Distance (m)
Calculation of Elevation

Point BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Distanc Notes


e
1 0.663 98.760 - BM
A 1.946 1.283 97.477 0
B 1.008 0.938 98.415 20
C 1.153 0.145 98.270 40
D 2.787 1.585 0.432 97.838 60 TP
Calculation of Elevation
A B
1 C
P G
D
E F
BM
Q
RL = 98.76 m AMSL
Plan

2.787 2.270 1.218 0.646


1.946 1.008 1.153 1.585
0.663
G
Q F
1 B P C E
BM A D

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Longitudinal Section Distance (m)
Calculation of Elevation

Point BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Distance Notes

1 0.663 98.760 - BM
A 1.946 1.283 97.477 0
B 1.008 0.938 98.415 20
C 1.153 0.145 98.270 40
D 2.787 1.585 0.432 97.838 60 TP
E 2.270 0.517 98.355 80
F 1.218 1.052 99.407 100
G 0.646 0.572 99.979 120
Calculation of Elevation

Point BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Distance Notes

1 0.663 98.760 - BM
A 1.946 1.283 97.477 0
B 1.008 0.938 98.415 20
C 1.153 0.145 98.270 40
D 2.787 1.585 0.432 97.838 60 TP
E 2.270 0.517 98.355 80
F 1.218 1.052 99.407 100
G 0.646 0.572 99.979 120
SUM 3.450 7.595 2.231 3.079 1.860

Check 1
No. of BS = No. of FS
No. of BS =2 No. of FS =2
Calculation of Elevation
Point BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Distance Notes

1 0.663 98.760 - BM
A 1.946 1.283 97.477 0
B 1.008 0.938 98.415 20
C 1.153 0.145 98.270 40
D 2.787 1.585 0.432 97.838 60 TP
E 2.270 0.517 98.355 80
F 1.218 1.052 99.407 100
G 0.646 0.572 99.979 120
SUM 3.450 7.595 2.231 3.079 1.860

Check 2
ΣBS - ΣFS = ΣRise – ΣFall = RLlast – RLfirst
3.450 – 2.231 = 3.079 – 1.860 = 99.979 - 98.760
1.219 = 1.219 = 1.219
Calculation of Elevation

Questions?!

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